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BY : AFRA  MAQ
ttp://www.perfect-englishgrammar.com/passive.html

☰
The Passive Voice

An active sentence like I drank two cups of coffee has the subject first (the person or thing that does the verb), followed by the verb, and finally the object (the person or thing that the action happens to).
So, in this example, the subject is 'I', the verb is 'drank' and the object is 'two cups of coffee'.

But, we don't always need to make sentences this way. We might want to put the object first, or perhaps we don't want to say who did something. This can happen for lots of reasons (see the explanation further down the page). In this case, we can use a passive, which puts the object first:

Two cups of coffee were drunk (we can add 'by me' if we want, but it isn't necessary).
How to make the Passive in English

We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we need and then adding the past participle. For regular verbs, we make the past participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So play becomes played. Click here to learn about irregular verbs.

TenseActivePassive
present simpleI make a cake.A cake is made (by me).
present continuousI am making a cake.A cake is being made (by me).
past simpleI made a cake.A cake was made (by me).
past continuousI was making a cake.A cake was being made (by me).
present perfectI have made a cake.A cake has been made (by me).
pres. perf. continuousI have been making a cake.A cake has been being made (by me).
past perfectI had made a cake.A cake had been made (by me).
future simpleI will make a cake.A cake will be made (by me).
future perfectI will have made a cake.A cake will have been made (by me).

Practise with these exercises
Verbs with two objects

Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active sentences, and so two different passive sentences too:

Give

Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.
You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive sentence.
Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by him).
Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.

Try an exercise about this here
The passive in subordinate clauses

You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and a normal conjugated verb. This is really the same as a normal passive.
Active: I thought that Mary had kissed John.
Passive: I thought that John had been kissed by Mary.
Active: He knew that people had built the church in 1915.
Passive: He knew that the church had been built in 1915.
You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive infinitive in the same place as a normal gerund or infinitive.
The child loves being cuddled.
She would like to be promoted.
Try an exercise about this here
When should we use the Passive?

When we want to change the focus of the sentence:
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)
When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or 'people in general':
He was arrested (obvious agent, the police).
My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).
The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).
The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general).
In factual or scientific writing:
The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer.
In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal writing):
The brochure will be finished next month.
In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style:
Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)
When the subject is very long:
I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')__

______________
It Is Said That / He Is Said To
(be) Supposed To

“Main clause + noun clause” can be made passive in two ways.

Example 1:

Active: People say that he lives abroad now.
Passive 1: It’s said that he lives abroad now.
Passive 2: He is said to live abroad now.

Also See:

Passive Voice
Example 2:

Active: People believe that he is the hero of the town.
Passive 1: It’s believed that he is the hero of the town.
Passive 2: He is believed to be the hero of the town.

Present "Be":

Active: They say (that) the man is a thief.
Passive 1: It’s said that the man is a thief.
Passive 2: The man is said to be a thief.

Simple Present Noun Clause:

Active: We understand that he dislikes children.
Passive 1: It’s understood that he dislikes children.
Passive 2: He is understood to dislike children.

Past "Be":

Active: They say that he was very rich in the past.
Passive 1: It’s said that he was rich in the past.
Passive 2: He is said to have been very rich in the past.

Simple Past Noun Clause :

Active: People claim that he left the country two months ago.
Passive 1: It’s claimed that he left the country two months ago.
Passive 2: He is claimed to have left the country two months ago.

Present Perfect Noun Clause :

Active: People think that he has deserted his family.
Passive 1: It’s thought that he has deserted his family.
Passive 2: He is thought to have deserted his family.

Present Continuous Noun Clause :

Active: We think he is waiting there now.
Passive 1: It’s thought that he is waiting there now.
Passive 2: He is thought to be waiting there now.

Past Continuous Noun Clause :

Active: People say he was working very hard.
Passive 1: It’s said that he was working very hard.
Passive 2: He is said to have been working very hard.

Future Tense(will or going to) Noun Clause :

Active: People expect that the rate of exchange will go down soon.
Passive 1: It’s expected that the rate of crime will go down soon.
Passive 2: The rate of crime is expected to go down soon.

Present Passive Noun Clause :

Active: They say that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day.
Passive 1: It’s said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day.
Passive 2: A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day.

Past Passive Noun Clause :

Active: They report that two people were killed in the explosion.
Passive 1: It’s reported that two people were killed in the explosion.
Passive 2: Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.

Note:

Common verbs similar to “believe, say” are claim, understand, think, suppose, expect, report, acknowledge, assume, estimate, consider etc.

( http://www.grammarbank.com/it-is-said-that.html )

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BY : AFRA  MAQ
ttp://www.perfect-englishgrammar.com/passive.html

☰
The Passive Voice

An active sentence like I drank two cups of coffee has the subject first (the person or thing that does the verb), followed by the verb, and finally the object (the person or thing that the action happens to).
So, in this example, the subject is 'I', the verb is 'drank' and the object is 'two cups of coffee'.

But, we don't always need to make sentences this way. We might want to put the object first, or perhaps we don't want to say who did something. This can happen for lots of reasons (see the explanation further down the page). In this case, we can use a passive, which puts the object first:

Two cups of coffee were drunk (we can add 'by me' if we want, but it isn't necessary).
How to make the Passive in English

We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we need and then adding the past participle. For regular verbs, we make the past participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So play becomes played. Click here to learn about irregular verbs.

TenseActivePassive
present simpleI make a cake.A cake is made (by me).
present continuousI am making a cake.A cake is being made (by me).
past simpleI made a cake.A cake was made (by me).
past continuousI was making a cake.A cake was being made (by me).
present perfectI have made a cake.A cake has been made (by me).
pres. perf. continuousI have been making a cake.A cake has been being made (by me).
past perfectI had made a cake.A cake had been made (by me).
future simpleI will make a cake.A cake will be made (by me).
future perfectI will have made a cake.A cake will have been made (by me).

Practise with these exercises
Verbs with two objects

Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active sentences, and so two different passive sentences too:

Give

Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.
You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive sentence.
Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me (by him).
Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.

Try an exercise about this here
The passive in subordinate clauses

You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and a normal conjugated verb. This is really the same as a normal passive.
Active: I thought that Mary had kissed John.
Passive: I thought that John had been kissed by Mary.
Active: He knew that people had built the church in 1915.
Passive: He knew that the church had been built in 1915.
You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive infinitive in the same place as a normal gerund or infinitive.
The child loves being cuddled.
She would like to be promoted.
Try an exercise about this here
When should we use the Passive?

When we want to change the focus of the sentence:
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)
When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or 'people in general':
He was arrested (obvious agent, the police).
My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).
The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).
The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general).
In factual or scientific writing:
The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer.
In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal writing):
The brochure will be finished next month.
In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style:
Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)
When the subject is very long:
I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')__

______________
It Is Said That / He Is Said To
(be) Supposed To

“Main clause + noun clause” can be made passive in two ways.

Example 1:

Active: People say that he lives abroad now.
Passive 1: It’s said that he lives abroad now.
Passive 2: He is said to live abroad now.

Also See:

Passive Voice
Example 2:

Active: People believe that he is the hero of the town.
Passive 1: It’s believed that he is the hero of the town.
Passive 2: He is believed to be the hero of the town.

Present "Be":

Active: They say (that) the man is a thief.
Passive 1: It’s said that the man is a thief.
Passive 2: The man is said to be a thief.

Simple Present Noun Clause:

Active: We understand that he dislikes children.
Passive 1: It’s understood that he dislikes children.
Passive 2: He is understood to dislike children.

Past "Be":

Active: They say that he was very rich in the past.
Passive 1: It’s said that he was rich in the past.
Passive 2: He is said to have been very rich in the past.

Simple Past Noun Clause :

Active: People claim that he left the country two months ago.
Passive 1: It’s claimed that he left the country two months ago.
Passive 2: He is claimed to have left the country two months ago.

Present Perfect Noun Clause :

Active: People think that he has deserted his family.
Passive 1: It’s thought that he has deserted his family.
Passive 2: He is thought to have deserted his family.

Present Continuous Noun Clause :

Active: We think he is waiting there now.
Passive 1: It’s thought that he is waiting there now.
Passive 2: He is thought to be waiting there now.

