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Covalent Bonds and Ionic Bonds explained. 

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Covalent Bonds and Ionic Bonds explained. 

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Chemistry: Chemical Reactions

This relates to the covalent bond and the ionic bonds I learned at the beginning of this course. Atoms are most stable when  they have 8 electrons in their outer shell, this is called a full octet. The octet rule is when atoms have 8 electrons in the outter most shell.

Ionic bonds are when and metal and a non-metal bonds together together to  get electrons from each other to obtain a full octet. The metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions (cations). The non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions (anions). This way they are easily attracted to each other, for example, Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is when a metal (sodium) loses one valence electron, and a non-metal (chlorine) gains one so both atoms can form a full octet to become stable.

Covalent Bond forms one bond when two non metals share valence electrons to satisfy a full octet,  this creates a molecule, hence the name. For example, H2O, or water as we know, is formed when one oxygen atom, which has 6 valence electrons, needs 2 more to satisfy the octet rule. This is where hydrogen comes in, the 2 hydrogen atoms comes in and helps the oxygen atom to become a full octet.

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Chemical Bonding - Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds

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Chemistry: Chemical Reactions

Acids and bases are two molecules that are on the opposites ends of a scale. A pH scale is a measure of acidity  of water soluble substances. pH stands for potential of hydrogen.

Acids are sour materials that have a PH scale under 7, the less the pH scale the higher the acidity. Acids can eat away metals and minerals (1). Acids can either give off a proton (hydrogen ion) to another compound, or get a pair of electrons.

Bases are the opposite of acids, it donates a pair of electrons and accepts protons from hydrogen atoms. That's why they have a higher pH (potential of hydrogen). Bases can neutralize acids, it's usually used in cleaning solutions (like bleach), it has slippery textures and bitter flavors, can also conduct electricity.

Our body have acids and bases to help us maintain a healthy human body. Hydrochloric acids (HCL) are found in our stomach, this gastric juice helps us digests the proteins and minerals we eat by activating the digestive enzymes to break down the amino acids. In our muscles, we have lactic acids, which is produced when we exercise. Lactic acids are when there's a lack of oxygen in our muscles, and the muscles produce lactic acids to break down glucose and generate energy. Bases appears in the small intestine, when the foods from the stomach are acidic, and when it travels to the small intestine, there must be neutralization before going further into the large intestine, or our tissues will break up from the hydrochloric acid. A sodium bicarbonate solution (a pH of 8.8)  is released from the pancreas and travels towards to small intestine to neutralize the acids.

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Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things

Made By JOSHUA

This is a diagram respiratory system of the human body that I drew, the respiratory system is a system where gas exchanges occur. The carbon dioxide (cO2) in our body gets out when we exhale, and new oxygen (o2) enters our body.  The air gets taken from the nostrils or the mouth, then gets transported into the trachea, where it travels into the lungs. The respiratory system works with the circulatory system, to pump fresh blood to all the cells in our body, the collects the carbon dioxides in our body and exhales it. The diagram helps the lungs to contract and expand when breathing.

This relates to the human body because respiratory is one of the 3 main systems of our body, others are circulatory and digestive system. The human body needs the respiratory system to live and breathe. without air,  there wouldn't be blood produced. If there isn't any blood produced, the human would not function. That's why choking someone is the easiest way to kill someone without a weapon, choking someone stops the supplying of air into the body.

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Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things

The frog dissection is taught to many kids around the world to help them understand the anatomy of a frog because it's similar to how a human body looks and works.  An example is how the frogs nervous system and muscular system work together. Different muscles move to keep the body to maintain a good body temperature, transport food through the body, and contract the heart. Receivers in the body send the brain messages to move muscles in the body.  The brain also controls the muscle contractions in your body. Adding on, the nervous system controls the speed at which food passes through the digestive system.

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How my crystal clock reflects and refracts light 

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How my crystal clock reflects and refracts light 

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Physics: Light and Geometric Optics
Made By JOSHUA

When light enters the clock it divides the the light ray into two rays that will take two different routes throughout the crystal.  The incident ray is reflected through the clock and bends the light.  Crystal or other reflecting and refracting materials are used in everyday life such as a mirror or when the water refracts the sun rays to warm up the water.  All of these things contribute to humans everyday life.

