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Dirty Green and the anatomy of color.
1. John Dalton’s observations of colors helped us understand color blindness
2. John Dalton was born in a village called Eaglesfield in Cumbria.
3. He realized he saw color differently when he moved to Manchester.
4. His first account is the first description of color blindness.
5. He believed that a leaf and a stick of red sealing-wax had a similar color.
6. Dalton had a red-green color blindness or deuteranopia.
7. Dalton believed that his color blindness was the result of his eyes containing a blue tint but when he died and a doctor called Joseph Ransome performed the autopsy, he concluded that his eyes were “Perfectly colorless”.

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World’s first synthetic dye. - Sreehasa Muppa

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World’s first synthetic dye. - Sreehasa Muppa

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In 1856 during Easter holidays William Henry Perked worked on something that was given by August Wilhelm von Hofmann.
- Hofmann wanted to develop a synthetic form of quinine which was a treatment for malaria
-Perkins was to carry out experiments using aniline which is a colorless aromatic oil derived from coal tar
- his experiment involved is oxidization which produced a black precipitate and when the color is removed it dyed silk purple
- called the color mauve
- this discovery helped establish the modern chemical industry
- after Perkins use of coal tar as a derivative to make dyes, coal tar became only good for waterproof fabric
- derivatives of coal tar was also used in saccharine production and in the development of perfumes
- Perkins recorded his findings in a notebook

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Air Pollution in the Industrial City-Ankita Ahlawat 

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Air Pollution in the Industrial City-Ankita Ahlawat 

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Safe, clean air to breathe is crucial for human health and welfare, but Manchester was severely polluted during the industrial age in the nineteenth century, causing numerous health issues.

The burning of fossil fuels was a major source of air pollution. In Manchester, coal was a vital and sufficient source of energy. Humans at the time had no understanding of the long-term effects of climate change, and the air was unbearable to breathe.

By the mid-1840s, Manchester's skyline had about 500 smoking industrial chimneys, and the number was growing.

Despite the fact that coal smoke was linked with thriving industry, it caused terrible living conditions for Manchester citizens and workers.

Campaigners in Manchester attempted to encourage mill and factory owners to switch to gas-powered engines in order to lessen the quantity of smoke they produced.

People suffered from dirty homes, clothes, diseases, dark skies and more.

During the peak of the cotton industry, coal-fired steam engines powered cotton mills, polluting the air.

Was known at the time as “the smoke nuisance.”

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-Manchester had many major positive impacts on the Industrial Revolution but there was also negatives. One was air pollution which caused health problems.
-During the Industrial Revolution fossil fuels were the source of energy but people didn’t know what fossil fuels like coal could do to the environment. It dampened the air quality making it bad for health.
-The air pollution and smoke caused coughing and stinging eyes
-The severity of the pollution caused there to be dirty homes, clothes, and dark skies.
-By 1840 there were over 500 chimneys filling the air with more smoke. This was actually seen as successful because smoke was associated with a thriving industry.
-In 1842, the Manchester Association for the Prevention of Smoke was founded where anti-pollution activists focused on the idea that smoke signified a tragic loss of profits caused by inefficiency.
-The 1956 Clean Air Act led to the creation of smokeless zones which led to less pollution which made the smoke nuisance finally come to an end.

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John realized that he was seeing color differently than other people when he was 26 years old.

Colour blindness was a condition that took his name (Daltonism)

John gave his first account about his colour vision to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1794.

John Dalton used everyday objects to describe his colour theory which give an insight to what Manchester was like in the 18th century

We know now that Dalton had deuteranopia (red-green colour blindness)

John thought that there was a a part of his eye that was acting like a filter so he told them to examine his eyes once he died

DNA analysis showed that Dalton’s color blindness was caused because of the lack of genes that took in green light

There are now festivals that show how color blindness was tested back then

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Shifa-SLUMS AND SUBURBS: WATER AND SANITATION IN THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL CITY

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Shifa-SLUMS AND SUBURBS: WATER AND SANITATION IN THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL CITY