Past Continuous Noun Clause :

Active: People say he was working very hard.
Passive 1: It’s said that he was working very hard.
Passive 2: He is said to have been working very hard.

Future Tense(will or going to) Noun Clause :

Active: People expect that the rate of exchange will go down soon.
Passive 1: It’s expected that the rate of crime will go down soon.
Passive 2: The rate of crime is expected to go down soon.

Present Passive Noun Clause :

Active: They say that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day.
Passive 1: It’s said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day.
Passive 2: A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day.

Past Passive Noun Clause :

Active: They report that two people were killed in the explosion.
Passive 1: It’s reported that two people were killed in the explosion.
Passive 2: Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.

Note:

Common verbs similar to “believe, say” are claim, understand, think, suppose, expect, report, acknowledge, assume, estimate, consider etc.

( http://www.grammarbank.com/it-is-said-that.html )

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Questions: wh-questions
from English Grammar Today

Wh-questions begin with what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how. We use them to ask for information. The answer cannot be yes or no:

    A:

    When do you finish college?
    B:

    Next year.

    A:

    Who is your favourite actor?
    B:

    George Clooney for sure!

 
Forming wh-questions
With an auxiliary verb

We usually form wh-questions with wh- + an auxiliary verb (be, do or have) + subject + main verb or with wh- + a modal verb + subject + main verb:

    Be: When are you leaving?

	

    Who’s been paying the bills?

    Do: Where do they live?

	

    Why didn’t you call me?

    Have: What has she done now?

	

    What have they decided?

    Modal: Who would she stay with?

	

    Where should I park?

Without an auxiliary verb
Warning:

When what, who, which or whose is the subject or part of the subject, we do not use the auxiliary. We use the word order subject + verb:

    What fell off the wall? Which horse won?

    Who bought this? Whose phone rang?

Compare

    Who owns this bag?

	

Who is the subject of the sentence and this bag is the object. We use no auxiliary verb.

    Who do you love most?

	

Who is the object of the sentence and you is the subject. We use the auxiliary verb do.
 
Responding to wh-questions

Wh-questions ask for information and we do not expect a yes-no answer to a wh-question. We expect an answer which gives information:

    A:

    Where’s the coffee machine? (We expect an answer about the location of the coffee machine.)
    B:

    It’s in the room next to the reception.

    A:

    How old is your dog? (We expect an answer about the age of the dog.)
    B:

    She’s about five. I’m not very sure.

 
Adding emphasis to wh-questions

We can add emphasis to wh-questions in speaking by stressing the auxiliary verb do. We usually do this when we have not already received the information that we expected from an earlier question, or to show strong interest.

When the wh-word is the object of the sentence, the do auxiliary is stressed to make it more emphatic:

    A:

    How was your weekend in Edinburgh?
    B:

    I didn’t go to Edinburgh.
    A:

    Really. Where did you go?
    B:

    We decided to go to Glasgow instead.

When the wh-word is the subject of the sentence, we can add the auxiliary do to make it emphatic. We stress do:

    A:

    Ronald Price lives in that house, doesn’t he?
    B:

    No. He moved out.

    A:

    So who does live there? (non-emphatic question: So who lives there?)
    B:

    Actually, his son is living there now.

See also:

    Intonation and wh-questions 

 
Negative wh-questions

When we ask negative wh-questions, we use the auxiliary verb do when there is no other auxiliary or modal verb, even when the wh-word is the subject of the clause:

Affirmative with no auxiliary
	

Negative with auxiliary do

    Who wants an ice cream?

	

    Who doesn’t want an ice cream?

    Which door opened?

	

    Which door didn’t open?

 
Adding a wh-word at the end of a statement to make a question
Spoken English:

In speaking, we can sometimes turn wh-questions into statement questions:

    What’s today’s date? or Today’s date is what?

We do this especially when we are checking information that we have already been given or when we want to quickly check a particular detail. These are less formal than full wh-questions:

    A:

    So we’re all going to be there at eight?
    B:

    Right, I’m travelling with Larry.
    A:

    You’re travelling with who? (more formal: Who are you travelling with?)
    B:

    With Larry. We’re actually going on our bikes.

    A:

    Is your sister here too or just your mother?
    B:

    Just my mother.
    A:

    And she’s here until when? (more formal: And when is she here until? or even more formal: Until when is she here?)

See also:

    Questions: statement questions (you’re over 18?)

    Questions: echo and checking questions 

 
Intonation and wh-questions

The intonation of wh-questions is normally falling. The falling intonation is on the most important syllable:

    Where are the keys to the back do↘or?

    Why are the lights re↘d?

When we ask wh-questions to check or clarify information that has already been given, we may use rising or fall-rising intonation:

    Wh↗at did you say the time was? (I know you’ve told me before but I’ve forgotten.)

    Wh↘o p↗aid for the meal?

See also:

    Adding emphasis to wh-questions 

 
Prepositions and particles with wh-questions

We can use wh-words and phrases after prepositions in more formal questions:

    Where will the money come from?

    From where will the money come? (formal)

Spoken English:

In informal styles, especially in speaking, the preposition may be separated and placed at the end of the question clause:

    What will I talk to her about?

    Who should we send the invitation to? (informal)

    Whom should we send the invitation to? (formal)

    To whom should we send the invitation? (more formal)

    For what reason did she leave him? (formal: preposition + wh-phrase)

When we make questions shorter, we usually put the preposition and its complement together:

    A:

    We’re all meeting up tonight.
    B:

    At what time?

    Not: What time at?

See also:

    Questions: short forms 

When we ask questions using verbs consisting of a main verb + particle, e.g. get up, set out (phrasal verbs), we do not separate the verb from the particle or preposition:

    When did you wake up this morning?

    Not: Up when did you wake?

See also:

    Verbs: multi-word verbs 

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Here are the rules for using would rather, would prefer and prefer correctly. The first table looks at how we can express specific preference; the second shows us how to express general preference.

When we speak about a specific preference, would rather and would prefer have the same meaning and are interchangeable.

We went to the theatre yesterday. Today I would rather go to the cinema.

We went to the theatre yesterday. Today I would prefer to go to the cinema.

We use a past tense after would rather when we speak about the actions of other people, even though that action may be in the present or future.

I'd rather you took a taxi (instead of walking) - it's not safe on the streets at night.

The film is quite violent. I'd rather our children didn't watch it.

We say:
would prefer . . . rather than / instead of

It's such nice weather - I'd prefer to sit in the garden rather than watch TV.

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Here are the rules for using would rather, would prefer and prefer correctly. The first table looks at how we can express specific preference; the second shows us how to express general preference....

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The explanation of 10A
Quantifiers:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/determiners-and-quantifiers/quantifiers&ved=0ahUKEwjs5sjm453XAhVPb1AKHY1xBlQQFgheMAs&usg=AOvVaw07_g157etKPdfEkvnAIWVJ
Another one:
http://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrBT7209vlZ7AUA6gRx.9w4;_ylu=X3oDMTBybGY3bmpvBGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMyBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzcg--/RV=2/RE=1509582645/RO=10/RU=http%3a%2f%2fwww.grammarbank.com%2fquantifiers.html/RK=1/RS=E9dQlc15.qbZj4g8fWSnWf2EdTs-

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Somaia Al sabr

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The answer keys for the workbook

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5B structures after wish
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=structures-after-wish
An
https://elt.oup.com/student/englishfile/upperint/a_grammar/file07/nef_upperint_grammar07_a02?cc=us&selLanguage=en
Structure after wish:
First read the rules! 1) You regret (or are sorry about a present situation) EXAMPLE: I wish I was slim! FORM: I wish + past simple 2) You regret a past action or situation EXAMPLE: I wish I hadn’t bought that jacket. / I wish I had saved my money. FORM: I wish + past perfect 3) You want another person or thing to do – or not to do – something. This is often when you are annoyed. EXAMPLE: I wish he wouldn’t play loud music at night. / I wish it would stop raining! FORM: I wish + would + infinitive

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Unreal conditions (unit 5a) Conditional Sentence Type 2

Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal impossible or improbable situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. It is very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form:

if + Simple Past, + would + base verb

Were / Was

In conditional type 2, we usually use in the if clause "were" instead of "was" even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it. "were" here is a subjunctive form.