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How Ice Melting in the Arctic Archipelago in The Hudson bay effects human civilization and environment/nature?

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How Ice Melting in the Arctic Archipelago in The Hudson bay effects human civilization and environment/nature?

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Science Investigation Skills and Career Exploration

A rise in sea level which can destroy human civilizations and land in the region of Hudson Bay. In addition destroying the land, It makes hunting difficult for First Nations people in the area of Hudson Bay. The increased difficulty of hunting means that the First Nations people may starve if this continues to get worse. The effects melting ice has on the environment is the sea level is raising, it's also increasing the Earth's temperature which can lead to warming of parts of Earth where they aren't primarily warm.  Lastly polar bears are losing their habitat, starving, and aren't able to feed their young.

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How Will Earth Change If All the Ice Melts?

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Earth and Space Science: Climate Change

As a result of global warming, the summers are getting hotter in the Arctic causing the ice to retreat faster than usual in arctic. Global warming is making the ice take longer to freeze in winter and causing the ice to melt faster in spring. As the ice caps slowly melt, this causes Earth’s overall temperature to rise. There are many things that contribute to the to climate change but the main natural causes include sun’s intensity, volcanic eruptions, and changes in only natural occurring greenhouse gas emissions. All of these are very strong releases of CO2 that get adsorbed by the atmosphere and heat up the earth very slowly. Human also have a large impact on global warming  because they contribute just as much and even more than natural emissions as stated before. Humans contribute to climate change by  burning coal, gas and oil in power plants and cars.

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Record floods. Raging storms. Deadly heat. Climate change manifests itself in myriad ways, and it's the ultimate equalizer: a challenge faced by every living being. Here are the basics on what causes climate change, how it's affecting the planet, and what we can do about it.

What is climate change?

The term climate refers to the general weather conditions of a place over many years. In the United States, for example, Maine's climate is cold and snowy in winter while South Florida's is tropical year-round. Climate change is a significant variation of average weather conditions-say, conditions becoming warmer, wetter, or drier-over several decades or more. It's that longer-term trend that differentiates climate change from natural weather variability. And while "climate change" and " global warming " are often used interchangeably, global warming-the recent rise in the global average temperature near the earth's surface-is just one aspect of climate change.

How is climate change measured over time?

Earth-orbiting satellites, remote meteorological stations, and ocean buoys are used to monitor present-day weather and climate, but it's paleoclimatology data from natural sources like ice cores, tree rings, corals, and ocean and lake sediments that have enabled scientists to extend the earth's climatic records back millions of years. These records provide a comprehensive look at the long-term changes in the earth's atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and cryosphere (frozen water systems). Scientists then feed this data into sophisticated climate models that predict future climate trends-with impressive accuracy.

What causes climate change?

The mechanics of the earth's climate system are simple. When energy from the sun is reflected off the earth and back into space (mostly by clouds and ice), or when the earth's atmosphere releases energy, the planet cools. When the earth absorbs the sun's energy, or when atmospheric gases prevent heat released by the earth from radiating into space (the greenhouse effect), the planet warms. A variety of factors, both natural and human, can influence the earth's climate system.

Natural causes of climate change

As we all know, the earth has gone through warm and cool phases in the past, and long before humans were around. Forces that contribute to climate change include the sun's intensity, volcanic eruptions, and changes in naturally occurring greenhouse gas concentrations. But records indicate that today's climatic warming-particularly the warming since the mid-20th century-is occurring much faster than ever before and can't be explained by natural causes alone. According to NASA, "These natural causes are still in play today, but their influence is too small or they occur too slowly to explain the rapid warming seen in recent decades."

Anthropogenic causes of climate change

Humans-more specifically, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions we generate-are the leading cause of the earth's rapidly changing climate. Greenhouse gases play an important role in keeping the planet warm enough to inhabit. But the amount of these gases in our atmosphere has skyrocketed in recent decades. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate C hange (IPCC), concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides "have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years." Indeed, the atmosphere's share of carbon dioxide-the planet's chief climate change contributor-has risen by 40 percent since preindustrial times.

The burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas for electricity, heat, and transportation is the primary source of human-generated emissions. A second major source is deforestation, which releases sequestered carbon into the air. It's estimated that logging, clear-cutting, fires, and other forms of forest degradation contribute up to 20 percent of global carbon emissions. Other human activities that generate air pollution include fertilizer use (a primary source of nitrous oxide emissions), livestock production (cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats are major methane emitters), and certain industrial processes that release fluorinated gases. Activities like agriculture and road construction can change the reflectivity of the earth's surface, leading to local warming or cooling, too.

Though our planet's forests and oceans absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and other processes, these natural carbon sinks can't keep up with our rising emissions. The resulting buildup of greenhouse gases is causing alarmingly fast warming worldwide. It's estimated that the earth's average temperature rose by about 1 degree Fahrenheit during the 20th century. If that doesn't sound like much, consider this: When the last ice age ended and the northeastern United States was covered by more than 3,000 feet of ice, average temperatures were just 5 to 9 degrees cooler than they are now.

The effects of global climate change

According to the World Economic Forum's 2016 Global Risks Report, the failure to mitigate and adapt to climate change will be "the most impactful risk" facing communities worldwide in the coming decade-ahead even of weapons of mass destruction and water crises. Blame its cascading effects: As climate change transforms global ecosystems, it affects everything from the places we live to the water we drink to the air we breathe.

Extreme weather

As the earth's atmosphere heats up, it collects, retains, and drops more water, changing weather patterns and making wet areas wetter and dry areas drier. Higher temperatures worsen and increase the frequency of many types of disasters, including storms, floods, heat waves, and droughts. These events can have devastating and costly consequences, jeopardizing access to clean drinking water, fueling out-of-control wildfires, damaging property, creating hazardous-material spills, polluting the air, and leading to loss of life.

Dirty air

Air pollution and climate change are inextricably linked, with one exacerbating the other. When the earth's temperatures rise, not only does our air gets dirtier-with smog and soot levels going up-but there are also more allergenic air pollutants such as circulating mold (thanks to damp conditions from extreme weather and more floods) and pollen (due to longer, stronger pollen seasons).

Health risks

According to the World Health Organization, "climate change is expected to cause approximately 250,000 additional deaths per year" between 2030 and 2050. As global temperatures rise, so do the number of fatalities and illnesses from heat stress, heatstroke, and cardiovascular and kidney disease. As air pollution worsens, so does respiratory health-particularly for the 300 million people living with asthma worldwide; there's more airborne pollen and mold to torment hay fever and allergy sufferers, too. Extreme weather events, such as severe storms and flooding, can lead to injury, drinking water contamination, and storm damage that may compromise basic infrastructure or lead to community displacement. Indeed, historical models suggest the likelihood of being displaced by a disaster is now 60 percent higher than it was four decades ago-and the largest increases in displacement are driven by weather- and climate-related events. (It's worth noting that displacement comes with its own health threats, such as increases in urban crowding, trauma, social unrest, lack of clean water, and transmission of infectious diseases.) A warmer, wetter world is also a boon for insect-borne diseases such as dengue fever, West Nile virus, and Lyme disease.

Rising seas

The Arctic is heating twice as fast as any other place on the planet. As its ice sheets melt into the seas, our oceans are on track to rise one to four feet higher by 2100, threatening coastal ecosystems and low-lying areas. Island nations face particular risk, as do some of the world's largest cities, including New York, Miami, Mumbai, and Sydney.

Warmer, more acidic oceans

The earth's oceans absorb between one-quarter and one-third of our fossil fuel emissions and are now 30 percent more acidic than they were in preindustrial times. This acidification poses a serious threat to underwater life, particularly creatures with calcified shells or skeletons like oysters, clams, and coral. It can have a devastating impact on shellfisheries, as well as the fish, birds, and mammals that depend on shellfish for sustenance. Rising ocean temperatures are also altering the range and population of underwater species and contributing to coral bleaching events capable of killing entire reefs-ecosystems that support more than 25 percent of all marine life.