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- The contaminated water put many lives in danger and there
was a rapid death outbreak.
- Cholera was a major disease in Manchester that was caused by the water which was mostly contaminated with garbage, waste, dyes etc.
-To run a society theres necessary to have a proper hygiene  for water, without water society falls apart.
- The demand of water was rising but the pollution was increasing too
-As Manchester's poppulation rapidly grew there were less places to put so many people at and it was hard to provide everyone with clean water
-The overcrowded amount of people led to people not having places to put their waste so they threw waste in the river
- Out of 47,000 houses only 11,000 got fresh Clean water
- There were outbreaks of typhoid and dysentery.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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This is the silk purple color Mauve that he first created 

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William Henry Perkin And The World’s First Synthetic Dye- Shresta Damera

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William Henry Perkin And The World’s First Synthetic Dye- Shresta Damera

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The world’s first synthetic dye was made by William Henry Perkin, and was patented 161 years ago.

He designed an experiment where he oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate.

The oxidation created a black precipitate that dyed a silk purple when the color was removed. Perkin called this color Mauve and named the dye Mauveine.

He then used coal tar to make many different colors of dye.

His creation of the dye helped establish the modern chemical industry as well.

He accidentally created the dye, and put out a patent for it. His patent records his method for making the dye.

Mauveine became the world’s first synthetic dye and was the first dye among others to be mass produced.

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Perkin was working for Hofmann at the age of 18 when he created the dye, mauve, by accident.

Hofmann was trying to find a form of quinine, and assigned Perkin to execute the experiment of using aniline. Aniline is a colorless aromatic oil.

Perkin’s discovery led him to much fortune and led to big changes in the dying industry. This discovery helped the modern chemical industry to become established.

From his discovery, Perkin was able to retire at the age of 36 and he continued to research other fields of chemistry.

Perkin got a patent for his discovery at the age of 26, in August 1856.

Perkin’s dye, mauveine, was the first synthetic dye created in the world and was then the first mass-produced chemical dye.

It was later discovered by Dr. Plater that Perkin had developed many ways of producing aniline purple by changing some of its key components. He kept it a secret so his competitors wouldn’t know.

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James Arkwright: Father of the Factory System- Jenvi Patel

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James Arkwright: Father of the Factory System- Jenvi Patel

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By: Jenvi Patel

Manufacturers had been looking for ways to meet the large demands for cotton and yarn. Finally in 1767, an entrepreneur Richard Arkwright created the spinning machine.

Arkwright’s spinning machine allowed cotton yarn to be spun quickly and in large quantities without human labor.

Spinning cotton twists drawn-lout fibers of cotton into a single strand called yarn. This was necessary so people could make the yarn into clothes.

Richard Arkwright worked with John Kay, a talented clockmaker with good technical skills, to create his spinning machine.

Other entrepreneurs had been working on similar spinning machines with similar ideas, but Arkwright made important developments that set his machine apart. After lots of experimentation, he found the proper spacing of the cotton rollers.

Arkwright realized that water power was the most efficient way to run his spinning machines, and his machines became known as water frames.

Arkwright’s first factory was his Cromford Mill, but he expanded his spinning machine business to many other factories across in Britain.

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1. The was a lot of air pollution and smoke in Manchester during the industrial city.The smoke polluted the city leading to many health problems and many different environmental situations

2.  7 million people die every year from diseases because of the polluted air ( 9 out of 10 people die because of air pollution).

3. The reason for the air pollution is because of the burning of the fossil fuels caused from the coal factories and cotton factories.

4.  Air pollution caused dark skies, air pollution, dirty homes, and dirty clothes,

5. The urban air pollution was known as the smoke nuisance.

6.  By the mid 1840 there were about 500 smoking chimneys which helped produce more smoke in the air with the factories.

7. Although the smoke killed and harmed many people it was a sign of success for workers, engineers, and technicians. This meant that if there was a lot of smoke in the air there were a lot of workers doing their job.

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This is a picture of a coal sample, the main fossil fuel used in Manchester that caused severe air pollution.

