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The autonomic nervous system is comprised of two divisions. The sympathetic pathway or fight or flight and the parasympathetic pathway or rest and digest. Above is a picture that shows the different functions of the organs and what pathway they link with.

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ACH-Acetylcholin:

Released at the ganglia and the postganglionic nerve endings in the parasympathetic nervous system.

Released at the ganglia in the Symapthetic nervous system.

NE-Norepinephrine

Released in the postganglionic nerve endings in sympathetic nervous system.

EPI-Epinephrine

Released from the Adrenal Medulla during sympathetic stimulation.

Source Hitner Text

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Organ: Adrenal Medulla

Sympathetic Effect: Release of Epinephrine

Parasympathetic Effect: None

Organ: Arteries

Sympathetic Effect: Vasoconstriction

Parasympathetic Effect: Most arteries not supplied by these nerves

Organ: Heart

Sympathetic Effect: Increase heart rate and atrioventricular Conduction

Parasympathetic Effect: Decrease heart rate and Atrioventricular Conduction

Organ: Intestines

Sympathetic Effect: Decreased secretion and gastrointestinal motility

Parasympathetic Effect: Increased secretion and gastrointestinal motility

Organ: Eye

Sympathetic Effect: dilation

Parasympathetic Effect: Constriction

Organ: Urinary Bladder

Sympathetic Effect: Relaxations

Parasympathetic Effect: Contraction

Organ: Urinary Sphincter

Sympathetic Effect: Contraction

Parasympathetic Effect: Relaxations

Source: Hitner Text

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6-7a. Sympathetic Drug Classifications and Drug Examples

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6-7a. Sympathetic Drug Classifications and Drug Examples

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Adrenergic Agonists:

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists

Alpha-1 stimulated

Increases Blood pressure and decongestant effect

ephedrine and phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

Adrenergic Agonist

All alpha and Beta stimulated

increase blood pressure, cardiac stimulant, bronchodilator

epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists

stimulates D-1 in kidneys -> increases renal blood flow

Stimulates Beta-1 in heart -> increases cardiac output

stimulates alpha-1 -> increase Blood pressure

dobutamine

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists

beta-2 stimulated

causes bronchodilation and relaxation of smooth muscles of uterus

formoterol (Foradil®), albuterol (Proventil®/Ventolin®), terbutaline (Brethine®), salmeterol (Serevent®)
Adrenergic Blocking Drugs:

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs

Binds to Alpha-1

Relaxes Smooth muscle, decreases Blood pressure, increases urine flow.

prazosin (Minipress®), terazosin (Hytrin®), doxazosin (Cardura®)

Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs

Beta-1 receptors blocked

decreases cardiac output, decreases HR, decreases conduction, decreases blood pressure.

nonselective: nadolol (Corgard®), propanolol (Inderol®), timolol (Blocadren®)

Selective: atenolol (Tenormin®), metoprolol (Lopressor®)

Source: U2 ANS Part 1 Lecture

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Cholinergic Agonists:

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists

stimulates/binds to muscarinic

pupil Constrictions, decrease intraocular pressure, prevent constipation and urinary retention.

acetylcholine, pilocarpine (Pilocar®), bethanechol (Urecholine®)

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase

urinary retention and intestinal stasis

neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Anticholinergics:

binds to cholinergic

increases HR, decrease vagus nerve activity, Decreases GI secretions and motility, Bronchodilation.

atropine

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2. Neurotransmitters of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Pathways:

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2. Neurotransmitters of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Pathways:

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Sympathetic Nervous System: Acetylcholin (ACH), Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (EPI), Dopamine (DA).
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Acetylcholin (ACH)

Source: U2 ANS Part 1 & 2 Lectures

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There are two receptor types in the autonomic nervous system: Cholinergic and Adrenergic.

There are two types of Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors. Nicotinic receptors are found neuromuscular junctions (Nicotinic Muscle) and also found in neurons (Nicotinic Neural). Muscarinic receptors (stimulatory or Inhibitory) are found on cells of sweat glands innervated by Sympathetic and also cells in all parasympathetic effectors.

There are two types of Adrenergic Receptors: Alpha and Beta Receptors. Adrenergic can be found on effector cells in the sympathetic nervous system along tissue and organs.

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