Imperiled ecosystems

Climate change is increasing pressure on wildlife to adapt to changing habitats-and fast. Many species are seeking out cooler climates and higher altitudes, altering seasonal behaviors, and adjusting traditional migration patterns. These shifts can fundamentally transform entire ecosystems and the intricate webs of life that depend on them. As a result, according to a 2014 IPCC climate change report, many species now face " increased extinction risk due to climate change." And one 2015 study showed that mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and other vertebrate species are disappearing 114 times faster than they should be, a phenomenon that has been linked to climate change, pollution, and deforestation-all interconnected threats. On the flip side, milder winters and longer summers have enabled some species to thrive, including tree-killing insects that are endangering entire forests.

Climate change facts

Despite what climate deniers and fossil fuel lackeys claim-for instance, that the science on global warming is " far from settled"-there's nothing to debate; climate change is a reality. In its most recent report, the IPCC-the foremost international scientific body for the assessment of climate change-states, "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen." Our last decade-2000 to 2009-was hotter than any other decade in at least the past 1,300 years. Analyses indicate that 2016 was the hottest year on record. The previous record year was 2015. Before that, 2014.

The responsibility to reverse this worrying trend lies with us. At least 97 percent of actively publishing climate scientists endorse the consensus position that humans are the lead drivers of climate change. As the IPCC states with its highest degree of confidence, "It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in GHG concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together."

Climate change solutions

We can mitigate global climate change and help stem its detrimental impacts, but doing so will require tackling its root cause: pollution from burning fossil fuels.

Paris climate agreement

At the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, nearly every nation on earth committed to actions aimed at shifting away from dirty fossil fuels and toward cleaner, smarter energy options in order to limit global temperature rise this century to 2 degrees Celsius-or 1.5 degrees Celsius, if possible.

For its part, the United States-the second-largest contributor to global emissions, after China- pledged to cut its output by 26 percent to 28 percent (relative to 2005 levels) by 2025. Making good on that pledge, however, will require the country to fully implement the Clean Power Plan, which establishes the first national limits on carbon pollution from power plants. We must also move forward with the Obama administration's Climate Action Plan, which includes steps to promote renewable energy sources, increase fuel economy standards, prioritize energy efficiency, and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases beyond carbon, such as methane.

Fast-forward to today, and President Trump has threatened to abandon the Paris climate agreement and to eliminate " harmful and unnecessary policies such as the Climate Action Plan." Indeed, his America First Energy Plan not only promises to shackle the United States to climate-polluting fossil fuels but also ignores the ongoing clean energy revolution, which is creating millions of jobs and saving billions of dollars through investments in solar, wind, and other renewable energy resources.

Pulling out of the Paris climate agreement and reneging on our climate commitments will scuttle the United States' global lead on climate change and put our environment, prosperity, and national security at risk. It will also fly in the face of the 71 percent of Americans, including 57 percent of Republicans, who support U.S. participation in the accord. "Americans know that if we retreat from the Paris agreement, we're retreating from our fundamental obligation to leave our children a livable planet," says NRDC President Rhea Suh. We must fight to keep a seat at the table, and to ensure the Trump administration doesn't water down the climate commitments to which we agreed.

Climate action at home

Tackling global climate change is a Herculean task, one that depends on international consensus and the efforts of communities, companies, and individuals alike. To that end, California, Illinois, Iowa, and other states are championing clean energy industries, such as solar and wind; cities like Philadelphia and New York are taking action to mitigate climate change and bolster climate resilience; and in November 2016, hundreds of American companies voiced their support for low-emissions policies and the Paris climate agreement. There are myriad ways that you can help, too. Picking up the phone to call Congress about environmental policies that matter, supporting renewable energy projects, and prioritizing fuel and energy efficiency will not only curb individual carbon emissions but bolster clean alternatives to dirty fossil fuels. We must all step up-and now.