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Aashna Shrivastava - Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance

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Aashna Shrivastava - Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance

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Industrialization in Manchester had many positive impacts on the Industrial Revolution and the world today, but there were also some negative affects of Manchester’s industrialization. One of the many negative affects was air pollution, causing a ton of health problems for citizens living in Manchester.

Everybody is severely impacted by air pollution because clean air is a basic necessity for us to live and for our bodies to function. Breathing in toxic, polluted air will have a negative affect on your lungs and your body in general.

Fossil fuels were the source of energy to power industry in Manchester during the Industrial Revolution, but people at the time had no knowledge of what burning fossil fuels could do to the environment. The burning of these fossil fuels to power industries had a very poor effect on human health because of the bad air quality.

Manchester being the world’s first industrial city had a long history of air pollution and many people living or visiting Manchester were immediately overwhelmed by smoke, dirt, and horrid smells.

Steam engines and many other machines were powered by coal, filling the air with harmful coal smoke. This also turned bright blue skies into dark, coal smoke filled skies.

The he polluted air filled with coal smoke was associated with a well thriving industry. Because of this, Manchester continued to burn fossil fuels and pollute the air with toxic chemicals despite the terrible living and working conditions.

According to scientific analyses, exposure to small chemical particles in coal smoke causes a great health risk to human health and causes organs, such as the lungs, to fail. This causes many diseases and sicknesses.

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- The Power Loom was created in 1926
- This was the first ever automatic loom
- This was created by Toyota
- The Power Loom was Powered by water
- The Power Loom weighed about 181 KGS
- It was constantly improved in revolutionized
- Over 260k power looks were in work by the 1850s

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Bonddingtons Brewery brewed Beer at strangeways in Manchester for 227 years.
Strangeways brewery was created in 1778.
The founders were Thomas caster and Thomas Fray.
The brewery was created outside the boundaries of Manchester to avoid paying taxes.
Henry Bonddington arrived at the brewery at 1832 and became a partner in 1832.
During 1870s and 1880s the brewery grew.
They bought other breweries which brought the production of barrels to 100,000 barrels a year.
On December 22nd Manchester was attacked by an air raid which damaged the breweries.
The damage lead to repairs needed for the breweries to continue working.
Bonddington fought off other breweries that tried to buy the breweries.
Eventually in 1989 the brewing section of the business was bought by Whitbread beer company.

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-Manchester had many good effects but caused many health problems because of polluted air.

-People in Manchester didn’t know what coal, the main energy source, did to the air. The air was murky and frilled with smoke because of factories. Coal caused the most pollution and left many long term problems.

-This air pollution caused stinging eyes, dark skies, horrible smells, dirty homes, dirty clothes, and worst or all death and respiratory disease

-By 1840 there were 500 chimneys filling the air with smoke and contributing to the horrible pollution. People thought that smoke was a sign of economic success. Industrialists saw profit in the smoke, while families saw jobs.

-Exposure to smoke particles from coal, roughly 2.5 micrometers in size and less, were the biggest cause of death.

-Finally in 1842 action was taken by the Manchester Association for the prevention of smoke to get rid of the horrible smoke. They tried to convince industrialists that smoke was a bad thing. They said that smoke meant all the energy wasn’t being used in the coal and that their factories weren’t being the most efficient.

-In 1956 the clean air act had an effect on the smoke in the air. Certain zones were deemed smokeless allowing citizens to breathe clean air.

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Karina Patel - Air Pollution in Manchester

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Karina Patel - Air Pollution in Manchester

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Coal and fossil fuels were the main energy source for factories, but also was one of the main reasons for urban air pollution by smoke.

Burning coal created carbon dioxide, ash, and water vapor. The smoke from burning coal causes the air pollution.

The severity of air pollution could be seen in the atmosphere as the skies became darker due to the numerous factories throughout Manchester.

People affected by the air pollution had symptoms of coughing and stinging eyes.

Coal smoke filled the air in Manchester due to the coal-powered steam engines used for cotton mills.

The urban air pollution was known as “the smoke nuisance” and workers in the factories suffered the most.

