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3 characteristic rich habitats in Greece 

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3 characteristic rich habitats in Greece 

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1. National Park of Kotychi and Strofylia 

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1. National Park of Kotychi and Strofylia 

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Κουκουναριές-Pinus-pinea_Μ.-Γούλα-Γ.-Πάρχας.JPG

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1974: International RAMSAR Convention

1998: European Network NATURA 2000

2002: Wildlife Refuge

2002: Establishment of the Kotychi Strofylia Wetlands National Park Management Facility

2002: Establishment of the Kotychi Strofylia Wetlands National Park Management Facility

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National Park of Kotychi and Strofulia sprawled in an area of 80000 acres and includes a unique combination of habitats of high ecological value and aesthetics. It is located at the northwestern tip of the Peloponnese.Its characteristic habitats are wetlands and surrounding flooded areas, pine forests, dunes and limestone hills. It is an important station in migratory of migratory birds and hosts a wide variety of plants and animals, many of which are characterized as rare or endangered species. Protected by National, European and International Legislation

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Δάσος-Στροφυλιάς_Μ.-Γούλα-Γ.-Πάρχας.JPG

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The forest of Strofullia is walked by foot or bicycle. Following the signage to Kalogria there is a bridge, next to which starts a good dirt road that leads to Cape Kounoupeli. The path to the forest of Strofilia passes through the perennial pine trees. There are also  pine, cedar, spina, oak trees. Here, live turtles, foxes, ferrets, but also cuckoos, nanobuffers, phillips. A little further down, within the foliage of the reed, Lamy, the fairy that shelters the homonymous marsh from the "evil eye", resides in the local legend.

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Δάσος-Στροφυλιάς_ΦΔΥΚΣΚΚ-2.JPG

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The Kotychi lagoon, one of the 11 protected wetlands of the Ramsar Convention in our country, is the southernmost point of the migratory route of the European flocks. During migration, one can observe rare species such as whitewhites, palm trees, copper algae, palm kernels.
The lagoon is also known for its rich fish production (seabass, seabass, seabream, eel) and the roe deer. Once they were being processed here, today they give it fresh to Mesolongi for export. the lagoon operates as a natural fish farm. The fry of fish enter the lagoon channel, following the tide.

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Ουράνιο-τόξο-στη-λθ-Πρόκοπος_-ΦΔΥΚΣΚΚ.JPG

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Flora of National park of Kotychi and Strofullia

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Flora of National park of Kotychi and Strofullia

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The area is rich in forests, sandy beaches and sand dunes, wetlands with salt or fresh water, wet meadows, hydrophilic natural hedges with bushes, phrygana and shrubs, and nitrophenyl vegetation.
The forest consists mainly of Pinus halepensis, P. pinea and Quercus macrolepis. There is a succession to the main types of vegetation, beginning with Juniperus phoenicea in the outer zone to the sea side, continuing with Pinus halepensis and P. pinea and ending with Quercus macrolepis in the inner zone. A significant area of the forest, as well as the surrounding hills, is occupied by shrubs such as Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Quercus coccifera, Juniperus phoenicea, Erica manipuliflora etc. The forest ecosystem of Strofylia is of exceptional ecological interest because it is the most extensive forest with Pinus pinea in Greece and one of the largest in Europe. The other ecosystems in the area, such as sandy hills, salt and freshwater wetlands, wet meadows and sandy beaches with dunes, are also very important. Despite human activities, a large part of the dunes is in good condition. The plant species Centaurea niederi, is a rare endemic species of Greece that grows on limestone rocks in the area of ​​Kalogria (Black mountain Hill).

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Δάσος-Στροφυλιάς_ΦΔΥΚΣΚΚ

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https://strofylianationalpark.gr/

National Park of Kotyhi-Strofylia Wetlands Code of Contact

http://www.visitgreece.gr/el/nature/forests/strofilia_the_pines_extravagance

https://www.iefimerida.gr/news/260861/isos-i-pio-exotiki-gonia-tis-elladas-strofylia-dasos-poy-fthanei-os-tin-paralia-me-toys

http://www.kathimerini.gr/940335/gallery/ta3idia/sthn-ellada/kotyxi-strofilia-ta-mystika-twn-ygrotopwn

Strofylia Forest, Kalogria lagoon and Lamia swamp

http://www.fdchelmos.gr/pdf/fdyks.pdf

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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The North Pindos National Park was established in 2005 with the Joint Ministerial Decision 23069 / 14-6-05 and includes within its limits the two National Forests, Vikos Aoos and Pindos (Valia Kalda), eleven areas belonging to the Pan-European Network of Protected Areas Natura 2000 sites, almost the whole of Zagori, a part of Konitsa and Metsovo and the western part of Grevena. It is one of the largest land-based protected areas in Greece, with a total area of ​​1.969.741 acres, and is one of the most important at national and European level, as it uniquely combines the natural and the anthropogenic environment. The existence of numerous endemic species of flora, almost all of the large wild mammals living in our country, as well as rare bird species, give the National Park of North Pindos a special ecological value. The area is also particularly rich in historical and cultural elements. Traditional settlements, stone arched bridges, elaborate temples and monasteries, watermills and stone stairs dominate the entire structure of the park.

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The Pindos National Park "Valia Calda" is one of the most important and virgin forests of Greece, aiming to protect the rich flora and fauna. the landscape in Valia Calda is impressive. Dense forests are alternated by bare subsoil and rocky terrain and huge cliffs and intense presence of the wet element. It covers an area of ​​about 69,000 acres separated into the core and the peripheral zone of the forest. It is located in the mountain range of Pindos on the borders of the prefectures of Grevena and Ioannina. The climate is mountainous and Mediterranean, one of the richest in Greece in precipitation (1,500mm / year) and snowfall. The summers are cool with several local rains. Cloudiness is high and frosts are common from October to May, while snow covers the Forest 7 with 8 months a year.

In Valia Calda, 415 species of trees, shrubs and flowers have been recorded. Large and dense forests of black and white pine and beech cover a large part of the forest. There are also scattered trees of other species such as fir, oak, maple and other deciduous broadleaved trees. By ravine, the vegetation includes plantains, various species of willow, alder, alder, etc. The sub-vegetation dominates the pyxarium, many species of bats, climbing plants as well as deciduous shrubs. Many protected endemic and rare flora species also grow. Last but not least, the appearance of two small clusters of pine forest (red pine) with 32 trees and 30 trees respectively in the valley and near the Saliatura stream. In addition, a rare Mycobacterium with 86 species of mushrooms is observed. Among these, Ramaria spp., Morchella escoulenta are edible, Mycena sp. And the rare beauty Amanita mouskaria, a poisonous orange mushroom known as zurlomanitar

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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Flora of National Park of Northern Pindos

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Flora of National Park of Northern Pindos

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At the North Pindos National Park and from the lower to the highest altitudes, the following forest vegetation zones are found:

The Mediterranean vegetation zone or Quercetalia illicis, which consists of shrubs and low quercetes (Quercus ilex), accompanied by other species of trees and shrubs such as Philyrea latifolia, Fraxinus ornus, , Quercus coccifera, Juniperus communis, Juniperus oxycedrus, Arbutus adracnhe, and others. This vegetation usually forms islets in the lower and dryhearth (300 - 700 m altitude) of the National Park, mainly in the ravines of Vikos, Voidomatis and Aoos.