NOTE "was" is also a possible form.

Example:

If I were a millionaire, I would buy a castle.

Use

Conditional Sentences Type 2 refer to an action in the present that could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change because it is very unlikely.

Example:

If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

It is impossible that the condition will be met because it refers to the past.

Form:

if + Past Perfect, + would + have + Past Participle

Use

Conditional Sentences Type 3 refer to situations in the past. They express hypothetical results to past given situations.

Example:

If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had that terrible accident.

Sometimes in the past, he was careless. He drove so fast. So he had a terrible accident

Things to remember

1. The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Examples:

"Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air."
" I will send her an invitation if I find her address."
" I would travel around the world if I had a million dollars."
"He wouldn't have had that terrible accident if he had been careful."

2. Main clause and/or if clause might be negative.

Example:

If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had an accident.

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expain grammer 10A about :quantifiers : all,every,both,etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nHV-lt4178
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7o9B4lkSwps
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9tG-i6P3rE
Grammar Exercise - Quantifiers:
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-quantifiers.php
http://www.grammarbank.com/quantifiers-exercises.html
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/confusing_words/a_an_some.htm
http://www.grammarbank.com/determiners-quantifiers-tests.html

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Asadaldin Al-Bazeli Gerund and infinitive What’s the Difference? Knowing the difference between gerund and infinitive can save you from making costly grammar mistakes when writing. In a nutshell, a word formed from a verb acting as a noun and ending in ing is a gerund. Infinitive phrases – normally referred to as infinitives – are formed with the word to in front of a verb. Both gerunds and infinitives can be subjects in sentences, and both gerunds and infinitives can serve as the object of a verb. Now that you know how these two elements can work in similar ways, it’s time to note an important difference in the gerund/infinitive equation: A gerund can be the object of a preposition; an infinitive cannot. Gerund & Infinitive Examples Examples of gerunds Gerunds are formed with the letters “ing”. For example: • Thinking • Acting • Walking • Talking • Fishing • Caring • Writing • Listening Examples of infinitives Infinitives are prefaced with the word “to”. For example: • To think • To act • To walk • To talk • To fish • To care • To write • To listen Both Gerunds and Infinitives can act as the subject of a sentence: Thinking is something that comes naturally. To think is something that comes naturally. You can use a gerund or an infinitive as the object of a verb: I like fishing. I like to fish. Only a gerund can be the object of a preposition. An infinitive cannot: We are thinking about walking in the woods. Gerund & Infinitive Usage At first glance, it may seem difficult to know when to use an infinitive and when to use a gerund. You will find the following guidelines for gerund/infinitive usage helpful. Gerunds Gerunds are best for use in sentences about actions that are real or complete, or that have been completed. • I stopped worrying about the future. In this example, the worrying was real and it happened until I stopped. • We really enjoy climbing mountains. In this example, the climbing is real and it’s something we like to do. Infinitives Infinitives are best for use in sentences about actions that are unreal or abstract, or that will occur in the future. • I’d like you to think about something. In this example, I’m asking you to think about something, but the thinking hasn’t happened yet. • Can we take a walk without you stopping to smoke? In this example, we’re talking about taking a walk and the smoking hasn’t happened yet.

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Used to, be used to, get used to

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Grammar from until 2A
Excuses

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Abdullah Al-Shuibi
Grammar from unit 2A
present perfect & continues

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Grammatical form Unit 8 B : reporting verbs

subject + reporting verb + (that) + clause
She explained (that) she had been away at the time.

subject + reporting verb + direct object + (that) + clause
He assured me (that) there would be no delay

subject + reporting verb + infinitive
She refused to work on Sundays.

subject + reporting verb + direct object + infinitive
She reminded me to come to the meeting.

Use of reporting verbs

Reporting verbs are used in reported speech

The most common reporting verbs are say and tell. However, there are a number of other reporting verbs that can be used instead of say or tell to make more efficient (i.e. shorter) statements and questions.

Consider this original statement in direct speech:
'I'm sure that everything will be alright'

If we reported the statement with say, we would get :

He said that he was sure that everything would be alright

This is an acceptable statement in English, if rather long. However, the words I'm sure that... in this sentence can have the function of assuring someone. Therefore, we can use the reporting verb assure

He assured me that everything would be alright
This is a) shorter, and b) makes the function of the sentence absolutely clear.

Common reporting verbs - say pattern

The following common reporting verbs follow the same pattern as say
i.e. verb + (that) + clause :

admit
advise*
agree
announce
claim
complain
confirm
declare
explain
insist
mention
promise*
propose
say
suggest
warn*

* also used with other patterns - see below

Common reporting verbs - tell pattern

The following common verbs follow the same pattern as tell
i.e. verb + direct object + (that) + clause :

advise
assure
convince
inform
notify
persuade
promise
reassure
remind
tell
warn

Reporting actions : requests, promises etc

These are usually reported using an infinitive structure :

reporting verb + infinitive with to

Examples:
They agreed to pay the legal costs.
He promised to come as soon as possible.

Common reporting verbs that follow this pattern are :

agree
ask
claim
demand
offer
promise
propose
refuse
threaten

Some verbs can be followed by an object and infinitive :

reporting verb + direct object + infinitive with to

Examples:
He reminded me to call Kath.
She warned them not to mention it.

Common reporting verbs that follow this pattern are :

advise
ask
beg
convince
encourage
forbid
instruct
invite
order
persuade
remind
tell
urge
warn (not to)

Reporting verbs followed by a gerund

Some reporting verbs are followed by a gerund, not an infinitive :

Direct speech : 'Why don't we have the party at Peter's place?'
Reported speech : She suggested having the party at Peter's place.

Common reporting verbs that can be followed by a gerund are :

admit
deny
mention
proposed
report
suggest

NB All of these reporting verbs can also use a verb + that + clause structure (see above).

Compare :
He admitted that he had taken the money.
He admitted taking the money.

She proposed setting up a committee.
She proposed that we set up a committee.

He mentioned seeing Martin.
He mentioned that he had seen Martin

The sentences in each pair have the same meaning.1: SAY

Let's look first at the verbs we've already talked about. The basic verb pattern for using 'say' for reported speech is:

say + (that) + clause
She said (that) she had already eaten.
(The direct speech for this is "I've already eaten".)

2: TELL

On the other hand, with 'tell' we need to use an object, a person who we tell the information to. See also my page about the difference between 'say' and 'tell' here.

tell + someone + (that) + clause
I told John (that) I had seen the new film.
(The direct speech for this is "I've seen the new film".)

When we are reporting orders, we can also use another pattern with 'tell':

tell + someone + to + infinitive
She told the children to go to bed.
3: ASK

We use 'ask' to report questions or requests. For questions we use the pattern:

ask + someone + if / question word + clause
I asked my boss if I could leave early.
She asked them where the station was.
For requests we use the pattern:

ask + someone + to + infinitive
I asked Lucy to pass me the salt.
(Remember, my first two examples with 'ask' are no longer real questions, so we use the normal sentence word order. We don't use inversion. We say 'she asked them where the station was', NOT 'she asked them where was the station'. You can read more about this on my page about indirect questions and on my page about reported speech.)

Other reporting verbs follow a variety of patterns. I'm afraid there aren't any rules about which verbs follow which patterns. You need to learn each one.

4: ADVISE*

(= Give someone advice. Notice the different spelling for the verb and the noun.)

Advise + someone + to + infinitive
She advised him to see a doctor.
Advise + (that) + clause
The staff advise that you carry water at all times.
Advise + against + verb-ing
I'd advise against leaving early.
5: AGREE

Agree + to + infinitive
We agreed to meet the following day.
Agree + (that) + clause
I agreed that the children could do their homework later.
6: APOLOGISE

Apologise + (to + someone) + for + verb-ing
They apologised to us for being late.
She apologised for forgetting the book.
Apologise (+ to + someone) + for + noun
She apologised for the delay.
7: DECIDE

Decide + to + infinitive
They decided to go to the cinema.
Decide + (that) + clause
They decided that they would go to the cinema.
8: ENCOURAGE

Encourage + someone + to + infinitive
She encouraged him to take the exam again.
The teacher encouraged the students to ask questions.
9: EXPLAIN

Explain + (that) + clause
The teacher explained that the course was finished.
Explain + noun + to + someone
She explained the grammar to the students.
NOT: She explained me the grammar.