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Global Climate Change: What You Need to Know

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Record floods. Raging storms. Deadly heat. Climate change manifests itself in myriad ways, and it's the ultimate equalizer: a challenge faced by every living being. Here are the basics on what causes climate change, how it's affecting the planet, and what we can do about it.

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What are bionic lenses and how will they help humans in the future 

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What are bionic lenses and how will they help humans in the future 

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Physics: Light and Geometric Optics

Bionic lenses are quite simple actually, they cut a slit in your eye, then remove any previous lens in the eye, then insert the bionic lenses which is a thin lens that is folded  and put it into a syringe, and finally then injected into your eye.After this 8 minute procedure is done will triple your vision.  As an example if you can see a clock 10 ft away clearly you will be able to see the clock 30 feet away clearly with bionic lenses.  They are able to improve anyone vision no matter how bad it is.  I can help so many humans around the world because it is able to help with cataracts and anyone that struggles with poor vision just like me it can be completely cured with one 8 minute painless surgery.

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Have you ever dreamed of superhuman eyesight? Well, this wish could become reality very soon.

A technology called Ocumetics claims to enable superhuman vision, 3 times better than 20/20 vision, which will last a lifetime and can be obtained in an 8-minute procedure!

It sounds like a miracle - and although it's real, it is still quite unbelievable.

The Ocumetics bionic lense was first announced in may 2015 by Canadian ophthalmologist Dr. Garth Webb, and is supposed to be released within this year after 8 years of research and $3 million in funding.

He created the technology as a result of a personal issue of his:

"At age 45 I had to struggle with reading glasses, which like most people, I found was a great insult. To this day I curse my progressive glasses. I also wear contact lenses, which I also curse just about every day. My heroes were cowboys, and cowboys just did not wear glasses."
-Dr. Garth Webb, Founder

How does it work?

The bionic lense will be inserted into the eye through a , in-office procedure that apparently takes only and doesn't require any anesthesia.
The tiny custom-made bionic lense will be folded to fit into a saline-filled syringe.
The doctor then cuts a small incision in the eye, places the lense inside with help of the syringe, and leaves it there to unravel for a few seconds.
And that's it!
The bionic lens is made from"inert biocompatible polymeric materials that do not cause biophysical changes within the eye."

"This is vision enhancement that the world has never seen before. If you can just barely see the clock at 10 feet, when you get the Bionic Lens you can see the clock at 30 feet (9 metres) away. (...) Perfect eyesight should be a human right!"
-Dr. Garth Webb, Founder

Benefits

Obviously, the biggest benefit is instant " perfect" vision, 3 times better than 20/20 vision.
This means not only distance vision, but especially the ability to"successfully allow dynamic changes in vision from "optical infinity to 1 inch away in less than ¼ second."

But there are also other long-term benefits:

Since the bionic lense replaces your natural one, there will be no risk for cataracts in the future and the " superhuman vision" will last a lifetime.
The procedure could even protect overall eye health, because cataracts can release chemicals that increase the risk of glaucoma and other issues.

What exactly is 20/20 vision?

20/20 vision is the benchmark for what's considered and vision.
It means that someone can see the same line of letters when stood at a distance of 20ft compared with what a 'normal' person sees at the same distance.
By comparison: 20/40 vision for example would mean that the person sees at 20ft what a 'normal' person sees at 40ft.

These bionic lenses offer vision that's 3 times better than 20/20 - so 3 times better than perfect "normal" eyesight!

In theory, this would actually be 20/0 vision, meaning that the wearer could see letters when stood at 20ft that a normal person could see with the letters directly in front of their eyes.

"There's a lot of excitement about the Bionic Lens from very experienced surgeons who perhaps had some cynicism about this because they've seen things not work in the past. They think that this might actually work and they're eager enough that they all wish to be on the medical advisory board to help him on his journey. I think this device is going to bring us closer to the holy grail of excellent vision at all ranges - distant, intermediate and near."
-Dr. Vincent DeLuise, ophthalmologist and professor at Yale University

Conclusion

The Ocumetics bionic lense is supposed to be released in 2017, although there is no specific date yet.
Technical details are yet to be announced, but all we know is that these lenses will offer " superhuman" vision that's 3 times better than 20/20 - so vision that's 3 times better than completely healthy human vision.
It also prevents cataracts in the future.

