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http://listavermelha-flora.pt

Participate in the "Sponsor a Red List Plant" Campaign
see how on the site
http://www.spbotanica.pt/#apadrinhe

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http://www.fluviariomora.pt/

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https://ccm.marinha.pt/pt/aquariovgama

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https://www.oceanario.pt/

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https://www.circonatureza.pt/2017/06/constancia-descobrir-o-que-se-esconde.html?m=0

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https://www.museus.ulisboa.pt/

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In this course, I learned a lot of things, I'm a professor of physics and chemistry, and my knowledge of biology and computer science was incomplete. These trainings are important to people like me who grow up as human beings and become better professionals. I did a lot of research, I worked hard with my students on the subject, went to seminars, shared experiences, improved my computer skills, and even my English. I think my assessment is excellent.

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I visited the bio area of ​​colleague Helena Pires and it is excellent, with lots of up-to-date information and pictures taken on the spot. It has explanatory testimonies and videos and even besides divulging in its padlet, it involves the whole community: the school, the students, the biologists, the camera and the CEA. It is an example for all of us. A single person is capable of sensitizing hundreds, and who knows, may even positively influence the future of many students.
Thank you for being such and I am very proud to be your friend.

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This is the Bio area of ​​our colleague Helena Pires, and in the study visit that we went to the Sapal, we took advantage of and went to Mata da Machada that is very close and is part of the biodiversity project - CEA - Environmental Education Center.

Mata da Machada extends east of N10-3, a few kilometers south of Barreiro. This zone
can only be reached on foot - it is possible to park next to the N10-3, in front of the "Marines".
There are several signposts of varying length that allow you to walk through the woods. As it happens
in densely forested sites, bird watching is not always easy, since they hide
through the vegetation.

The invasive species is acacia.The imbalance caused by invasive plants in some ecosystems is so serious that it may endanger other species. The competitive advantage of these plants is related to the following aspects: (1) they are usually plants that produce many seeds, which are viable for long periods of time and can be stimulated by fire; (2) compete more efficiently for available resources than native species, and (3) usually do not rely on the presence of their natural enemies.

In the project's intervention area we can find the following species of acacia: Acacia dealbata (Mimosa), Acacia longifolia (Acacia-de-espigas), Acacia mearnsii (Acacia-negra), Acacia melanoxylon (Acacia- australia), Acacia pycnantha, Acacia retinodes (Acacia-virilda), Acacia saligna.

With the acacia wood itself the group together with the guidance of the biologist Mauro Hilário, n the context of the recovery of Ribeira do Zebro within Mata da Machada, the students proceeded to the placement of willow stakes and natural engineering (to make dams)

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Together with our colleague Helena Pires, took a class with 27 students aged 15 to 18 years to Sapal. The first objective was to aid in the starter of the invasive species - the weeping.

Scientific name: Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N. E. Br.

Common names: beach whale, rock filly, weeping, balsam

Family: Aizoaceae

Statute in Portugal: invasive species (listed in Annex I of Decree-Law no. 565/99, of December 21)

Risk level: 23 | Value obtained according to a protocol adapted from the Australian Weed Risk Assessment (Pheloung et al., 1999), according to which values ​​above 6 mean that the species has a risk of having invasive behavior in the Portuguese territory | Updated 9/30/2015.

Synonymy: Mesembryanthemum edule L.

STARTING THE CHORO

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Species that appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Species that appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is a way of bringing the whole society's attention to a state of conservation of the planet's species.
Due to the great biodiversity of our planet, the elaboration of the Red List counts on the aid of researchers and organizations around the world. Data are analyzed and published, usually every five years.
In November 2014, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species was updated. With the new data, it was concluded that more than 22,000 species are at risk of disappearing from the planet.
There is no species of the Tejo estuary in this list.
It is worth emphasizing that most species that are at risk or that have been extinct suffer mainly from the action of man, which destroys habitat, introduces new species and hunting and fishing indiscriminately. So we can conclude that the Red List will not stop growing and that growth is directly linked to man.

To access the IUCN Red List

https://www.iucnredlist.org/

couple of sparrows

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 Wildlife overexploitation for the food industry, pet market, traditional medicine or the fashion industry.

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 Wildlife overexploitation for the food industry, pet market, traditional medicine or the fashion industry.

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According to an article on politics in the newspaper OBSERVADOR, on 28/6/2018,the PSD deputies of the district of Setúbal question the Government about the harvesting, transportation and commercialization of the bivalves in the Tejo Estuary, noting that it is necessary to regulate this activity. The Social Democrats expressed their concern about a set of problems associated with this activity, with greater expression in the counties of Alcochete, Moita, Montijo and Barreiro.