Explain + question word + to + infinitive
They explained how to buy a train ticket on the internet.
John explained where to find the restaurant.
Explain + question word + clause
We explained what the exams would cover.
10: INSIST*

Insist + on + verb-ing
He insisted on paying.
Insist + (that) + clause
He insisted that we sit down.
11: PROMISE

Promise + to + infinitive
He promised to arrive early.
Promise + (someone) + (that) + clause
I promised him that I wouldn't do it again.
12: RECOMMEND*

Recommend + verb-ing
I recommend visiting the British Museum while you're in London.
Recommend + (that) + clause
I recommend that you visit the British Museum
13: REMIND

Remind + someone + to + infinitive
She reminded him to take his

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Prepositions "On," "At," and "In" A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the sentence. Prepositions can be tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula for choosing a preposition. In the beginning stage of learning the language, you should try to identify a preposition when reading or listening in English and recognize its usage.  to the officeat the deskon the tableabout myselfA preposition is used to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object.  Here are a few common prepositions and examples.OnUsed to express a surface of something: I put an egg on the kitchen table.The paper is on my desk.Used to specify days and dates: The garbage truck comes on Wednesdays.I was born on the 14th day of June in 1988.Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer: He is on the phone right now.She has been on the computer since this morning.My favorite movie will be on TV tonight.Used to indicate a part of the body: The stick hit me on my shoulder.He kissed me on my cheek.Used to indicate the state of something: Everything in this store is on sale.The building is on fire.Used to point out specific time: I will meet you at 12 p.m.The bus will stop here at 5:45 p.m.Used to indicate a place: There is a party at the club house.There were hundreds of people at the park.We saw a baseball game at the stadium.Used to indicate an email address: Please email me at abc@defg.com.Used to indicate an activity: He laughed at my acting.I am good at drawing a portrait.Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year: She always reads newspapers in the morning.Used to indicate a location or place: She looked me directly in the eyes.Used to indicate a shape, color, or size: This painting is mostly in blue.The students stood in a circle.This jacket comes in four different sizes.Used to express while doing something: In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times.A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product.Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling: I believe in the next life.We are not interested in gambling. [Quiz 22.1] Identify all prepositions in the following sentences. After flying for many hours, we finally got off the airplane. We walked out the exit and went to the baggage claim area. There were hundreds of different bags on the conveyer belt. I almost picked up the wrong one because it looked like mine.

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UNITE 9 B
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/about-nouns/nouns-countable-and-uncountable

https://www.espressoenglish.net/countable-and-uncountable-nouns/
Countable nouns

Countable nouns are nouns that we can count: car, house, book, etc. We can say one car, two cars, three cars, etc.

Singular and plural

Countable nouns have singular and plural forms: a car/cars, a house/houses, a book/books, etc.

a/an + singular countable noun

We CANNOT use a singular countable noun without a determiner like a/an or the.

I have a car. (NOT I have car.)

When I was a child. (NOT When I was child.)

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns are nouns that we cannot count: money, milk, rain, etc. We cannot say one money, two moneys, etc.

Only singular

Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form, they only have a singular form: money/moneys, milk/milks, rain/rains, etc.

No a/an

We cannot use a/an + uncountable noun. A/an means ‘one’, and we cannot count uncountable nouns.

I need money. (NOT a money.)

We need to buy sugar. (NOT a sugar.)

Types of words that are uncountable

Some types of words that are typically uncountable are:

Food, drinks and liquids: cheese, bread, pasta, coffee, milk, petrol, fuel, etc.

Materials: iron, wood, metal, paper, plastic, etc.

Abstract ideas and feelings: information, advice, strength, time, love, excitement, etc.

Illnesses: diabetes, alzheimer, cancer, etc.

Languages: English, French, Spanish, etc.

Uncountable in English but not in other languages

Some nouns are uncountable in English, but they are countable in other languages. Some of them are: advice, news (it ends in -s, but it’s a singular word), furniture, luggage, baggage, bread, cheese, toast, etc.

Countable and uncountable

Some nouns can be countable and uncountable because they can refer to a unit or to ‘mass’ or ‘material’. Compare:

Yesterday I had two coffees. (= two cups of coffee)

I love coffee. (= the liquid that we drink)

I found one hair in my soup. (one single hair)

She has beautiful hair. (= the mass of hair on her head)

a/an, some, any

a/an

We use a/an + singular countable noun.

I have a new car.

She has a brother and a sister.

We cannot use a/an before a plural noun or an uncountable noun.

I need to buy sugar. (NOT a sugar.)

We saw very beautiful places. (NOTa very beautiful places.)

some/any

We use some and any before countable plural nouns or singular uncountable nouns.

He gave me some coins.

He didn’t give me any coins.

He gave me some money.

some

We use some in positive sentences.

We cooked some cookies.

any

We use any in negative sentences and questions.

She didn’t send me any messages.

Have you got any brothers or sisters?

BUT we use some in questions when we are asking for something or we are offering something.

Can I have some tea? (=I’m asking for some tea.)

Would you like some tea? (=I’m offering you some tea.)

https://www.test-english.com/grammar-points/a1/a-some-any-countable-uncountable/

Nouns: countable and uncountable

from English Grammar Today

Countable nouns

Some nouns refer to things which, in English, are treated as separate items which can be counted. These are called countable nouns. Here are some examples:

a car, three cars

my cousin, my two cousins

a book, a box full of books

a city, several big cities

Singular and plural

Countable nouns can be singular or plural. They can be used with a/an and with numbers and many other determiners (e.g. these, a few):

She’s got two sisters and a younger brother.

Most people buy things like cameras and MP3-players online these days.

Theseshoes look old now.

I’ll take a few magazines with me for the flight.

See also:

Determiners (the, my, some, this)

Singular and plural nouns

Nouns

Uncountable nouns

In English grammar, some things are seen as a whole or mass. These are called uncountable nouns, because they cannot be separated or counted.

Some examples of uncountable nouns are:

Ideas and experiences: advice, information, progress, news, luck, fun, work

Materials and substances: water, rice, cement, gold, milk

Weather words: weather, thunder, lightning, rain, snow

Names for groups or collections of things: furniture, equipment, rubbish, luggage

Other common uncountable nouns include: accommodation, baggage, homework, knowledge, money, permission, research, traffic, travel.

These nouns are not used with a/an or numbers and are not used in the plural.

We’re going to get new furniture for the living room.

Not: We’re going to get a new furniture for the living room. or We’re going to get new furnitures for the living room.

We had terrible weather last week.

Not: We had a terrible weather last week.

We need rice next time we go shopping.

Some nouns always have plural form but they are uncountable because we cannot use numbers with them.

I bought two pairs of trousers.

Not: I bought two trousers.

Other nouns of this type are: shorts, pants, pyjamas, glasses (for the eyes), binoculars, scissors.

Warning:      Some nouns which are uncountable in English are countable in other languages (e.g. accommodation, advice, furniture, information):

They can give you some information about accommodation at the tourist office.

Not: They can give you some informations about accommodations at the tourist office.

Can you give me some advice about buying a second-hand car?

Not: Can you give me some advices about buying a second-hand car?

A good learner’s dictionary will tell you whether a noun is countable or uncountable.

Quantity expressions (a bit/piece)

To refer to one or more quantities of an uncountable noun, expressions such as a bit of, a piece of, an item of or words for containers and measures must be used:

He bought a very expensive piece of furniture for his new apartment.

Maggie always has some exciting bits of news when she comes to see us.

I think we’ll need five bags of cement for the patio.

There’s a litre of milk in the fridge for you. And I bought you a bar of chocolate.