The smoke also caused dirty homes and clothes. Along with, respiratory disease and increased mortality.

The air pollution got worse and worse as in the mid-1840s there was 500 industrial chimneys on Manchester’s skyline and there was more and more being built.

The problem became very severe that in 1842 the “Manchester Association for the Prevention of Smoke” was created.

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The Smoke Nuisance In Manchester:

-Industrialization polluted the Manchester drastically.

-Pollution was mostly from coal as it was the major energy source.

-Air was filled with poisonous coal smoke.

-Air pollution resulted in poor health conditions. People would cough a lot and their eyes would burn.

-Manchester had a bad smell due to all the smoke.

-Skies were dark because of the smoke.

-The numbers of industrial smoke chimneys were always increasing. In the mid-1840s there were around 500.

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Keya Patel - Slums and Suburbs: Water and Sanitation in the First Industrial City

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Keya Patel - Slums and Suburbs: Water and Sanitation in the First Industrial City

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There was a population growth in Manchester but their wasn’t enough water to go around to everybody.

1847 of 47000 houses only had water meaning that the others had to drink water from the stream in order to survive, and most of the streams and rivers were polluted.

The sewer networks of Manchester were not designed well so the sewer waste went directly into the river.

The factories in Manchester dumped all of their waste into the rivers because they didn’t have any other way to get rid of their waste products.

It was so dirty, and there wasn’t much access to clean water, the death rate kept getting higher and higher.

It was one of the filthiest and unhealthy places in Britain.

In addition, its overpopulation contributed for the spreading of diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, and cholera.

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An image of old cotton factories (and their great pollution) in Manchester.

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The Effects of Pollution on Land, Water, and the Air - Sriram Kaluri.

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The Effects of Pollution on Land, Water, and the Air - Sriram Kaluri.

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Throughout history (and even today), a lack of access to clean water has caused millions of deaths.

This was especially difficult to manage during the Industrial Revolution, which caused an explosion in population that many cities just weren’t ready for.

Three core issues that led to one of the largest periods of deaths from unsanitary water were the increasing pollution, urbanization, and a rapidly growing population.

In Manchester, the economic growth was inversely correlated with the health of the environment, and by extension, the health of the people.

Often times, visitors who’d heard about the legend of Manchester’s great Industrial boom found themselves disappointed by the biologically “dead” rivers and general unsanitary conditions.

The same water that was used by certain families was contaminated by dyes and chemicals from nearby factories, eventually causing a deadly waterborne disease known as Cholera.

Soon enough, Manchester’s water, land, and skies were all polluted in some way, and its reputation devolved into infamy.

Even today, some of these issues persist in many third-world countries, and learning of these events in history helps us truly understand their problems.

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The power loom was originally made in 1926.

This was the worlds first automatic loom.

This product was marketed by the Platt Brothers of Oldham.

The company that manufactured this loom also launched Toyota Motor Company.

This was one of the most fused looms.

This device was constantly reiterated and improved.

Power looms were powered by water.

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It was created by Toyota

It was created in 1926

This was the world’s first automatic power loom

It was created in Japan

It was hydro powered

There were 260,000 power looms were operations in England by 1850

It weighs 181kgs

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Alexis Kelmanskiy- Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance

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Alexis Kelmanskiy- Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance

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-In the 19th century coal was the main energy source, and although they didn’t know it then burning this large amount of coal would cause major and long term climate changes

-The product of burning coal include smoke, soot,carbon dioxide, ash and water vapor

-Scientists determined that even coal particles as small as 2.5 millimeters can greatly increase death.

-As technology was improving in factories, the number of factories greatly increased to 2000 industrial chimneys in Manchester and its surrounding cities.

-People tried to persuade factory owners to switch to more eco-friendly methods by using efficient steam boilers like the Lancashire boiler which produced less black smoke.

-To try to promote the use of the Lancashire boiler anti-smoke campaigners recommended putting gas at lower prices, which was unfortunately unsuccessful.