The Mediterranean-like vegetation zone or Quercetalia pubescentis, which is composed of thermophilous oak forests, such as Quercus frainetto, Q. cerris, Q. trojana, the shriveled oak Q. pubescens, Quercus coccifera and other tree species such as Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinus betulus, Cornus mas, Fraxinus ornus, . This vegetation zone occurs at altitudes from 400 to 1,000 m, around most settlements, as is the case in Central Zagori, the villages along the Venetikon River and the Kerasovitikos valley.

In some cases, and where climatic conditions favor, it is possible to spread the area and the rennet up to the altitude of 1000 m. For this reason, the two above-mentioned forest vegetation zones have some confusion as to the structure of the forestry species, with the result that their distribution limits are not clearly distinguishable.
The area of ​​beech, beech - fir and Mediterranean coniferous forests (Fagetalia), consisting of beech forests (Fagus sylvatica), beech - fir, forests of Mediterranean conifers, such as Abies borisii - regis and Black Peak Pinus nigra). This zone extends at altitudes from 900 to 1,600 m in Smolikas, on the northern slopes of Tymphi, Vasilitsa, Egg, Balsas and Zygos, as well as in Central and Eastern Zagori. It covers most of the Pindos National Park (Valia Calda), as well as its peripheral zone (Perivoli, Krania, Milia, etc.).

The Vacinio-Picetalia zone, with a unique appearance of the Pinion heldreichii sub-area, in the areas of Catra, all around the tops of the valley Valia Calda and Smolica. This zone reaches up to 2,000 m, but it is split and degraded, due to the many years of grazing during the summer season, as well as the long-term exploitation of robole wood (drums, etc.). In the valley of the Pindos National Park (Valia Calda) and on the slopes of Mount Flega there appear small populations of Pinus sylvestris, which are probably remnants of the last glacial period.

Finally, the anodyous or extra-curb vegetation zone, which consists of herbaceous and bushy vegetation, extends over the woods to the highest peaks of northern Pindos. This zone is above the forest ecosystems (starting at an altitude of 1,900m-2000m) and extends to the highest peaks of our mountains. In these plant communities, the following types of vegetation can also be distinguished: the "steppe" meadows, the limestone communities of vertical calcareous rocks and the calcareous limestone.

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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http://pindosnationalpark.gr

http://drys.weebly.com/piiotanudeltaomicronupsilon.html

http://www.visit-grevena.gr/%CE%BF-%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82-%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD-%CE%BC%CE%B5-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84/%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF-%CE%B2%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82-%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85/

http://www.arttravel.gr/arttravel-best_travel-ideas/article/20252/balia-kalnta-h-koilada-ton-oneiron

http://www.carnetdevoyage.gr/valia-kalnta-to-zontano-mouseio-tis-fisis/

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Taygetos is the highest mountain in the Peloponnese. Its length exceeds 100km. The peak of Taygetus is called Prophet Elias and is known as one of the largest natural pyramids in the world. It was named after Taygetus the mythical Atlantis, which Zeus admired her beauty, grabbed her and gave birth to this Lacedaemon. Its total surface area is 2,544,000 acres. Taygetos is composed of rich limestone rocks and crystalline slate, which combined with the rainfall penetrating the interior of the mountain for hundreds of thousands of years have created dozens of remarkable caves rich in stalagmites and stalactites, some of which are the Cave of Vlychada - Diro, the Alepotryp and the Katafigiou.
Its climate is generally continental, with great snowfall during the winter.
Taygetos, like most of the Greek mountains, faces ecological problems such as logging, fires, grubbing and overgrowing, which prevented the natural regeneration of its forests, as well as quarrying activities, road construction and arbitrary construction that irreversibly change the environment.

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In Taygetos there are four vegetation zones linked to altitude. At low, up to 700-800 m, Mediterranean shrubs (Mediterranean maquis) dominate, with a wide variety of shrubs and toasters. The predominant species are holm oak, holm oak, reed, maple, gortsi, etc. From 700-800 m to 1,700-1,800 m is the mountain coniferous zone, dominated by Pinus nigra, fir and cedar. Higher, up to 2,000 meters, the so-called subalpine zone spreads, where only sparse firs and blacksmiths grow, and the soil is covered with perennial plants and small shrubs. Above 2,000 meters is now the alpine zone, where there are no trees and only navy, perennial plants grow between the rocks and the petroleum.
In Taygetos there is also the so-called azonic vegetation of the gullies. The predominant species of this type of vegetation is platanus orientalis, which grows on the banks of streams and ravines, regardless of altitude.
Taygetus flora is extremely rich and includes more than 1,000 plant species. Of these, 33 are indigenous to the area and 100 are endemic to Greece. There are also species that, without being endemic, are very rare for Greece and Europe and have Asian origins.
They include the aquilegia ottonis ssp. Taygeta, the astralagus taygeteus, the jurinea taygetea, the campanula topoliana ssp. Tordifolia and the hypericum taygeteum. There are also many orchids, yolks and bells.

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%B0%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82

https://tokastori.wordpress.com/2008/02/14/%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82/

https://ecoview.gr/taygetos-anypervlhto-vuno/

https://www.mountainsgreece.com/taygetos/

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Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Origanum
Species: O. dictamnus
Binomial name: Origanum dictamnus

Dictamnus is an endemic plant of Crete, which grows in inaccessible rocky places. Origanum dictamnus is a many branched plant with discoid to ovate, grey-green leaves that are sited in pairs opposite each other. The slender arching stems and lanate leaves are covered in a velvety white down and are 13–25 mm in size.

The flowers are pale pink to purple and have a deep lilac corolla with many deep pink coloured overlapping bracts. The colourful flowers forming a cascade of elongated clusters are in bloom in the summer months. The flowers are hermaphrodite, meaning they have both male and female organs, and are pollinated by bees attracted to their scent and bright colour.

In antiquity he became famous for his medicinal properties. According to the ancients' views, women helped women in childbirth, took the arrows and healed the wounds.
The prevailing view is that the dictum took its name from Mount Dikti. The Cretans call it "erotta" (love), because youngsters were climbing on the wild rocks before, they were tied up with ropes and, risking their lives, cut down a dice to offer it to their beloved as proof of their love.
Usage
In modern herbal therapy its main use is to soothe stomach and abdominal pains. Ditosteroid acts as an effective antioxidant and has been shown to have antimicrobial activity. It is considered a medicine for the stomach and abscess because it exhibits healing and astringent properties. It is recommended for stomach disorders, colic and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Also in nervous disorders, headaches and other diseases of the nervous system due to its sedative properties. For its antiseptic properties it is used in influenza and colds, also as a haemostatic and against bad mouth.
In addition, Dictamnus essential oil is used in aromatherapy as an excellent healing agent for scars, acne scars, stretch marks and cellulite.
Side effects

It is advisable not to use it daily because it causes toxic side effects. In addition, it is thought to cause pregnancy to be interrupted when a pregnant woman is often drunk. More generally, however, as in the case of any plant having therapeutic properties, it must not be used inexplicably, because then its action is reversed and therapeutically rendered toxic due to an overdose of its active ingredients.

