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This is an Animal Welfare Audit on Swift Beef Company.

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This is my rendition of the flight zone for cattle.

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Here is the information on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy.

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This video shows you cattle grazing as they normally do. They are also doing a study in this video on how much cattle eat throughout the day. The cattle are also seen eating silage and hay out of bunks like they would in many operations around the world. These are both normal ingestive behaviors from cattle.

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1. Calves will get up and try to suck almost immediately after birth
2. Calves try to stay close to their mother
3. Calves hide in the middle of the herd when predators are present

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1.The cow eating the placenta to hide the smell from "predators"
2. The cow licking or "cleaning off" the calf to keep body heat
3. The cow can sense its young as opposed to other calves

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These are females detecting heats of each other. Finding cattle at an optimal time in estrus can provide better conception rates.

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First Environmental Control Dairy Farm See Swedish Cows

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Heat detection to maximise dairy cow fertility

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The importance of good heat detection to maximise cow fertility at artificial insemination is explained in this short video. It shows the different signs shown by cows in heat and the best times and places to do heat detection. For more info, visit www.dairyaustralia.com.au/InCalf/heatdetection

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This is a bull demonstrating flehmen. This is when a bull smells a heifer or cow that is in estrus. Flehmen appears to facilitate the movement of chemical into the nostrils to eventually  enter the olfactory receptor where neurons relay information to the hypothalamus of the brain.

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weight (heavy > light)
horns (horns > polled)
age (mature > young)
sex (male > female) .
territoriality (member > new)
dam's social position
temperament
All of these factors play into the dominance hierarchy in a herd of cattle. The main factors in most domestic herds in the US are age, weight, and sex

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The domestic animals that are used in animal production systems are all social creatures. This means that they "seek" the company of other animals like themselves. If isolated, these animals often behave in unpredictable ways. One way in which domestic animals come together to form cohesive groups is by forming a social or dominance hierarchy.

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This would be bulls going head to head the prove dominance. I would say these two where recently put in the herd together and are trying to finish out the social order. Also the fight is occurring because thy appear to be the same size and or weight.

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Visual- Cattle can see cues from the herd or physically see food and pursue it
Auditory- Cow can call to there calves and also alert the herd of danger
Tactile- Cattle could use touching as a was to get through obstacle or see an action for another cow and follow suit.
Chemical/Smell- Cow or bull can smell when a female is coming into heat. Cows can also smell out there calf from other calves.

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This study is about training cattle to approach a feed source by auditory resource. This would be a classical conditioning study check out my link.
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.4141/A03-081#.XGHWSlxKhPY

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(+) Reinforcements would the cattle getting let out of the hydraulic chute along with is they had feed to get them  to come into the chute.
(-) Reinforcement would be the cow trying to advance in the alley so you open up the stop gate.
(+) Punishment would be leaving the cow in the chute until she calms down.
(-) Punishment would be taking away the feed if the cow starts acting up while in the chute.

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Please see attachment to see why I picked this species!

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This article talks about how the genetic makeup of cattle can determine there response to a certain situation. Facial hair whorl position is related to the  temperament of the animal. Animals who are smaller boned and tubular bodied may be more fearful.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123945860000044

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Three weeks prior to calving and three weeks after calving, is a very sensitive period for cattle. Check out this link!

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The transition period, three weeks prior to and three weeks after calving, is a very sensitive period for the dairy cow, making transition cow management important for the outcome of the lactation. Research has also shown how important the early life of the dairy calf is, determining the future lifetime productivity and profitability of the adult cow.

The transition cow needs space and comfort (Ken Nordlund, University of Madison-Wisconsin)

The transition period of a dairy cow, typically defined as the time from three weeks both before and after calving, is the primary risk period where over 75% of all adult cow disease events occur. The key factors associated with improved transition cow management relate to provision of sufficient bunk space so that transition cows can eat simultaneously when fresh feed is delivered, increasing cow comfort and minimizing lameness with deeply bedded stalls or packs and provision of ample space within the stall to lie down and facilitate rising, minimizing social stress or the need to establish social rank during last 3-10 days prior to calving, and an effective process to promptly detect fresh cows in need medical attention.

The role of calf nutrition and management on lifetime productivity of dairy cattle (Mike van Amburg, Cornell University)

Early life events appear to have long-term effects on the performance of the calf. Our management approaches and systems need to recognize these effects and capitalize on them. Improving the nutrition and management of calves appears to improve the sustainability of the animal through increased productivity throughout life and this has implications for welfare and the environment along with profitability. We have much to learn about the consistency of the response and the mechanisms that are being affected. Given the amount of variation accounted for in first and subsequent lactation milk yield, there are opportunities to enhance the response once we understand those factors. The bottom line is there appears to be a positive economic outcome as adults by improving the management of our calf and heifer programs starting at birth.

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The transition period, three weeks prior to and three weeks after calving, is a very sensitive period for the dairy cow, making transition cow management important for the outcome of the lactation. Research has also shown how important the early life o...

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Where as horses have multiple patterns they can walk in at different speeds. Cattle only have one walking pattern that stays the same at all speeds