-Manchester continued to have very polluted air until in 1956 the Clean Air Act which forced cities to have smokeless zones, where for the first time in years residents could breathe in clean, non-polluted air.

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The invention of synthetic dye was an accidental one by research chemist William Henry Perkin.

He worked under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who was working towards curing malaria through quinine.

Perkin was assigned to work with aniline, which turns purple when oxidized and decolored.

He called this color “mauve” and it brought him a lot of fortune.

This brought attention towards coal tar and its multiple derivatives, which were used in saccharine production, the pharmaceutical industry, and perfume production.

Perking retired from business at the age of 36.

This dye was officially known as mauvine or aniline purple.

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-Manchester had pollutions that resulted in health problems.

-From disease, almost 7 million people die every year from polluted air.

-Almost everyone is impacted by this as 9/10 dealths from air pollution would happen.

-For nearly 200 years, compaigners have been trying to find a resolution but it remains a global issue.

-Burning fossil fuels for energy was a primary source of air pollution. (Manchester’s coal a dominant source)

-The industrial air pollution cause residents and workers to suffer respiratory disease.

-Urban air pollution was known as “the smoke nuisance”

-In 1782, Richard Arkwright built the first steam-powered cotton mill at Shudehill in Manchester.

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Industrialisation in 19th-century Manchester had world-changing effects, but it also polluted the city and caused massive health problems for its inhabitants. Can the environmental challenges and solutions of the first industrial city offer insight into the air pollution dilemmas confronting us as we face the current climate crisis?

Approaching a dark, dirty city

The primary source of air-polluting emissions is the practice of burning fossil fuels as an energy source. It was in 19th-century Manchester that coal was established as the dominant source of energy for powering industry. Although people at the time didn't understand the long-term climate consequences of burning fossil fuels, contemporary observers very quickly noticed the dreadful immediate effect of poor air quality on human health.

One receives one's first intimation of [Manchester's] existence from the lurid gloom of the atmosphere that overhangs it. There is a murky blot in one section of the sky, however clear the weather, which broadens and heightens as we approach. And now the innumerable chimneys come in view, tall and dim in the dun haze, each bearing atop its own pennon of darkness.

Hugh Miller, First Impressions of England and its People (1847)

Coughs, stinging eyes and perpetual gloom became synonymous with industrial Manchester. Visitors to the 'shock city' of the industrial revolution were appalled by the smoke, dirt and stench produced by Manchester's distinctive forest of chimneys.

As the world's first industrial city, Manchester has a long and difficult history of urban air pollution. At the peak of Manchester's cotton industry, coal-powered steam engines drove the city's towering cotton mills, filling the air with noxious, sooty coal smoke. Residents and workers suffered the consequences of living with industrial air pollution, including dismal, dark skies, dirty homes and clothes, and respiratory disease and increased mortality. This urban air pollution was known at the time as 'the smoke nuisance.'

A view of Manchester in 1870, when a dense forest of smoking chimneys dominated the skyline.

The first ever steam-powered cotton mill was built at Shudehill in Manchester in 1782 by Richard Arkwright. Following his example, mill-owners rushed to build engine-powered mills among Manchester's growing urban sprawl, where there was a ready supply of workers and a thriving marketplace for textile products.

By the mid-1840s, there were about 500 smoking industrial chimneys on Manchester's skyline, and the number was constantly increasing. Despite causing dreadful living conditions for Manchester's residents and workers, coal smoke was associated with thriving industry. For Victorian industrialists, smoke became a signifier of economic success and technological progress. And it wasn't just the wealthy industrialists who made this association-for factory workers, engineers, technicians and their families, smoking chimneys meant jobs.

It is certainly a great improvement, for we have been much annoyed by Smoke, we could not do without engines, but the Smoke they raised has been a great nuisance...

Unattributed, Excerpt from the etching 'Smoke consuming at Ancoats, Manchester in 1820'

Improving engines, worsening pollution

Manchester's mill owners clamoured for more technologically advanced engines to power their business and increase their profits. Clever enhancements made it possible for engines to produce more power per ton of coal burned.