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http://frontoffice-147.dev.edu.uoc.gr/local-products/herbsofcrete/diktamos.html

http://www.alternativenaturally.com/event.asp?id_newsdata=996#sthash.xM3sRTvt.dpbs

https://www.greekflora.gr/el/flowers/0814/Origanum-dictamnus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origanum_dictamnus

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Screenshot_2019-03-30 Φαρμακευτικά Φυτά της Ηπείρου

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Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Salvia
Species: S. officinalis
Binomial name: Salvia officinalis L.

It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae and native to the Mediterranean region, though it has naturalized in many places throughout the world. Salvia officinalis has numerous common names. Some of the best-known are sage, common sage, garden sage, golden sage, kitchen sage, true sage, culinary sage, Dalmatian sage, and broadleaf sage. Cultivated forms include purple sage and red sage. The specific epithet officinalis refers to plants with a well-established medicinal or culinary value.
It is a shrub or a treeless, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean countries that were introduced relatively recently and are self-centered and semi-grown in some parts of Central Europe. Sage is so widespread in Greece that the French call it "tea of ​​Greece". The sage is mainly found in Southern Greece (the Peloponnese Islands), but in our country there are 20 species of sage. It prefers sunny areas and stony, barren soils.

Salvia officinalis is a perennial, evergreen bush 50-80cm high, with long, oval, lanceolate, gray-green leaves., 3-10 cm long and 1.5-5 cm wide .. The flowers are bright blue to violet-blue with a length of 2-3 cm, with a small upper lip and are in a circular inflorescence, in groups of 4-8. Flowering is done from June to July and harvested from July to August.
Usage
It has numerous therapeutic properties and ingredients, with great utility in medicine, used as antibacterial, antiseptic, cardiotonic, spasmolytic and antidiabetic.
It has numerous therapeutic properties and ingredients, with great utility in medicine, used as antibacterial, antiseptic, cardiotonic, spasmolytic and antidiabetic.
This herb was used in rituals by the Latins, who considered it the sacred plant of immortality.
Sage is indicated for the treatment of oropharyngeal cavities such as gingivitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and amphibians. At the same time, it has the capacity to reduce sweating and stimulate the body.
It is thought to improve memory and insight, while the results of medical research on the contribution of sage to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are very promising.
Additionally, it appears to play a major role in stimulating the nervous system, increasing memory and activating blood circulation.
Still, teaspoon washing in parts of the body that suffer from cramps will relieve them.
Sageing with sage leaves in areas of the body that have been pinched by insects (mosquitoes and wasps) will help with the stimuli.
Sage is used in perfumery and cooking, where it has the role of various flavors, food and vinegar, and if used as a bee-keeping plant, it helps in the production of high quality honey.

The use of sage can help with the treatment of oily hair, because of this, the body can better control the secretions of natural oils (sebum)

Side effects

Large amounts of sage cause toxic effects.

Sage stimulates the uterine muscles, so it should be avoided during pregnancy.

In large doses, it increases the blood flow to the inferior organs and is probably harmful to the nervous system.

The sage should be avoided by hypertensive and blood-smear subjects as well as by children due to its stimulatory effect. It should not be taken continuously for more than two weeks due to the possible toxic effects of the etheric oil of thioxone.

It must be used wisely because there are cases of over-use poisoning due mainly to the thujone substance present in the plant.

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http://www.ulterfita-superfoods.com/index.php?p=1_31_Salvia-officinalis

https://www.tearoute.gr/~faskomilo-salvia-officinalis-bio~/p/176/68/

https://enallaktikidrasi.com/2016/04/faskomilo-idiotites-xrisi/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_officinalis

http://mediplantepirus.med.uoi.gr/pharmacology/plant_details.php?id=148

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Greece belongs to Mediterranean biogeographical region.
The Mediterranean basin stretches c.3,800 km east to west from the tip of Portugal to the shores of Lebanon and some 1,000 km north to south from Italy to Morocco and Libya. Within the European Union, the Mediterranean Region encompasses seven Member States either partially (France, Portugal, Italy, Spain) or completely (Greece, Malta, Cyprus).

The climate is characterised by hot dry summers and humid, cool winters but it can also be notoriously capricious with sudden torrential downpours or bouts of high winds (eg. the Sirocco, the Mistral) occurring at various times of the year. These climatic conditions have a profound influence on the vegetation and wildlife of the region. So does its varied and contrasting topography – the Mediterranean Region offers an ever changing landscape of high mountains, rocky shores, impenetrable scrub, semi-arid steppes, coastal wetlands, sandy beaches and a myriad islands of various shapes and sizes dotted amidst the clear blue sea. The Mediterranean is surprisingly hilly and has a large number of species that exist here and nowhere else in the world. The rate of endemism is exceptionally high both on land and in the sea. Of the 25,000 flowering plants identified so far–representing around 10% of all known plants on earth – more than half are endemic to the region. Not surprisingly, the Mediterranean is considered one of the top biodiversity hotspots in the world.

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Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range.  Northeastern Greece features another high-altitude mountain range, the Rhodope range,this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests.
Greece,also, has a great variety of lagoons and wetlands, a long coastline with rocky and sandy beaches and thousands of small and large islands, uninhabited islets and reefs surfacing throughout the Aegean and Ionian Seas.
The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean, featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at all coastal locations.  The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a rain shadow effect).  The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece  feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls and   the inland parts of northern Greece,  feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms.
Greece flora proposes a rich and diverse collection and is considered as one of the highest biodiversity in Europe and the Mediterranean countries More than 5.500 plant species have been recorded, with a large number of endemic species, due to the isolation of mountains and islands.Many species of trees, bushes, flowers and herbs grow all over the country, making it an interesting place for botanologists.The forests of Greece mostly have fir trees, pine trees and bushes. These trees exist in the alpine parts of Greece, which are found in the northern part of the country and in high altitudes in Sterea Ellada and Peloponnese. Forests in lower altitudes mostly have poplars, plane trees, oaks and cypress trees. At the foot of the trees, various bushes and flowers grow. As for flowers, there are many characteristic flowers over the country: roses, daisies, poppies, orchids, lilies and various wildflowers. In fact, every region has special kind of flowers.

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The road network in Greece is quite extensive, leading to severe problems of landscape fragmentation. Only 24% of the Greek ter-restrial surface was found to be at a distance higher than 1 km from the closest road, which was much lower than the European and global aver-age proportion recorded in 2013 (42% and 80% respectively). Moreover, most roadless areas in Greece (44%) cover only up to 1 km2, few areas (142) are larger than 50 km2 and even fewer (58) are larger than 100 km²

83 types of pressures and threats were recorded to the habitats of European interest in Greece. Most pressures and threats to the terrestrial habitats were of low intensity, whereas those to the marine habitats were of medium intensity, which explains the better conser-vation status of the former in relation to the latter. Most threats to the terrestrial habitats are induced by agriculture, whereas marine habitats are mostly affected by biological resource use and pollution.