Determiners (my, some, the)

Uncountable nouns can be used with certain determiners (e.g. my, her, some, any, no, the, this, that) and expressions of quantity (e.g. a lot of, (a) little):

They gave me some information about courses and scholarships and things.

Have you heard the news? Fran’s getting engaged.

She’s been studying hard and has made a lot of progress.

There’s no work to do here, so you can go home if you like.

This milk’s a bit old, I’m afraid.

See also:

Determiners (the, my, some, this)

You will learn about countable and uncountable nouns. but before you continue the lesson, look at the following chart and study the nouns.

| Countable | Uncountable
| books | money
| friends | meat
| teachers | juice
| tables | milk

Grammar Exercise - Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Do the exercise below on countable and uncountable nouns and click on the button to check your answers

(Before doing the exercises you may want to read the lesson on countable and uncountable nouns)

Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U)

1. The children are playing in the garden.

·  I don't like milk.

·  I prefer tea.

·  Scientists say that the environment is threatened by pollution.

·  My mother uses butter to prepare cakes.

·  There are a lot of windows in our classroom.

·  We need some glue to fix this vase.

·  The waiters in this restaurant are very professional.

·  My father drinks two big glasses of water every morning.

·  The bread my mother prepares is delicious.

·  Drivers must be careful; the road is slippery.

·  Some policemen are organizing road traffic to avoid any accidents.

·  I bought three bottles of mineral water for our picnic.

·  I'd like some juice please!

·  Successful candidates will join the camp later this year.

·  A rise in oil prices is inevitable since there is more and more world demand for energy.

·  The exercises on this website are interesting.

·  Dehydrated babies must drink a lot of water.

·  Adult illiterates learn through a special government program.

·  I met some nice people when I was walking along the beach.

Countable or Uncountable Nouns 1

Are these nouns usually countable or uncountable? Write 'countable'

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Grammer 7A

Links

https://www.englishgrammar.org/talking-certainty/

https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/everyday-grammar-may-might-must-modals-certainty/2887387.html

http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/intermediate/modal-verbs-for-past-probability-must-have-cant-have-couldnt-have-may-have

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http://www.eltbase.com/notes-201-narrative-tenses

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Long time ago a rabbit and a lion were neighbors. The lion was very proud, and was fond of boasting about his strength. And though they were such close neighbors, lion looked down upon the rabbit, and used to bully and frighten her. Finally, the rabbit could stand it no longer and wanted to get her own back.

One day, she went to the lion and said, "Good day", respected elder brother. Imagine it, I met an animal over there who looked exactly like you, and he said to me, "Is there anyone in the world who dares stand up to me? If there is, let him come and have a duel with me. If there is no, all of you have to submit to my rule and be my servants!" "oh, he can't even light on anyone!", added the rabbit.

"oho," the lion said, "didn't you mention me to him?"

"yes, indeed," the rabbit replied, "but it would have been better if I hadn't. when I described how strong you were, he just sneersand said dreadfully rude things. He even went so far as to say that wouldn't take you for his attendant!"

The lion flew into a rage and roared, "where is her? Where is her?"

So the rabbit took behind a hill and not going too near herself. Pointed to a deep well from a distance and said, "he is down there in the well".

The lion hastened to the well and glared angrily into it. Yes, there was his rival who even glared back at him angrily. The lion roared and his enemy roared back. The lion became so furious that his hair stood on end. So did his enemy's in the well. The lion showed his teeth and lashed out with his paws to scare his rival-and his enemy in the well retaliated! In a fit of anger the lion sprang into the air with all his might and then himself at the enemy in the well.

The result was that the proud lion was instantly.

Fill the question with the right answer!

Choose the right answer from the multiple choice below!

Once upon a time there was a king who had three daughters. Because they were good and beautiful he loved them all sincerely. He did not know which one he should appoint as queen.

As his birthday approach he summoned his daughters and said to them, "my dear children, I love all three of you sincerely, and for a long time have not known which one of you I should name to be the heir to my throne. But I have now decided that the one of you shall become queen who brings to me a birthday present that is most necessary in human life. Go and make your plans accordingly and with utmost diligence.

The old King's birthday arrived, and the two oldest daughters brought him presents that were very necessary, but at the same time extremely expensive. However, the youngest daughter brought him nothing more than a little pile of salt in a decorated container. When the King saw her present, he became very angry, and he drove his daughter out of the castle, forbidding her ever again to let herself be seen by him.

With deep sorrow the rejected daughter went out into the unknown world, comforted only by her faith in her own good sense. After walking a good while she came to an inn. There she found a female innkeeper who thoroughly understood cooking. She entered an apprenticeship with her and soon exceeded even the innkeeper in the art of cooking.

News spread far and wide of the excellent cook in this inn, and everyone who came this way and who still had a few Kreutzer left in his pocket stooped to be served a roast or something even more elegant. The king heard of the cook's reputation and he hired her as court cook. Now it came to pass that the oldest princess was getting married and the famous cook was assigned the preparation of the wedding feast, with no expenses to be spared.

Thus on the wedding day one elegant dish after the other was served until the table almost cracked. Everything was excellently prepared, and everyone praised the cook. Finally the king's favorite dish arrived. Quickly taking a spoon he tasted it. "this has not been salted!" he cried out angrily. "have the cook brought before me!" they quickly ran for the cook, who entered the hall undaunted. "why did you forget to salt my favorite dish, you careless girl?" snapped the king at her. The cook answered, "you drove away your youngest daughter because she thought that salt was so necessary. Perhaps you can now see that your child was not so wrong".

When the king heard these words he recognized his daughter, begged her for forgiveness, asked her to be seated at his side, and accepted her once again as his dear child. Then the wedding became doubly joyful. The king lived happily with his children for many years thereafter.

Answer the questions with the right answer!

Choose the right answer from the multiple choice below!

The story of smart parrot

A man in Puerto Rico had a wonderful parrot. There was no another parrot like it. It was very smart. This parrot would say any word-except one. He would not say the name of the town where he was born. The name of the town was Catano.

The man tried to teach the parrot to say catano but the bird would not say the word. At first the man was very nice but then he got angry. "you are a stupid bird! Why can't you say the word? Sat catano or I will kill you!" but the parrot would not say it. Then the man got to so angry that the shouted over and over, "say catano, or I'll kill you!" but the bird would not talk.

One day after trying for many hours to make the bird say catano, the man got very angry. He picked up the bird and threw him into the chicken house. "you are more stupid than the chickens. Soon I will eat them, and I will eat you too".

In the chicken house there are four old chickens. They were for Sunday's dinner. The man put the parrot in the kitchen house and left.

The next day the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and stopped. He was very surprised at what he saw.

He saw three dead chickens on the floor. The parrot was screaming at the fourth chicken "say catano, or I'll kill you!"

Answer the questions with the right answer!

Choose the right answer from the multiple choice below!

" it was very smart" the underlined word refers to...

"the parrot was screaming at the four chickens" what does the underlined word mean...

A kangaroo is an animal found only in Australia, although it has a smaller relative, called a wallaby, which lives on the Australian island of Tasmania and also in New Guinea.

Kangaroos eat grass and plants. They have short front legs, but very long, and very strong back legs and a tail. These they use for sitting up on and for jumping. Kangaroos have been known to make forward jumps of over eight meters, and leap across fences more than three meters high. Thelsoy can also run at speeds of over 45 Km per hours.

The largerst kangaroos are the great Grey kangaroo and the red kangaroo. Adults grow to a length of 160 meters and weigh over 90 kilos.

Kangaroo are marsupials. This means that the female kangaroo has an external pounch on the front of her body. A baby kangaroo is very tiny when it is born and it crawls at once into this punch where it spends its first five months of life.

Answer the questions with the right answer!

Choose the right answer from the multiple choice below!

The old witch locked Hansel in a cage and set Gretel to clean the house. She planned to cat them both. Each night the children cried and begged the witch to let them go.

Meanwhile at home, their stepmother was beginning to wish she had never tried to get rid of the children. "I must find them", she said and set off into the forest.

Many hours later, when her feet were tired from walking and her lips were dry from thirst, she came to the cottage belonging to the witch. The stepmother peeped though the window. Her heart cried out when she saw the two children.