"According to official information, this area of ​​the Tejo estuary is classified by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) as sanitary class C, which means that bivalves can only be used for processing in industrial unit, at high temperatures , or intended for prolonged transposition in a treatment plant in a natural environment, which does not exist in Portugal ", says the document to which the Lusa agency had access.
According to the PSD, the indicators show that bivalves "will be contaminated with high levels of E.coli that can lead to diarrheal poisoning, apart from accumulated toxic metals and metalloids (zinc, lead, arsenic, mercury and nickel) for decades of industrial exploitation drained into the estuary. "

PSD deputy Bruno Vitorino said that there is information that bivalves are currently "bagged without health control and sold in Spain".

"They gain seal of Galician origin and enter legal in the commercial and alimentary circuit. Nobody has information about those who enter directly into the commercial and food circuit without any control, "says Bruno Vitorino. The PSD deputy states that, in addition to all the issues that call into question public health, there are a number of other problems that have come to the public and which have to do with alleged networks of labor exploitation and trafficking in persons.

"Many of these shellfish farmers are foreign nationals and they are supposed to be victims of these possible networks," he says. Bruno Vitorino also warns that this activity makes beaches "dirty, polluted and dangerous for those who attend", due to the trash and utensils to support the activity that are in the places.

"This is a national problem, but with very large regional and local implications because all issues are affecting the local community a lot," he said. The PSD deputies want to know if the government has any answer to these questions and what steps it intends to take to "regulate the activity, ensure law enforcement and the tranquility of the populations."

The Ministry of the Sea announced in March that the public tender for the construction of the Bivalves Warehouse and Transformation Unit in Barreiro, whose project will have an overall value of 1.4 million euros, has already been opened. The creation of the country's first bivalve deposit, processing and recovery center in Barreiro had been announced in June 2017 by Ana Paula Vitorino.

"It is crucial for the Tejo estuary and the vast catchment community, where only part of it has permits, and with bivalves with high levels of contamination. This will be the first unit in Portugal that can transform the bivalves to be consumed by the people and will also allow the community of catchers to be expanded, "said the minister at the time.

Bivalve picking

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 Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation 

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 Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation 

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Urban and industrial occupation, direct and diffuse pollution and overexploitation of resources are among the main causes of the degradation of marshes, peat bogs, lagoons and estuaries.

The salt produced in the Tejo was once very important in the national economy.
It is currently in decline.

The disappearance of the salinas entails:
landscape destruction;
reduction of important habitats for avifauna (nesting, refuge and feeding);
disappearance of a profession, cultural values

saline

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals;

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals;

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The marsh: one of the most productive ecosystems.
From a certain height, the areas of estuarine vasa are colonized by halophytic vegetation, typical of salt lands, forming the marsh. Far from the uniformity it presents to the gaze, it is colonized by various plant species and furrowed by innumerable channels and stems formed due to the ceaseless advancement and retreat of the tides. Marshlands are a natural habitat for several species of fish, migratory birds and small mammals (shrews, rats and rats). They present great abundance of crustaceans constituting ecological niches of development of diverse larval forms. The ants, particularly Anas crecca, Anser anser and Anas penelope, essentially use marsh vegetation as a food source.

It is the migratory aquatic bird that gives the Tagus estuary the status of the most important wetland in the country and one of the most important in the Western Palearctic. Here, about 100,000 wintering birds occur regularly, surpassing the value of 120,000 birds during periods of migratory passage. The estuary hosts, on average, about 54% of the waders, 30% of the antidids and 4% of the wintering ardeids registered in Portugal.

Tarambola-cinzenta Pluvialis squatarola

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In the vegetation of the Tejo Estuary Natural Reserve, we can highlight the halophytic (that is, salt tolerant) or sapal stained view that borders the estuary. Consisting of medium-sized grasses and shrubs, which colonize compact seed soils in estuarine areas as far as tides, it represents an essential industry occurrence between the aquatic and terrestrial environments. These vascular plants are the primary primary producers of the estuary.

In the aquatic environment itself, the existence of phytoplankton (primary production estimated at 4,400 tons of carbon / year, throughout the estuarine area) is still to be noted; of microfitobentos, predominantly constituted by unicellular algae from the diatomaceous group that proliferate on the surface of the vasas and sands, making photosynthesis while they are exposed to light during the empty tide (estimated primary production in a value close to 11,000 tons of carbon / year, in the entire estuarine area); and of macrophytic algae, represented mainly by the Fucus vesiculosus, the sea bass Ulva lactuca and the gracilaria Gracilaria verrucosa (primary production estimated at 4,000 tons of carbon / year, in the entire estuarine area).