The impact of man on coastal species and their biotopes. In this circumstance, any form of human activity on the beaches creates an immediate danger to these species.

Grazing and especially the over-grazing in many areas of Greece.

Drainage and drainage of lands to be attributed to agriculture.

Fires that often destroy most of the flora of large areas and may be devastating for small-scale endemic and rare species.

Industrialization and urbanization.The flora of Attica, for example, has been severely damaged by reconstruction and many species are lost or endangered.

Changes in cultivation methods using herbicides, etc., often destroying rare species.

Excessive collection of scientists and amateur botanists.

Collection of flower growers for flower-based purposes.

Collection for commercial and industrial purposes, such as some pharmaceuticals or used items.

As a result, Greece should primarily focus on the elimination of pressures and threats of high intensity, in the reduction of natural system modifications and climate change, which appear more often compared to the European average. Furthermore, Greece should target at the elimination of pressures and threats recorded in the forest ecosystems, which suffer the highest number of pressures and threats.

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https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/natura-2000-sites-biogeographical-regions-1/mediterranean_1008a4_mid2009.eps

http://hermes.survey.ntua.gr/web/FreeGeoData/maps/

http://195.134.76.37/scinews/Reports/Rep_Env_problems2000-10.htm

http://www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=235&locale=en-US&language=el-GR

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/platform/knowledge_base/135_mediterranean_region_en.htm

https://www.greeka.com/greece-holiday/nature/flora/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece#Geography_and_climate

Natura 2000 in the Mediterranean region Paper

Flora and fauna of Greece Paper

Greece State of the Environment Report Summary 2018 Paper

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Alexander von Humboldt, born Sept. 14, 1769, Berlin and died in May 6, 1859, Berlin. He was German naturalist and explorer and  was a major figure in the classical period of physical geography and biogeography.  Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. Humboldt's advocacy of long-term systematic geophysical measurement laid the foundation for modern geomagnetic and meteorological monitoring. He was one of the first people to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean were once joined (South America and Africa in particular).  Humboldt’s representation on weather maps of isotherms (lines connecting points with the same mean temperature) and isobars (lines connecting points with the same barometric pressure for a given time or period), helped lay the foundation for the science of comparative climatology. Even more important were his pioneering studies on the relationship between a region’s geography and its flora and fauna, and, above all, the conclusions he drew from his study of the Andean volcanoes concerning the role played by eruptive forces and metamorphosis in the history and ongoing development of the Earth’s crust.

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With his book Cosmos, he made a valuable contribution to the popularization of science.
Cosmos began as a lecture series delivered by Humboldt at the University of Berlin. This book,  describes the physical nature of outer space and the Earth,  the history of science. Cosmos was influenced by Humboldt's from various travels and studies,  especially from his travels in America. The theoretical framework was based on the view of the orderliness of the cosmos, directly borrowed from ancient Greek philosophy, by which the laws of the Universe apply also on the apparent chaos of the Earth.
His basic purpose is outlined in the introduction to the first volume:

"The most important aim of all physical science is this: to recognize unity in diversity, to comprehend all the single aspects as revealed by the discoveries of the last epochs, to judge single phenomena separately without surrendering their bulk, and to grasp Nature's essence under the cover of outer appearances."

In this book, he created a dynamic picture of the universe that would continually grow and change as human conceptions of nature and the depth of human feeling about nature enlarge and deepen.  Humboldt first examines outer space – the Milky Way, cosmic nebulae, and planets – and then proceeds to the Earth and its physical geography; climate; volcanoes; relationships among plants, animals, and mankind; evolution; and the beauty of nature.

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-von-Humboldt#ref3368

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Humboldt)#Content

http://socks-studio.com/2017/04/17/a-portrait-of-nature-alexander-von-humboldts-kosmos-1845-62/

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In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in south America, tree species are ‘on the run’, trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year. hoose the one that describes best the Andes issue explained above

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In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in south America, tree species are ‘on the run’, trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year. hoose the one that describes best the Andes issue explained above

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Answer:
2.Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

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Climate Change has already noticeable impacts, such as rising temperatures and sea level  - due to the melting of Polar ice, and a more frequent occurrence of floods and storms. These impacts will have an effect, among others, on the balance of the ecosystem, water and food supply, public health, industry, agriculture and infrastructure.
Evidence of recent scientific research on the 5th Assessment Report, by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC, AR5), has affirmed the negative impact of climate change. Dealing with climate change demands actions for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) but also to prepare for the changes we cannot avoid (adaptation).
On a national level, tackling climate change is a main priority for Government and the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
In order to deal with climate change, the actions chosen will need to entail a change in the current development model towards a more sustainable low carbon economy. Developing such a model depends on the horizontal coordination of mitigation policies and adjustment in the sectors of energy, industry and agriculture. The cost of emission reduction and adjustment to climate change might be considered initially high, but it is lower than the cost if we take no action.

The map of the country is expected to change drastically by the end of the century due to climate change, with heatwaves fivefold until 2100 and the forests face a direct threat of fire for a further 30 days compared to today. WWF Hellas research, in collaboration with the National Observatory of Athens, titled "Tomorrow Greece", attempts to predict the climatic conditions in Greece in 2020-2050, almost tomorrow.
According to the results of the survey, the existing discomfort of urban residents is going to be intensified. Residents of cities such as Thessaloniki, Patras, Lamia and Larissa will be subjected to up to 20 more heatwave days. At the same time, in Lamia, Larisa, Volos, Thessaloniki and Athens, the total rainfall will decrease, but the extreme rainfall is expected to increase by 10-20%. In other words, the risk of both flooding and fire spreading in forests is increasing.The country's ten largest rural counties will also be under pressure from climate change, leading to increased heat days, consecutive days without rain, reducing winter rainfall and hence greatly increasing the risk of fire.

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Αverage annual temperature in the years 1901-2100 in Greece

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Αverage annual temperature in the years 1901-2100 in Greece

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Estimates for changes in mean air temperature and the number of days with Tmin> 20 °C and Tmax> 35 °C and the periods a) 2021-2050 and 1961-1990 and b) 2071-2100 and 1961-1990

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Estimates for changes in mean air temperature and the number of days with Tmin> 20 °C and Tmax> 35 °C and the periods a) 2021-2050 and 1961-1990 and b) 2071-2100 and 1961-1990

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Left map is for hot days and right map is for tropic nights.

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Left map is for frosty days and right map is for period of vegetation

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Change in climatic parameters of temperature and rainfall for the period 2015-2045

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Change in climatic parameters of temperature and rainfall for the period 2015-2045

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Temperature: vertical left axis and blue color
Rainfall:vertical right axis and orange color

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The Roots of Greece's Wildfire Crisis: Climate Change, Austerity, and Historical Neglect

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The Roots of Greece's Wildfire Crisis: Climate Change, Austerity, and Historical Neglect

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The Roots of Greece's Wildfire Crisis: Climate Change, Austerity, and Historical Neglect

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https://www.maxmag.gr/science/klimatiki-allagi-poso-tha-epireasei-tin-ellada-mechri-2100/

https://www.nooz.gr/science/1239951/i-klimatiki-allagi-allazei-to-charti-tis-elladas

https://www.dianeosis.org/research/climate_change/

https://www.dianeosis.org/2017/06/climate_change/

http://www.ypeka.gr/default.aspx?tabid=226

http://greenagenda.gr/%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9-%CE%B8%CE%B1-%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CF%84%CE%BF-%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82-%CF%83%CE%B5-50-%CF%87/

https://www.espon.eu/climate-2012

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.