She picked up the broom leaning against the door and crept inside. the witch was putting some stew in the oven when the stepmother gave her an almighty push. The witch fell into the oven and the stepmother shut the door.

"children, I have come to save you", she said hugging them tightly. I have done a dreadful thing.

I hope in time you will forgive me. Let me take you home and become a family again. They returned to their home and the stepmother became the best mother anyone could wish to have and of course they lived happily ever after.

Answer the questions with the right answer!

"the witch fell into the oven and the stepmother shut the door".(p4) the underlined word can be replaced by the word?

Choose the right answer from the multiple choice below!

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narrative text: the question and answer for SMP

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Long time ago a rabbit and a lion were neighbors. The lion was very proud, and was fond of boasting about his strength. And though they were such close neighbors, lion looked down upon the rabbit, and used to bully and frighten her.

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Mini grammar so\ such L 4A
Have something dome  L 4B

Such is a determiner; so is an adverb. They often have the same meaning of ‘very’ or ‘to this degree’:

Those are such good chocolates.

Those chocolates are so good.

We use such + noun phrase and so + adjective or adverb phrase:

She is such a great cook.

Not: She is so great cook.

That was so unpleasant. (so + adjective)

Not: That was such unpleasant.

Why do you drive so fast? (so + adverb)

Not: Why do you drive such fast?

Compare

| so + adjective | such + noun phrase
| You’re so kind. | He’s such a kind person
| It was so hot we couldn’t work. | November was such a cold month.

So but not such can also be used in front of much, many, little, few to add emphasis:

So much food was wasted every day.

Not: Such much food was wasted …

In those days there were so few doctors in our area.

Not: … there were such few doctors …

See also:

·         So

·         Such

Typical errors

·         We use such, not so, before a noun, even if there is an adjective before the noun:

They’re such snobs! They won’t speak to anyone else in the village.

Not: They’re so snobs …

Those are such cool shoes. Where did you get them?

Not: Those are so cool shoes.

·         We use such, not so, before a noun phrase with the indefinite article a/an:

This is such a wonderful kitchen!

Not: This is a so wonderful kitchen!

·         We use so, not such, before adjectives:

Thank you. You’re so kind.

Not: You’re such kind.

·         We use so, not such, before adverbs:

She always dresses so elegantly.

Not: She always dresses such elegantly.

https://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/sosuchexercise.htm

http://a4esl.org/q/h/0101/ss-so_such.html

Causatives: Have and Get
We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for us or for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. For example, we can say:
 I cleaned my house. (This means I cleaned it myself).
If I paid someone to clean it, of course I can say:
 A cleaner cleaned my house.
But, another way is to use a causative construction. So I can also say:
 I had my house cleaned.
In a sense, using a causative verb is similar to using a passive. The important thing is that the house is now clean. We don't focus on who did the cleaning.
Have + object + past participle (have something done)
We usually use 'have something done' when we are talking about paying someone to do something for us. It's often used for services. The form is 'subject + have + object + past participle'.
 I had my car washed.
 John will have his house painted.
Get + object + past participle (get something done)
We can also use 'subject + get + object + past participle'. This has the same meaning as 'have', but is less formal.
 The students get their essays checked.
 I'll get my hair cut next week.
 He got his washing machine fixed.
© www.perfect-english-grammar.com
May be freely copied for personal or classroom use.
Have someone do something (have + person + infinitive)
We can also use the construction 'subject + have + person + infinitive'. This has a very similar meaning to 'have something done', which we've already talked about, but this time we say who did the thing - we talk about the person who we asked to do the thing for us.
 I had the electrician look at my broken light.
 The doctor will have the nurse call the patients.
 The teacher had the students write the answers on the whiteboard.
Get someone to do something (get + person + to + infinitive)
Finally, we can also use the construction 'get + someone + to + infinitive'. Again, this means that you cause the other person to do the action, maybe by paying them to do it, or by asking them to do it, or by persuading them to do it.
 She gets her son to do his homework by promising him ice cream when he's finished.
 I got the cleaner to clean under the cupboards

http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-have-get-something-done-exercises.html#.WfhWgI-Cx1s

http://www.focus.olsztyn.pl/en-have-something-done-exercises.html#.WfhWv4-Cx1s

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0ahUKEwjP26Syj5jXAhUEZ1AKHSqtBewQFggSMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fgrammar%2Fbritish-grammar%2Fas-as&usg=AOvVaw2WGBofgneV4xQQHxZcJTif

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http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/passive/have-something-done
We use have + object + -ed form when we talk about someone doing something for us which we ask or instruct them to do. It emphasises the process/action rather than who performs it:

We’re having the house painted next week. (We are not going to paint the house ourselves. Someone else will paint it. The emphasis is on the fact that the house is being painted rather than who is doing it.)

Warning:

This pattern is not the same as the present perfect or past perfect.

Compare

I had my hair cut. | Someone cut my hair.
I’ve cut my hair.I’d cut my hair. | I cut my own hair.

We can also use have + object + -edform when something bad happens, especially when someone is affected by an action which they did not cause:

They’ve had their car stolen. (‘They’ are affected by the action of the car being stolen but they did not cause this to happen.)

Hundreds of people had their homes destroyed by the hurricane.(Hundreds of people were affected by the hurricane, which they did not cause.)

Asking or instructing

We use the pattern have + object + infinitive without to when we talk about instructing someone (underlined) to do something. We use it to emphasise who performed the action:

I’ll have Harry book you a taxi. (I will instruct Harry to book a taxi for you. Emphasis is on who will do the action more than on the action.)

He had Kay make us all some tea.

Talking about an experience

We use have + object + -ing form or infinitive without to to talk about an event or experience. We use the -ingform for an event in progress and the infinitive without to for a completed event:

We had a man singing to us as we sat in the restaurant having our meal.

We had a strange woman come to the door selling pictures.

We can also use the -ing form to describe an ongoing action that someone or something is causing:

Her story had us laughing so much.(Her story was making us laugh.)

I just had them doing stretch routines, and after, they got really good at it.

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9A CLAUSES OF CONTRAST AND PUPOSE

https://www.test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/clauses-contrast-purpose/

https://elt.oup.com/student/englishfile/upperint/a_grammar/file07/nef_upperint_grammar07_bi01?mode=hub&cc=us&selLanguage=en#

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1dK9_bPb18

THIS LINK ABOUT HOW TO DO A GREAT PERSENTATION
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=dEDcc0aCjaA

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Unit 5b grammar : Structures after wish.
Links;

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=structures-after-wish

student/englishfile/upperint/a_grammar/file07/nef_upperint_grammar07_a02?cc=us&selLangu

https://www.englishgrammar.org/structures-grammar-exercise/

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/wish.html
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/perfect-english-grammar-plus.html

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Unit 9 mini grammar ; whatever, whenever, etc

Links;

https://elt.oup.com/student/englishfile/upperint/e_minigrammar/?...

dictionary.cambridge.org/.../however-whatever-whichever-whenever...

https://www.ecenglish.com/.../whatever-whenever-wherever-whichev...

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/307018899579193260/

www.grammar.cl/Notes/Whoever_Whatever_Whenever.htm

Explain;

We can think about the W-ever words semantically as the 'W' word + the quantifier 'any'. The trick to understanding these terms is to realize that they apply to any single one of the referents, and at the same time refer to all of the referents.

Whatever - Anything (This could also be everything)

Whenever - Any time (This could also be 'every time')

Wherever - Any 'where' (Anywhere or everywhere).

Whoever - Anyone (Any person or every person, or sometimes used to refer to a person unknown to the speaker)

Whichever - Any 'which' (Choice between a group or set).

However - Any 'way' (In any manner or way, regardless of how).

Basically each one means:

"It does not matter what / when / where etc." OR

"An unknown thing / time / place etc."