As engines got bigger and were installed in more mills, the number of coal-burning boilers increased too, and more and more smoking chimneys sprouted up across the city. By the end of the 19th century there were almost 2000 industrial chimneys polluting the air of Manchester and Salford.

Every wreath of smoke that curls up a chimney is so much wasted fuel.

Charles Dickens, 'Smoke or No Smoke', Household Words (1854)

Cleaner air at last

Dedicated campaigners fought to reduce Manchester's smoke problem, from the formation of Manchester Association for the Prevention of Smoke in 1842 through to the turn of the 20th century. While coal was the primary fossil fuel used in industry, the 'smoke nuisance' continued relatively unabated, with neither technological solutions nor legislative control making a significant impact. The dire effects of industrial smoke were generally accepted as a necessary part of urban life, and a fair price to pay for economic success.

Manchester continued to have some of the most polluted air in the country until the 1956 Clean Air Act finally led to the creation of smokeless zones, and for the first time in over 100 years, the city's residents were able to breathe cleaner air.

This 1963 photo of Manchester City Art Gallery shows how blackened buildings were after a century of smoke-polluted air

Climate consequences

The long-term effects on the climate were not part of the initial conversation about industrial Manchester's unpleasant and dangerous smoke problem. Efforts to limit coal smoke emissions were focused on air pollution and the localised consequences for human health and the physical environment.

However, as early as 1835, mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage observed that by burning coal, industrialists were releasing vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere without an understanding of the long-term consequences.

The chemical changes which thus take place are constantly increasing the atmosphere by large quantities of carbonic acid [carbon dioxide] and other gases noxious to animal life. The means by which nature decomposes these elements, or reconverts them into a solid form, are not sufficiently known.

Charles Babbage, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1835)

Scientists started to theorise at the end of the 19th century that the carbon dioxide emitted when humans burn coal could create a greenhouse effect and increase global temperature. There is now a global scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels causes climate change.

Today most polluting industry has moved out of Manchester and often out of the UK altogether, to other fast-growing cities where labour is cheap and environmental protections often weak.

Nowadays, the main cause of harmful air pollution in Manchester is emissions from road traffic. There is great pressure to reduce the toxic pollutants in the air of our cities, with the government introducing more ' Clean Air Zones' encouraging us to drive less. One of the key ideas laid out in the Greater Manchester Clean Air Plan is for Manchester to become the first city region in the UK to have a fully joined up cycling and walking network; the most comprehensive in Britain, covering 1,800 miles.

As the first industrial city, Manchester was the first to experience the air pollution caused by increased industrial emissions, and as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, Britain holds responsibility for a large amount of historic carbon emissions. In July 2019, Manchester City Council was one of the first in the UK to declare a climate crisis with the intention of assuming a leadership role in taking concrete action to reduce carbon emissions.

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Manchester's smoke nuisance: air pollution in the industrial city | Science and Industry Museum

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Industrialisation in 19th-century Manchester had world-changing effects, but it also polluted the city and caused massive health problems for its inhabitants. Can the environmental challenges and solutions of the first industrial city offer insight into the air pollution dilemmas confronting us as we face the current climate crisis?

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The Effects of Coal Smoke on Human Health

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The Smoke Nuisance of Manchester - Tejas Dasa

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The Smoke Nuisance of Manchester - Tejas Dasa

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The industrialization of Manchester caused many problems involving air quality.

Even-though everyone is impacted by air pollution, people in the lower classes are more vulnerable.

Due to the long period of coal usage to power factories, lots of pollutants were released into the air.

Air pollution can cause coughs, stinging eyes, and have an overall negative effect on a person’s wellbeing.

The air pollution that plagued Manchester was known at the time as “the smoke nuisance”.

Smoke was associated with economic success and therefore people were drawn to the idea of increasing the output of smoke as it also signified available jobs.

Steam engines were the leading consumer of coal as people discovered that it was possible to use the heat energy from coal.

Long exposure to coal smoke puts humans in risk of developing heart and respiratory diseases. These diseases afflicted many people of the lower class in Manchester.