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Answer:
2. We are still strongly depended on fossil fuels and only the developed countries of the world have the technology and therefore the luxury of using green energy.

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Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) in Greece was reported at 85.12 % in 2015, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. 

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Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) in Greece was reported at 85.12 % in 2015, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. 

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R eference

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Liqueur citron is a traditional alcoholic drink in Naxos island of Cyclades, Greece and is made from citron leaves.This drink is a very stylish and aromatic drink. As soon as it is served, elegant aromas of fresh citrus fruits appear on the nose, which continue in the mouth. It is drunk cool in a glass of distillate and, in addition to digestive, it is very pleasant. It is also very mild and mouth-friendly, so it is even preferred by those who avoid the strongest spirits.

In Naxos, the cultivation of Citrus medica flourished. So , Citrus medica is the basic plant source of production of liqueur citron.  The process of producing citrus begins with the harvesting of the leaves when they have their full flavor, that is from October to February. It is a painstaking task, since the wind and the cold are added to the pointed spines of the tree. The leaves are cleaned from the dry and unsuitable places and then placed with petioles and peel, water and alcohol in traditional copper pots for at least 12 hours, then distilled and 100% citrus spirit. Depending on the quality of the distillate desired, a second and a third distillation can be made, i.e. boiling the first distillate with fresh leaves. So the aroma and flavor of "citrus" becomes more intense. Then the distillate is diluted with water, added sugar and vegetable paints to distinguish the types of Naxos.
The driest and strongest at 36 degrees, the intermediate alcohol level and sugar at 33 degrees and the citrus with the most sugar and lower in alcohol at 30 degrees. (The Naxians liqueur).

Reference

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Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Roses
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species: C. medica
Binomial da: Citrus medica L.

The citron (Citrus medica) is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind. It is one of the original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types have been developed through natural hybrid species or artificial hybridization. Though citron cultivars take on a wide variety of physical forms, they are all closely related genetically. It is widely used in Asian cuisine, as well as in traditional medicines, perfumes, and for religious rituals and offerings. Hybrids of citrons with other citrus are commercially prominent, notably lemons and many limes.
Reference

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Liqueur Kumquat is the traditional drink of Corfu, island of Ionian Sea and occupies a prominent position in the cellar of every home thanks to its unique flavor, which is due to the essential oils contained in the fruit and flowers of the kumquat. Sown all over the island, the small brewery produces the liqueur with the crystal-orange-yellow color, the delicious aromas of citrus and spices and the sweet-tasting flavor. Served either plain, with ice cubes or mixed with juices or strong drinks (whiskey, vodka, brandy, etc.). The color of the beverage determines whether the liqueur has been made from the rind or from the fruit itself. If the color is bright orange spirit, then it has been made only with the skin. It is very sweet in taste and extremely fragrant as well. Being also quite strong in taste, it is the favorite choice for making cocktails, as well as for adding flavor to creams, puddings, and other desserts.

The white liquor, instead, is considerably less sweet and locals usually serve it after meals, the same way they serve ouzo, tsikoudia, and tsipouro in other parts of Greece. In Corfu, many local companies produce a variety of delicacies from the fruit such as kumquat syrup (ideal on Greek yogurt), marmalade, and even cookies.

Kumquat is the main source of production of this specific alcoholic drink.

Reference 1
Reference 2

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Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Roses
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species: C. japonica
Binomial let's: Citrus japonica

The kumquat plant is native to south Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. They are slow-growing evergreen shrubs or short trees that stand 2.5 to 4.5 meters (8 to 15 ft) tall, with dense branches, sometimes bearing small thoms. The leaves are dark glossy green, and the flowers are white, similar to other citrus flowers, and can be borne singly or clustered within the leaf-axils. Depending on size, the kumquat tree can produce hundreds or even thousands of fruits each year.
Reference

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The main tree species decorated during Christmas

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The main tree species decorated during Christmas

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Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Subfamily: Abietoideae
Genus: Abies Mill.
Firs (Abies) are a genus of 48–56 species of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae. They are found through much of North and Central America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa, occurring in mountains over most of the range. Firs are most closely related to the genus Cedrus (cedar). Douglas firs are not true firs, being of the genus Pseudotsuga.They are large trees, reaching heights of 10–80 m (33–262 ft) tall with trunk diameters of 0.5–4 m (1 ft 8 in–13 ft 1 in) when mature. Firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the way in which their needle-like leaves are attached singly to the branches with a base resembling a suction cup, and by their cones, which, like those of true cedars (Cedrus), stand upright on the branches like candles and disintegrate at maturity.Identification of the different species is based on the size and arrangement of the leaves, the size and shape of the cones, and whether the bract scales of the cones are long and exserted, or short and hidden inside the cone.

A Christmas tree is a decorated tree, usually an evergreen conifer such as a spruce, pine or fir, or an artificial tree of similar appearance, associated with the celebration of Christmas, originating in Northern Europe.The tree was traditionally decorated with roses made of colored paper, apples, wafers, tinsel and sweetmeats. Today, there is a wide variety of traditional ornaments, such as garlands, baubles, tinsel, and candy canes. An angel or star might be placed at the top of the tree to represent the Angel Gabriel or the Star of Bethlehem.
In Greece, this custom of fir as a Christmas decoration first came with the Bavarian King Othon in 1833.
Reference 1
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Headed to pick out your Christmas tree soon?

Will you go with a noble fir known for its sturdy needles? What about a bright green scotch pine with plenty of room for decorations, or a miniature Christmas tree just for the mantle? Whether you handpick the same type of Christmas tree each year or just go with the first one that stands out, the fact of the matter is that there are many tree types from which to choose.

The Christmas tree becomes the focal point of your holiday decor and family traditions, so it'll be important to narrow down your decision and find the right one. Shape, color and scent are just a few things to consider.

Christmas Tree Types

To help you find the perfect tree for you, we've put together a guide featuring the different types of Christmas trees. It's classified based upon their most common qualities and characteristics. This season, celebrate the most wonderful time of the year with a Christmas tree that's at the top of your list!

Browse through the different types of Christmas trees below.