Examples of Whatever

Whatever you do, pay attention to the road when you are driving.
(You can do anything as long as you pay attention to the road)

They say you can buy whatever you desire in Harrods, as long as you have the money.
(You can buy anything in Harrods, if you have enough money)

The student was so intelligent that whatever we taught, she understood.
(She understood everything that she was taught)

The criminal said he would do whatever he could in order to get out of jail.
(He would do everything or anything he could to get out of jail)

Examples of Whenever

Whenever the neighbors flush the toilet, water comes through our ceiling.
(Every time they flush the toilet it happens)

Whenever she calls, the landlord is busy.
(Every time she calls the landlord, he/she is busy)

Call me whenever you need something.
(Call me any time you need something)

Whenever he comes home, he acts like a hungry dog.
(Ever time he comes home, she is like that)

Whenever I go to sleep early, I have extraordinary dreams.
(Every time I go to sleep early, I have these dreams)

Examples of Wherever

Wherever you go in the world, remember where you came from and where you are going.
(Anywhere you go in the world, remember those things)

With a good education in English, wherever you go, you will have a good time.
(If you are taught well, you will have a good time anywhere)

Wherever we put the TV in the room, the reception is bad.
(Anywhere we put the TV the reception is bad)

You can put the present that she gave you wherever you want, just don't let her know if you put it in the trash.
(You can put that present anywhere)

Examples of Whoever

Whoever broke the vase, can you please replace it?
(Any specific person who broke the vase, please replace it)

Whoever goes to the shop, please don't steal anything.
(Any one or more of the people who will go to the shop, don't steal anything)

Whoever it was that knocked on the door last night must have been drunk, because they dropped twenty dollars as they ran away.
(The unknown person who knocked on the door dropped twenty dollars)

Whoever you just spoke to, she must have some special powers, because you look like you fell in love.
(The unknown person who you spoke with must have some special powers)

Examples of Whichever

You can drive whichever of the cars you want.
(You can choose to drive any of the cars)

Whichever dress I wear tonight, I'm worried that my butt will look fat. What do you think?
(Person is worried that the person's butt looks fat in any of the selected dresses)

Whichever road you take to Rome, you will need to drive carefully.
(There are a number of roads to take, and it is necessary to drive carefully on any one that you take)

Whichever pizza you ordered for her, it must have had some very delicious ingredients.
(The pizza that was ordered from those available had some special ingredients)

Examples of However

You can dress however you like for the party, it's not formal.
(You can dress the way that you want for the party)

However much she eats, she never puts on weight.
(It doesn't matter how much she eats, she never gets fat)

You can do it however you like, I don't really care as long as it gets done.
(you can do it any way that you want)

However rich they may be, it still isn't enough for them.
(It doesn't matter how rich they may be)

However, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whoever

It doesn’t matter how, what, when, etc.

If we add -ever to wh-words like how, what, which, when, where and who, we change their meaning.

| form | meaning | however | ‘any way at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter how’
| whatever | ‘anything at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter what’
| whichever | ‘any one at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter which’
| whenever | ‘any time at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter when’
| wherever | ‘any place at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter where’
| whoever | ‘any person at all’ or ‘it doesn’t matter who’

However you try to explain it, I still can’t understand it. (Any way at all that you try to explain it … /It doesn’t matter how you try …)

Please take whatever you want from the fridge if you feel hungry. (anything at all that you want)

Whatever you do, don’t lose this key.

Choose whichever time suits you best then write your name against that time on the list.

Call in whenever you like. I’m always at home. (at any time at all that you like)

Wherever you live, you have the right to a good postal service. (it doesn’t matter where you live)

Whoever you ask, you will get the same answer: no. (any person you ask/it doesn’t matter who you ask)

Emphasising questions

We can use wh-words with -ever to ask very emphatic questions. In speaking, we stress -ever:

However will you manage to live on such a small income? (stronger than How will you manage …?)

Charlie, whatever are you doing? (stronger than What are you doing?)

Whenever are you going to stop complaining? You’re getting on everyone’s nerves!

Being vague: whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever

We can use whatever, whenever, wherever and whoever alone to refer in a non-specific way to people and things:

A:

Shall I send you all the dates and times?

B:

Yes, whatever. That would be useful. Thanks. (it doesn’t matter what you send)

A:

What time shall I come?

B:

Whenever, really. (no specific time/it doesn’t matter)

If you talk to the manager or whoever, you’ll be able to find out what’s happening. (talk to the manager or a similar, unspecified person)

Sometimes people use whatever in a sarcastic or disrespectful way, usually saying it in an exaggerated way, to show they are not interested (for example, with exaggerated intonation):

Parent:

You’d better start saving money if you want to go to university!

Teenager:

Whatever!

Whatsoever

Whatsoever is an emphatic form of whatever. It is most common after a negative phrase:

He seems to have no ambitions whatsoever.

I can see no reason whatsoever why she should not attend classes.

Here is a brief explanation of how 'whatever', 'whenever', 'wherever', 'whichever' and 'whoever' are used:

Whatever

Whatever = anything or everything; regardless of what, (many things can happen but):
Whatever you do, don’t forget to buy the drinks for dinner tonight.
Ignore David, whatever he says. He's just a joker.

Whenever

Whenever = every time; at any time; when is not important:
Whenever I plan a barbeque it rains.
Peter interrupts me whenever I speak.

Wherever

Wherever = everywhere; in doesn't matter where; where is not important:
Wherever you go in the world you'll always find someone who speaks English.
We can go wherever you like tonight; it's your birthday.

Whichever

Whichever = the person or thing which; it doesn't matter which; which is not important:
Choose whichever dress you like.
Wear whichever dress is most comfortable.

Whoever

Whoever = the person who; it doesn't matter who:
You can invite whoever you like to the concert.
Whoever prepared dinner made a mess in the kitchen.

Exercise

Now choose the correct word from the following:

·        1. You can come over _ you like.

wherever
whenever
wherever
whichever
whoever

·        2. I’d like to speak to _ is in charge of sales.

whatever
whichever
whoever
wherever
whenever

·        3. The model comes in all these colors. Choose _ you like.

whichever
whoever
wherever
whenever
whatever

·        4. _ happens don’t forget to call me.

whoever
wherever
whenevr
whichever
whatever

·        5. We can do _ you like tomorrow. I have a day off.

whichever
whoever
whenever
wherever
whatever

·        6. I always have a good time with Sarah _ we go.

whichever
whoever
whatever
whenever
wherever

·        7. _ used the car last forgot to switch off the headlights.

whoever
whatever
whichever
whenever
wherever

·        8. My boss criticizes me _ I do.

wherever
whatever
whenever
whichever
whoever

·        9. I want to see both films so we’ll see ___ you decide.

whoever
whichever
wherever
whatever
wherever

·        10. I met someone from Lapua, _ that is

whenever
whichever
whatever
wherever
whoever

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Waleed Hageb
Unit 9 mini grammar

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Huda Al-sharjabi
Unit 8b

Reported speech

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html

However, we can also use many other verbs to report speech.  These verbs are followed by either infinitive or gerund

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reporting-verbs.html

Exercises

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercises.html

And

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reporting-verbs-exercise-1.html

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UNITE 2B
https://www.englishgrammar.org/adjectives-nouns-2/
In many sentences, adjectives are used to perform the purpose of nouns.

Examples are given below.

The English are proud of their sense of humor.

Adjectives can be used with the article ‘the’. These expressions are plural. Examples are given below: the rich, the poor, the jobless, the unemployed, the deaf, the blind etc.

The rich should help the poor.

The unemployed are losing hope.

The government should do something for the jobless.

The adjective cannot be used without the article ‘the’ in these expressions. In some cases, these expressions can have a singular meaning. Examples are: the accused, the injured, the diseased etc.

The deceased is survived by his wife.

Some adjectives stand for persons. They can also be used as nouns.

We should respect our elders.

We should be kind to our inferiors.

The seniors should not torment their juniors.

The rights of minors should be protected.

Adjectives can form part of certain phrases.

In short, you must behave well.

The long and short of this is that he has lost his credibility.

I shall stand by you through thick and thin.

At best, I can arrange lodging for two more nights.

Nouns are commonly used as adjectives.

She is a book worm. (Here the noun book acts as an adjective modifying the noun worm.)