I'm looking forward to the official launch and can't wait to hear about some testimonials!

© Sirwinchester

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Get Superhuman Eyesight With These Bionic Lenses - 3 Times Better Than 20/20 Vision! 👁 - Steemit

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Have you ever dreamed of superhuman eyesight? Well, this wish could become reality very soon. It sounds like a miracle - and although it's real, it is still quite unbelievable. He created the technology as a result of a personal issue of his: "At age 45 I had to struggle with reading glasses, which like most people, I found was a great insult.

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Science Investigation Skills and Career Exploration

Stem cells are cells with an ability that can make them turn into any specific cells inside the human body.

They are used to replace damaged or lost cells.

They can divide infinitely and when they divide they are able to become specialized cells.

Stem cells are divided into three different categories: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells create new cells for the embryo, which grows into a baby.

Adult stem cells are there to help replace damaged cells in an organism.

Induced pluripotent stem cells are cells that are created in a laboratory.

Jobs that are related to stem cells are scientists in lab creating stem cells and doctors that secure the safety of the stem cells.

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Stem cells are special human cells that are able to develop into many different cell types. This can range from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they can also fix damaged tissues. Researchers believe that stem cell-based therapies may one day be used to treat serious illnesses such as paralysis and Alzheimer disease.

Types of stem cells

Stem cells are divided into 2 main forms. They are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells. The embryonic stem cells used in research today come from unused embryos. These result from an in vitro fertilization procedure. They are donated to science. These embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. This means that they can turn into more than one type of cell.

Adult stem cells. There are 2 types of adult stem cells. One type comes from fully developed tissues such as the brain, skin, and bone marrow. There are only small numbers of stem cells in these tissues. They are more likely to generate only certain types of cells. For example, a stem cell that comes from the liver will only make more liver cells.

The second type is induced pluripotent stem cells. These are adult stem cells that have been changed in a lab to be more like embryonic stem cells. Scientists first reported that human stem cells could be changed in this way in 2006. Induced pluripotent stem cells don't seem to be different from embryonic stem cells, but scientists have not yet found one that can develop every kind of cell and tissue.

Stem cells in medicine

The only stem cells now used to treat disease are hematopoietic stem cells. These are the blood cell-forming adult stem cells found in bone marrow. Every type of blood cell in the bone marrow starts as a stem cell. Stem cells are immature cells that are able to make other blood cells that mature and function as needed.

These cells are used in procedures such as bone marrow transplants. These help people with cancer make new blood cells after their own hematopoietic stem cells have been killed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. They may also be used to treat people with conditions such as Fanconi anemia. This is a blood disorder that causes the body's bone marrow to fail.

Stem cells may help your health in the future in many ways and through many new treatments. Researchers think that stem cells will be used to help create new tissue. For example, one day healthcare providers may be able to treat people with chronic heart disease. They can do this by growing healthy heart muscle cells in a lab and transplanting them into damaged hearts. Other treatments could target illnesses such as type 1 diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. New medicines could also be tested on cells made from pluripotent stem cells.

Challenges in stem cell research

Stem cells need much more study before their use can be expanded. Scientists must first learn more about how embryonic stem cells develop. This will help them understand how to control the type of cells created from them. Another challenge is that the embryonic stem cells available today are likely to be rejected by the body. And some people find it morally troubling to use stem cells that come from embryos.

Scientists also face challenges when using adult pluripotent stem cells. These cells are hard to grow in a lab, so researchers are looking into ways to improve the process. These cells are also found in small amounts in the body. There is a greater chance that they could contain DNA problems.

Clinical trials that use stem cell therapies are currently being done in the U.S. If you are interested in trying this therapy to treat a certain condition, ask your healthcare provider how to find out about trials available in your area.

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stem cells;embryonic stem cells;adult stem cells;pluripotent;bone marrow

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Stem cells are special human cells that are able to develop into many different cell types. This can range from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they can also fix damaged tissues. Researchers believe that stem cell-based therapies may one day be used to treat serious illnesses such as paralysis and Alzheimer disease.