Fir trees are a genus of the evergreen coniferous trees and are also a popular choice for the holiday season. The most popular fir trees used for Christmas include the noble fir, fraser fir and balsam fir. Browse the entire list below.
1. Balsam Fir
The balsam fir is an evergreen tree best known for its conical shape and dense, dark-green leaves that are flat and needle-like. The leaves of the balsam fir also tend to have hints of shining silvery-white and are commonly used for Christmas wreaths and Christmas bouquets. This evergreen tree not only looks good, but smells good too. Giving off that spicy Christmas scent only makes it an even more popular Christmas tree choice. This particular fir varietal is small- to medium-sized and grows to heights of up to 66 feet tall.
2. Fraser Fir
Known for its pleasant scent, the yellow-green branches of the fraser fir feature a conical shape with branches that angle slightly upward. The branches of the fraser fir are also known for being extra sturdy, making this Christmas tree a great option for heavy ornaments, Christmas garland and holiday decor. Its leaves are needle-like and spiral along the trunk of the tree, giving off a fragrant scent. The fraser fir typically grows anywhere up to 50 feet tall.
3. Canaan Fir
Known for its similarities to the fraser fir and balsam fir, the canaan fir is referred to as the hybrid of the two. Canaan fir is a medium-growing evergreen tree that features fantastic needle retention, like the fraser fir. Leaves are flat and needle-like, with a nice green color. The canaan fir is native to the mountains of West Virginia and is a newcomer to the Christmas tree market, making this particular fir varietal few and far between.
4. Douglas Fir
A douglas fir will make a statement in your home. This fir tree displays a full pyramid shape with blue or dark green leaves that have one of the richest scents of all the Christmas trees. Leaves of this evergreen are flat, soft and tend to grow in bunches. Douglas firs grow from medium-sized to extremely large anywhere up to 330 feet tall. Fun fact, the douglas fir makes up nearly half of all Christmas trees grown in the United States.
5. Grand Fir
The name of this evergreen tree really says it all. The grand fir is a large tree native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California. These giants can grow up to 230 feet tall. The grand fir features bicolored needles with yellow-green hues and a white stripe beneath the needle. This tree produces beautiful, thick foliage and gives off that wonderful spicy Christmas tree scent.
6. Noble Fir
Noble fir is yet another one of the more popular Christmas trees and can grow up to 230 feet tall. The dense branches are evenly spaced along the trunk of this evergreen tree. Growing happily in the Pacific Northwest, the Noble fir displays needle-like leaves that tend to curve upward, making them a sturdy option for all of your Christmas decorations.
7. Concolor Fir
The concolor fir is often referred to as the white fir. It's known for its flattened, needle-like leaves that are pointed at the tip. When it's young, the concolor fir features more blue-green colored leaves, but as it gets older the leaves turn into a duller green hue. The concolor fir can grow up to 195 feet tall.

Pine trees are evergreen conifers in the Pinus genus and are the most common coniferous tree around the world. Pine trees love their natural forest the most, but are also common options for Christmas trees.
8. White Pine
The white pine features needles that grown in fascicles or bundles. With bluish-green hues and pointed tips, the branches of this Christmas tree are flexible and give off little to no aroma. This pine tree is not recommended for heavy ornaments or large decorations because the branches are not as strong. Fun fact, the white pine is the largest pine in the United States. Mature trees can live up to 400 years and grow to heights of about 230 feet tall.
9. Scotch Pine
Also referred to as the scots pine, this pine tree is another common Christmas tree option. Dark green foliage and sturdy branches equip the scotch pine: perfect for plenty of Christmas lights and decorations. This pine tree can grow anywhere up to 115 feet tall. The needles range in color from blue-green to a darker green in the winter months and grow in fascicles or bunches of two. The scotch pine is also known for its long term needle retention, meaning less clean up for you when Christmas ends. Fun fact, it's also the national tree of Scotland.
10. Virginia Pine
The Virginia pine can be easily identified due to its short and twisted needles that grow in pairs. This particular pine tree features short branches with dense foliage that respond well to trimming. The Virginia pine is known as a small to medium-sized tree that can grow anywhere up to about 70 feet tall.

Spruce trees are in the Picea genus which includes over 35 species. These particular types of trees tend to grow in the cooler climates and are common selections for the holiday season.
11. Blue Spruce
The blue spruce, also known as the Colorado blue spruce, is loved for its waxy gray-blue needles that tend to curve upwards. Native to the Rocky Mountains of the United States, this spruce tree features dense foliage that grows in a conical shape anywhere up to 75 feet tall. The blue spruce is said to have "the perfect Christmas tree shape." Fun fact, the blue spruce is the state tree of Colorado.
12. Norway Spruce
The Norway spruce is a fast-growing evergreen coniferous tree that can be found anywhere up to 180 feet tall. Its leaves are needle-like and feature a dark green hue with pointed tips. Although common in the United States, the Norway spruce is most notably a species of spruce that is native to Europe. Needle retention of the Norway spruce is poor, so it's important to take proper care of your tree and water it correctly.
13. White Spruce
The white spruce is also commonly referred to as the Canadian spruce, the skunk spruce, the western white spruce and a handful of other names. This particular spruce species is a large tree that grows to heights of up to 130 feet tall. With needle-like leaves that are short and sturdy in a blue-green color, this spruce is a viable option for all of your lights and ornaments.

Cypress trees grow in a tall narrow shape and are most commonly used as shrubbery or privacy trees. If you're looking for a unique Christmas tree this year, Cypress might be your best option. Browse the different types below.
14. Arizona Cypress
As the name implies, the Arizona cypress is native to the Southwestern United States. It is a medium-sized evergreen tree that can grow up to 60 feet tall. Leaves of this particular cypress are a bluish-gray color on branches that grow in a conical shape.
15. Leyland Cypress
The leyland cypress has feathery leaves that are greenish-gray in color and grow upward, giving the tree a pyramid-like shape. This particular cypress does not give off any aroma, so if you're looking for a Christmas tree with a delightful scent, the leyland cypress might not be the one for you. On the plus side, the lack of fragrance can be great for those with allergies. This fast-growing tree will grow up to heights of 70 feet tall.

Cedar trees are large coniferous evergreens with many different types. Cedar trees are most commonly landscaping trees, seen lining streets and parks. Although, if you're looking for a one-of-a-kind Christmas tree, a cedar is a viable option.
16. Red Cedar
Also commonly referred to as the Eastern red cedar, pencil cedar and aromatic cedar. Branches of the this particular cedar are dense and form a pyramid-like shape. The leaves jet upwards and are a dark, shiny green color. Although the eastern red cedars are slow-growing, they have been recorded at heights of over 40 feet tall. Fun fact, this cedar tree is most commonly used as a Christmas tree in Missouri, Oklahoma and Arkansas.

There's no better way to get into the Christmas spirit than to decorate your Christmas tree, but that means you'll have to pick one out first. With so many different options to consider, hopefully our guide to the different types of Christmas trees will help you narrow down your top picks. Once you have your tree at home, don't forget to take proper care of it. Our detailed guide to Christmas tree care will help you assure that your tree stays healthy all season. It's time to get to decorating and celebrate! Don't forget to look for personalized Christmas ornaments to decorate your Christmas tree this year

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16 Types of Christmas Trees | ProFlowers

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Headed to pick out your Christmas tree soon? Will you go with a noble fir known for its sturdy needles? What about a bright green scotch pine with plenty of room for decorations, or a miniature Christmas tree just for the mantle?