You lack table manners

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/adjectives/order-adjectives
https://www.test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/adjective-order/2/

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Level 4B
GUREND AND INFINITIVE GRAMMAR

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives.html
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/gerund_infinitiv.htm

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Unite 7

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Unit 3B
https://www.test-english.com/grammar-points/b1-b2/position-of-adverbs/

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https://www.test-english.com/grammar-points/b2/verbs-of-the-senses/
Here are the exercises
For unit 7B

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7B
Stative or dynamic uses of sense verbs

Stative uses of feel, hear, see, smell, taste

When we use the verbs feel, hear, see, smell, ortaste to talk about the impressions that we receive through our five senses (touch, hearing, sight, smell, taste), they are all non-action verbs and cannot be used in progressive forms.

You smell nice. (NOT you are smelling)

This soup tastes fantastic. What did you put in it? (NOT is tasting)

Can or can’t (feel, hear, see, smell, taste)

We normally use can or can’t with these verbs (and NOT present continuous) to talk about something that is happening at the moment.

I can see a beautiful woman next to your sister. (NOT I am seeing)

Sorry, can you speak up? I can’t hear you.(NOT I’m not hearing)

I can smell petrol. Have you just filled up the tank? (NOT I am smelling)

I’ve burned my tongue and now I can’t taste the flavour in the dish. (NOT I am not tasting)

I can feel your heartbeat. It is very fast. (NOTI’m feeling)

Look and sound

Look and sound are also stative (or non-action) verbs when then mean ‘seem’ or ‘appear’.

She looks old.

You sound very happy.

Dynamic uses of  feel, hear, look, see, smell, taste

The verbs feel, look, smell, and taste can be used in continuous forms when they are voluntary actions.

Why are you smelling the milk? Isn’t it good?(=Put your nose near something to see how it smells)

He’s tasting the food to see if it needs more salt. (=Put something into your mouth to see how it tastes)

I’m feeling the fabric to see if it’s soft or not. (=Touch something to see how it feels)

Why are you looking in that direction? (=direct your eyes in order to see)

The verbs hear and smell can also be used as action verbs with a different meaning.

I’m seeing Jerry for lunch. (=Meet someone)

I’ve been hearing really strange things about him recently. (=receive information)

Sense verbs + infinitive or gerund?

After feel, hear, listen, notice, see, watch we can use a gerund to express an incomplete action, an action in progress, or a repeated action:

I saw them kissing in the park. (=The action was in progress. I didn’t see it finish)

They watched the man hitting a police officer. (=The action was in progress; the man hit the police officer repeatedly)

After feel, hear, listen, notice, see, watch we can use an infinitive to talk about an action we heard or saw from beginning to end; usually a short action, and not a repeated action.

I saw them kiss in the park. (=I saw the action from start to end. It was probably a short kiss)

They watched the man hit a police officer. (=They saw the action from start to end; the man hit the police officer once)

Sense verbs + adjective,  noun or clause (linking verbs)

Look, smell, taste, sound, feel + adjective

We can use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feelbefore an adjective to talk about how something feels, tastes, etc.

When you use that cream, your skin feels really smooth.

When he talked to us sounded nervous.

Look, smell, taste, sound, feel + like + noun

We can also use feel, smell, taste, sound, andfeel + like before a noun.

You sound like your mother.

This tastes like chicken.

Look, smell, taste, sound, feel + as if/as though + clause

You sound as if you had a long party last night.

You look as though you’ve just seen a ghost.

Note that in informal English we often use feel, smell, taste, sound, and feel + like + clause.

You sound like you had a long party last night.

You look like you’ve just seen a ghost.

Seem, appear and look

Seem + adjective / + like + noun / + as if/though + clause

You seem tired.

He seems clever.

The final five minutes seemed like five hours.

It seems as if they aren’t going to help us.

Note that in informal English we also use like before a clause.

It seems like we’ll never find out the truth.

Seem, appear + to infinitive

After seem and appear we often use to + infinitive, or a perfect infinitive.

She appears to be in very good shape.

It seems to be some kind of insect.

He seems to have lost his moral compass.

Seem, appear + that + clause

We can also use seem and appear followed by athat clause.

It appears that he might be telling the truth after all.

It seems that they have improved a lot since the end of the season.

Seem vs look

When we use seem and look as non-action verbs, there is some difference in meaning.

You look tired. (=I get the impression from seeing your face)

You seem tired. (=I get the impression from the way you behave –your voice, movements, etc.)

Sometimes we can use one verb but not the other and vice versa.

She looks beautiful. (NOT seems, because I get the impression from looking at her physique)

She seems a nice person. (NOT looks, because I get the impression by her behaviour)

Sense verbs, followed by adjective or adverb?

When the verbs of senses are used as non-action verbs, they are copular verbs, and copular verbs (like be) are followed by adjectives, and not by adverbs.

You look tired. (NOT tiredly)

She felt bad after saying that. (NOT badly

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https://www.pinterest.com/search/pins/?q=prefixes%20and%20suffixes%20to%20build%20different%20words&rs=typed&term_meta[]=prefixes%20and%20suffixes%20to%20build%20different%20words%7Ctyped

Building words with prefixes & suffixes - intro

Uncomfortably, disinterested, unmanageable, indifferently, unnecessarily, anticlockwise, misrepresentation...
Do long words scare you?

In this series of lessons on building words with prefixes and suffixes we'll look at how these 'long' words aren't so scary and difficult to learn if you break them down into manageable and memorisable chunks.

You can improve your spelling, increase your knowledge of words and spellings, and dramatically improve your confidence with spelling if you understand that long words are often made up of a 'root' word plus 'bits' added to the beginning and/or end." (These "bits" are called prefixes and suffixes). Basic Skills Agency

Watch the video below + read the info

1. root word/base word - a word which a prefix and suffix can be added to make another word.

2. prefixes are little words that go before a root word to change its meaning.
un + certain = uncertain, mis + understanding = misunderstanding, il + legal = illegal, ir + regular = irregular.

3. suffixes are little words that are added to the end of a word to change the way that a word is used = want + ed = wanted, regular + ly = regularly, start - starting ,  incredible, happiness

Spelling Strategy - syllable breakdown

Breaking these words down into syllables is a great way to remember these words. Check out my video here Spelling tip number 6 - Using syllable breakdown.

Understanding how to identify syllables helps you to tackle long words, by breaking the word down into manageable parts.

This means you break them down into little spoken chunks and each chunk is called a syllable.

Each syllable usually has a vowel in it:

Say ‘qualification’ aloud. Listen to the way it breaks into syllables:

qua - li - fi - ca - tion (5 syllables)

advertisement = ad / ver / tise / ment (4 syllables)

When you break a word down into syllables it helps you see the part of the word you need work on.

Look at the following words and how we break them down.

We can see the prefix and suffixes

dissatisfied = dis /sat/is/fied
uncomfortable  = un/com/for/ta/ble
irregularly = ir/ reg/u/lar/ly
immoveable = im/ move/ a/ ble

Breaking words into syllables also helps you remember the silent letter(s) in the word.

Let's look at Wednesday with that horrible silent 'd' in there.

We say ‘wens day’ but spell it Wed/nes/day. When you need to spell it say it slowly and exaggerated, Wed / nes / day, and you'll be able to spell it every time

Click here for more on syllables - Spelling tip number 6 - Using syllable breakdown.

Check out my Language of Spelling lesson Click here to find out the key words to understanding spelling rules and building words

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=16&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjakZSt3JjXAhXICBoKHWfdCqsQFgh0MA8&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishpage.com%2Farticles%2Fadvanced-articles.htm&usg=AOvVaw2pqH-VE3oPvSSWKZWksQ78

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=17&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiC-eSh4ZjXAhXEVhoKHVJ-Cbg4ChAWCEUwBg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engvid.com%2Fgrammar-articles-a-an-or-no-article%2F&usg=AOvVaw0ZQDSzrsZvpRBaaetLSF3u

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjKspKF4pjXAhUKvBoKHfCLBKoQFgg6MAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammarly.com%2Fblog%2Farticles%2F&usg=AOvVaw3Fqb9ropSk8Xs4Igv40ks4

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Www://todayschool.es/blog/grammar/grammar-practice-Clauses-of-purpose-and-contrast/

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https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/SubjectVerb.html