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How bad is climate change really getting 

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How bad is climate change really getting 

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Earth and Space Science: Climate Change

Over the years global warming has been getting worse and worse but in our day in age it's beginning to get really bad.  Our atmosphere is in a state where the Arctic has been heating up faster than ever. The Arctic has increased around 4 degrees over the last 10 years and that the hottest it's ever been. The temperature has almost doubled in the past 20 years and humans are now realizing and have been creating organization, posting signs and creating websites to inform citizens around the world. They are spreading awareness because nature is dying because of it and our sea levels are rising and can greatly affect human civilization. I good way to think about this is just like how a white car absorbs less heat than a black car same thing with the earth darker parts of the earth absorb more heat than parts of the Earth that are lighter.

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Amid the horror and uncertainty of a global health crisis it can be easy to forget that another worldwide disaster is unfolding, although much more slowly.

Global warming is happening, and its effects are being felt around the world. The only real debates are over how fast and how far the climate will change, and what society should do - the global-warming equivalents of lockdowns and social distancing - to slow or stop it and limit the damage.

As of now, the damage seems to be getting worse. As I wrote in December, impacts that scientists predicted years ago - including severe storms, heat waves and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets - are accelerating.

The coronavirus pandemic can seem overwhelming because of its sheer scope; so can climate change. As a science writer at The Times for more than 20 years, I've learned that, to avoid being overwhelmed, it helps to start by understanding one part of the larger problem.

So let's take a closer look at one piece: what's happening at the top of the world, the Arctic. It's a good place to understand the science of climate change, and, it turns out, a critically important one to understand its effects.

Since the mid-1990s, the Arctic has been warming faster than any other region of the planet: currently, at least two and a half times as fast. (Last year, average air temperatures were about 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit, or 1.9 degrees Celsius, higher than the average from 1981-2010.)

In large part, the Arctic is warming the way the rest of the world warms, only up north the process has run amok.

As the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases increase in the atmosphere, so does the amount of heat they trap. But the source of that heat is sunlight striking the Earth, and the amount of heat radiated differs depending on the surface the sunlight hits. Just as a black car gets much hotter than a white car on a sunny day, darker parts of the planet absorb more sunlight, and in turn radiate more heat, than lighter parts.

The Central Arctic is all ocean - dark water that is covered, to a varying extent, by light ice. The ice absorbs only about 30 to 40 percent of the sunlight hitting it; the rest is reflected. Ocean, on the other hand, absorbs more than 90 percent.

As the Arctic warms more of the ice disappears, leaving more dark ocean to absorb more sunlight and radiate even more heat, causing even more loss of ice. It's a vicious cycle that contributes to rapid warming in the region.

Is this happening at the South Pole as well? No, because while the Arctic is mostly water surrounded by land, Antarctica is the opposite, a huge land mass surrounded by ocean. Some of the ice that covers the continent is melting, but no dark ocean is being exposed. (That's not to say that the continent isn't losing ice: it is, mostly through calving of icebergs and melting of the undersides of ice shelves.)

In the Arctic, currents and winds flow out of the region and affect weather elsewhere.

Weakening of the high-altitude winds known as the polar jet stream can bring extra-frigid winter weather to North America and Europe. Cold snaps like these have occurred for a long time although, because of global warming, studies have found that they are not as cold as they used to be. But some scientists now say they think Arctic warming is causing the jet stream to wobble in ways that lead to more extreme weather year round, by creating zones of high-pressure air that can cause weather systems - the ones that bring extreme heat, for example - to stall.

Arctic warming may also be affecting climate over the longer term. As Greenland's ice sheet melts, the fresh water it releases lowers the saltiness of the nearby ocean. These salinity changes may eventually have an effect on some of the large ocean currents that help determine long-term climate trends in parts of the world.

As climate researchers are fond of saying, what happens in the Arctic doesn't stay in the Arctic.

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Amid the horror and uncertainty of a global health crisis it can be easy to forget that another worldwide disaster is unfolding, although much more slowly. Global warming is happening, and its effects are being felt around the world.