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Avocado: Avocado is an evergreen, native tree known as the Butterfly. It belongs to the Perseus family of Daphnoids and was discovered in the tropical regions of Mexico and Central America, where from ancient times it was cultivated by indigenous people since its fruit was a component of their diet. in Greece reached the 1960s. It thrives, apart from the tropical regions and those that thrive the citrus trees and especially the lemon trees. It prefers fertile and deep soils with good drainage because it does not withstand moisture. It is used in salads and is also eaten as an appetizer with lemon and salt.
Eggplant: Solanum melongena is a herbaceous, perennial plant of the Solanum family of the Solanaceae family and is cultivated for its homonymous fruit. Eggplant is grown as an annual plant and requires a warm climate to grow. It needs fertilizer with manure and various mixed fertilizers. because it is generally a demanding plant. Cultivated in the countryside and in greenhouses. Eggplant dominates Mediterranean dishes. The moussaka and the shoes, Italian eggplant with parmesan and the Turkish Imam Bailly are among the best known. It is also baked, fried, boiled, salad and vinegar.

Avocado tree

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Eggplant

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Leek: Leek is a herbaceous, biennial, indigenous plant and belongs to the genus Alion and the Liliaceae family.It has a close affinity to the onion and is a durable plant with vigorous growth. Leek is cooked either whole or only its bulb, and is used in soups, as a complement to potatoes, with rice, while it is also used in sauces. Its flavor resembles that of onion, but it is softer and sweeter.
Radish: Radish is a one-year or two-year-old plant of the genus Rapanus and belongs to the Brassicaceae family. It is cultivated for its fleshy root in almost the whole world. The rhubarb is rich in vitamin C and has many fiber to help promote intestinal motility. They are eaten raw and salads are a famous appetizer because of their spicy flavor. There are some varieties less well known in Greece that are not grown for their roots but for their leaves and fruits and are eaten mainly in the regions of Asia.

Leeks

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Radish

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Two common spices together with their origin.

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Two common spices together with their origin.

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The oregano (Origanum vulgare) is an aromatic herbaceous, perennial, indigenous and shrubby plant in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. It belongs to the genus Origano of the order of the lamellar angiosperms.
The Greek Oregano is a perennial and herbaceous plant whose quality is considered to be one of the best in the world. The oregano over the characteristic flavor and taste it gives to the food has too many medicinal properties, with the main (known pharmaceutical) active substance carvacrol. In Greece the oregano is native and is found in mountainous and rocky areas.
It is used as a seasoning mainly in cooking but rarely as a decoction, which is referred to as excellent against coughing. It is especially used in the salad. It is the main condiment of the Mediterranean countries and a key component of both Greek and Italian cuisine.
Reference

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The cumin is the common name of the Cuminus cymbinus or Cyminus day (Cuminus cyminum). It is also known as white cumin, sauce or apricot, and also as a weasel, or jezera (jeera or zeera). It is a flowering plant of the Apiaceae family, indigenous from the eastern Mediterranean to India, and is now grown in China and Mexico. Its seeds (each contained in a dried fruit) are used to flavor the kitchens of many different cultures, circulating, both as whole and ground. In addition, cumin is also used as a medicinal plant as digestive as well as for the increase of iron in the blood in anemia and the reduction of symptoms in the common cold.It was originally grown in Iran and in the Mediterranean region. Cumin was introduced to the Americas by Spanish and Portuguese settlers. Today, the plant is grown mainly in India, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Turkey, Morocco, Egypt, Syria, Mexico, Chile and China.
Cumin seeds are used as a seasoning for their characteristic flavor and aroma. It is popular worldwide and is a basic flavor in many cuisines. Cumin can be found in some cheeses, such as Leyden cheese and some traditional breads from France. Typically, it is used in traditional Brazilian cuisine. The cumin can be used either grated or whole grains. It helps to add an earthy and warm feel to the food, making it the key to some boiled and soup as well as seasoned sauces such as chili. Also used as an ingredient in some pickles and pastries.
Reference

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He was a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos,and was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school.  He is often considered the father of botany for his works on plants. The interests of Theophrastus were wide ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics. His two surviving botanical works, Enquiry into Plants (Historia Plantarum) and On the Causes of Plants, were an important influence on Renaissance science. Enquiry into Plants classifies plants according to how they reproduce, their localities, their sizes, and their practical uses including as foods, juices, and herbs.An important heritage in botany is that it has been named today in its honor by the endemic palm tree of southern Greece as Phoenix theophrastii, as it was, first and foremost mentioned in the existence of this plant in Greece, within his work

The books describe the natural history of plants as follows.
References

https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)#Reception

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Location:
This species is only known to occur on two Greek islands (the island of Skiros, and the northern part of the much smaller island of Skiropoula, situated just southwest of Skiros). Three subpopulations are known, most notably on the northeast facing cliffs of Mt. Kochilas and some cliffs at Cape Korakia.
Population:
Three subpopulations are known.
Threats:
There is severe grazing pressure from increasing flocks of goats especially during the flowering and fruiting stages. Due to the small size of the islands, shepherds do not need to fence the territory to keep their herds together, and goats have free access to all parts of the islands. All plants without any efficient grazing protection (e.g., spines, etc.) are under pressure. A. retsina is selectively eaten by goats because of its high nutritional value. Another potential threat is limestone quarrying which is very common in the region. This species might easily become extinct at any of the sites where it occurs if stone quarrying starts.
Action plan:
Legally: This species is not included in any international conventions or national legislation. Due to bureaucratic problems, it has not even been included in the list of Greek species in the “Natura 2000” list.
In situ: No measures taken as of yet.
Ex situ: The Botanic Gardens of Copenhagen (Denmark) and of Lund University (Sweden) have some specimens of this plant in cultivation. However, these by no means represent this species' entire gene pool as seeds have only been collected from very few plants.

The priority should be to protect the species from grazing. The areas where it grows should be fenced and managed to keep grazing animals out. Both the large northeast facing cliffs of Mt. Kochilas and the north facing cliffs of the island of Skiropoula should be designated as reserves. Stone quarrying in the species habitat and wild collection of this plant should be prohibited. A. retsina is easy to cultivate and has a high potential as an ornamental plant. It should be propagated and planted in other suitable shaded rocky sites, following IUCN SSC re-introduction guidelines which include guidance on benign introductions.
Reference

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Location:
Minuartia dirphya grows on the northern slopes of the 1,745 m high Mt. Dirphys in the centre of the Greek island of Euboea (Evia). This species has a narrow geographical range, growing between 900 and 1,000 m altitude.
Population:
It is only known from a single subpopulation of less than 250 individuals.
Threats:
The small number of mature individuals, its limited habitat, and the threats from grazing all indicate that the population will decline. The species is severely threatened by grazing from goats and sheep, and from fires made by shepherds.
Action Plan:
Legally: No measures taken as of yet.
In situ: No measures taken as of yet.
Ex situ: One or two specimens are currently cultivated at the University of Patras. These however do not represent the gene pool of the whole population.
This species needs to be protected from grazing. Its habitat should be fenced and managed to keep grazing animals out. M. dirphya should be monitored over a longer period of time to assess population changes and stability. It would benefit from ex situ cultivation and its seeds should be collected and stored in seedbanks.
Reference

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Location:
Consolida samia is a Greek endemic that has been reduced to only one remaining subpopulation, restricted to the Island of Samos. It grows on the steep limestone scree of Mt. Kerkis at an altitude of 800 m.
Population:
In 1975, there were 20 plants at this unique locality and in 1996 their number had reached 100. Recently, however, this species cannot be found anywhere. Since it is an annual and occurs on scree at a rather difficult to search habitat and also because it has not been searched for intensively, it should not be declared as extinct yet.
Threats:
Re-establishment of this species will become increasingly unlikely over time. Only living specimens are able to disperse their minute seeds uphill by wind. Any potential soil seed bank risks being transported downhill by erosion or stone avalanches, into fields of larger stones which is an unsuitable habitat for this species. Its restricted area of occurrence makes this species sensitive to any habitat modification. If the plant is not extinct, it is potentially threatened by collectors and genetic isolation due to its small population size.
Action plan:
Legally: This species is listed in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. The plant is included in Natura 2000 site GR 4120003, which gives it indirect protection and is protected in Greece by the Presidential Decree 67/81.
In situ: No measures taken as of yet.
Ex situ: No measures taken as of yet.
Field studies are necessary to update current knowledge of the plant's distribution and threats. Studies should include research into its reproduction biology that has not yet been undertaken. Conservation action should be carefully planned based on the results of this research. Expansion of the existing Mt. Kerkis Reserve to include the scree fields would provide further protection and can be easily justified by the presence of other local endemic and endangered plants. The area is also home to rare cliff plant communities, pastures and forests. This species would also benefit from ex situ cultivation in botanical gardens.
Reference

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Location:
This species is endemic to Crete, where it is known from two locations in northwestern and southeastern parts of the island. The northwestern location is in the Rokka Gorge (Chania Prefecture) at 150 m Asl. In the southeast, the species is known from a single limestone cliff in the Psoriaris Gorge in the region of Ierápetra (Lassithi Prefecture) at 450 m Asl. Shrubs with the appearance of this species have been observed growing in inaccessible sites within the Samariá Gorge, however occurrence there has not yet been confirmed and is not included here.
Population:
The species is considered to be severely fragmented, with only two confirmed subpopulations known and located in two distant areas of the island, with very small subpopulations (only 14 mature individuals at Psoriaris Gorge and 60 at Rokka Gorge in 2015). When the species was last assessed (Iatroú and Kypriotakis 2011), fewer than five individuals were known at the Psoriaris Gorge location (there were eight in 1984, six in 1993 and only four in 1996). The increase is considered to be the result of further survey work and the use of telescopic means (binoculars and telescopic photographic lens); at the time, the Rokka Gorge site had only recently been discovered and was unconfirmed.
Threats:
Grazing by goats represents the primary threat to this species, whilst wildfires, plant collection, or the very low number of mature individuals and the low probability of genetic exchange within the population, leading to a possible genetic depression probably also impact this species.
Action plan:
Legal: At the international level, this species is included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention and in Annexes II and IV of the 92/43 EC Directive as a priority species. The subpopulation of Lassithi Prefecture enjoys indirect protection as it falls within the Dikti: Oropedio Lasithiou, Katharo, Selena, Krasi, Selakano, Chalasmeni Koryfi Natura 2000 site (GR4320002).
In situ: As a result of it being included as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the 92/43 EC ‘Habitats’ Directive, the species is the focus of a six-year cycle national monitoring program (funded by the EU and national resources) for the assessment of its conservation status.
Ex situ:Two plants, propagated by cuttings, are currently being cultivated at the Technological Education Institute of Heraklion in Crete. Although they flower, they do not produce fruit. Several adult plants are also cultivated at the Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh) in Crete, where a program of seed collection and storage has also been launched. The plants at the MAICh produce seeds (stored in the Seed Bank of MAICh) and seed germination of the species was studied in the framework of a PhD thesis.

The establishment of micro-reserves would help to ensure the long-term monitoring of the sub-populations and the effective protection of its habitat. The plant Microreserve network on Crete has already been established, and in western Crete it protects seven threatened species plants in the framework of the Cretaplant project (LIFE04NAT_GR_000104, 2004-2007). The expansion of the network to other areas of the island would be relatively easy as local authorities are aware of the project and would support this idea. Moreover, the project itself may improve the awareness of local people, land-owners and users on the importance of nature conservation. The survival of this species must be in doubt unless it can be easily propagated ex situ by botanical gardens, followed by in situ reinforcement of the current sites and translocation actions in other suitable sites. It is equally important to protect the sites legally, and to undertake effective conservation and management measures.
Reference

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Location:
Endemic to the island of Crete, at Kakoskalo in the mountain range of Levka Ori, in the Samaria gorge. A second location was recently (2007) found at Melindaou Mt (Fournaraki and Thanos in: Phitos et al. 2009). The plant occurs at only two isolated locations with an area of occupancy of 8 km² and an extent of occurrence below 100 km².
Population:
There are only two isolated locations with a small number of mature individuals in each, so the population is most probably fragmented. Fluctuations of the number of mature individuals have been observed. The quality of the habitat is degraded but not under continuous decline. Also, there is no evidence that the population size is under continuous decline. At Samaria gorge, there are 47 mature plants and 41-46 rosettes were counted by telescope in 2005 but it is estimated that the total number of mature plants is larger because only part of the cliff was visible. The exact number of individuals at Melindaou is not known.
Threats:
The main threats facing B. kakiskalae are the low probability of genetic exchange within the population due to the small number of individuals flowering at the same time, and cliff instability, as the substrate on which it grows collapses periodically. Goats may also graze any accessible plant. A further threat is posed by rock climbing that leads to further erosion and habitat degradation.
Action plan:
Bupleurum kakiskalae is included as a priority species in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). It is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ac(iv)+B2ac(iv);D1 in the Red Data Book of Greece (Fournaraki and Thanos in: Phitos et al. 2009). It is also protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/81.
In situ: a microserve of 1 ha has been established at Samaria gorge. The plant is included in a Natura 2000 site which gives it indirect protection.
Ex situ: the plant is cultivated successfully at the botanical gardens of the Forestry Department of Chania at the nearby village of Poria and at the locality Xylokastro.

Studies on the biology and ecology of this species must be continued to properly define the conservation measures needed. Additional fieldwork is required to determine whether any other populations exist, and to identify cliffs with similar properties to those of Kakiskalo as areas where potential introductions might be undertaken. Regular collection of seeds should be made in order to conserve the widest possible spectrum of genetic material. The site must not only be protected from goats, which have access to certain individuals, but also from botanists who may remove individuals for collections.
Reference

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It is quite important to create a proper plan so that endangered plant species can be preserved and protected.
In my view, in order to protect these plant species, it is necessary for people to be organized and informed properly.
Thus, a group could be set up in each area where these species are thriving, which will be specialized and appropriately trained to inform citizens about these species, what are the reasons for became endangered and how they can all help to protect them, in order to make a collective effort. This can be done through events, video views and newsletters sharing. This is quite important because, as we have seen in the above-mentioned species are in danger, the threats they had to face in most, were extensive grazing. So, updating this threat properly , it wont exist in the future.
Another solution is to create an application for mobiles, which will act as mapping and updating of the plant species that present in the area at specific points in order to track down these areas and placed them in the list of protected area.
The last but not list solution, is to take specimens from every species in laboratories and with proper staff and facilities, can be reproduced and be placed at suitable habitats in order to  be rescued.

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