In the terrestrial environment (mouchões, Lezíria sul and Pancas area), the natural vegetation consists mainly of herbaceous species that form natural pastures or grow spontaneously on the edges of cultivated fields, natural pastures, stubble and initial stages of cultivation. Shrubby and arboreal species develop in a narrow sandy strip that crosses the clay fields of the sorzia downstream of Sorraia, as well as in the semi-natural hedge that delimits the Pleistocene terraces at the nascent boundary of this Protected Area.

The richness of this estuary is preserved thanks to the maintenance of tidal zones. The decomposing plant matter, mainly produced by the marsh, and the microalgae that develop on the surface of the substrates are consumed by innumerable benthic beings (invertebrates and small fishes). They constitute, in turn, the food base of fish, at full tide, and of birds, in the empty tide. Several of these species play a key role in estuarine food chains. This is the case of the Hediste diversicolor worm, the Peringia ulvae, the Srobicularia flatworm, the Cyathura carinata isopod, the amphipod Melita palmata, the Palaemonetes varians, the Cangron cangron, Crabgrass, Carcinus maenas and Cape- of the sand Pomatoschistus minutus.

Some birds, such as Pena-vemelha, feed mainly on small crustaceans, molluscs and polychaetes, but also insects, spiders, fish and tadpoles. Diet, mode of feeding and habitat may vary and depend on seasons and climate. The food is obtained by swimming or walking in areas of shallow water, capturing the prey on the surface or using the spout as a probe.

The Águia-sapeira inhabits wetlands with well developed marsh vegetation, such as estuaries, ponds, marshes, marshes and reservoirs, agricultural lands and pastures, which typically fly over low altitude. In Portugal it occurs in the main wetlands of the western coastal strip.

The Eagle-sapeira feeds on small and medium-sized animals, including birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates and, especially in the winter, corpses. Food is obtained by slowly flying over open areas and surprising prey.

web of the yew estuary

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STUDY VISIT  TO SAPAL- OBSERVATION OF BIRDS WITH TELESCOPE RESOURCE

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STUDY VISIT  TO SAPAL- OBSERVATION OF BIRDS WITH TELESCOPE RESOURCE

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Birds are also key determinants of the biological richness of the reserve. "It's a very important area. It harbors populations of several species, which are significant globally, "says biologist Mauro Hilario.
 The places of observation
described here are located in the nascent part - so if it is sunny the conditions of observation will be more
favorable during the morning. In addition, because it is a place subject to the influence of tides, it is
It is advisable to check in advance if the tide is full or empty (the best times to see birds are at low tide or in the next three hours.
This type of habitat is especially interesting to see birds outside the nesting season (ie in the
Autumn and winter). Here you can see several species of waders, namely sand-
large-collared, the gray-billed plover, the right billed tortoise, the common red-leg and the leg-
green. Seagulls are also frequent, especially the common crane and the dark-gull.
Other waterfowl that can be seen here include the heron, the little egret, the
spoonbill and the eagle.

OBSERVATION OF BIRDS

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The susceptibility of the European eel to the environmental degradation of the Tagus estuary was investigated due to the presence of the parasitic nematode Anguillicola crassus.

Catfish, which can decimate other species, was first detected in the Tagus River in 2014. The researchers at Mare - Center for Sea Science and Environment at the University of Lisbon have already captured 12.
The species is classified as opportunistic and necrophagous, feeding on other dead fish at the bottom of rivers, although it eats other fish and even birds or other animals along the banks. "Basically eat everything that fits in your huge mouth"

parasitic nematode Anguillicola crassus

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The great extensions of mud, subject to the action of the tides, are formed by the deposit of very fine particles suspended in the water. They harbor several benthic macroinvertebrates, the most common species being the Nereis diversicolor polychaete, the Scrobicularia flat bivalve, the Hydrobia ulvae gastropod and the Cyathura carinata isopod. This primary consumers, who consume microscopic algae and particles of decomposing plants and animals, in turn serve as food for fish, at high tide, and for birds in the empty tide.

FEEDING BIVALVE AVE

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A small emerald took advantage of a pole to look carefully at the various groups of passerines that go around. Seeing a potential prey, this little hawk flew to the ground trying its luck.

The highest posts are places of excellence for a larger prey, the eagle-fisherman who, after fishing in the river, seeks a place to taste the fish. Sometimes these eagles allow a closer approach and you can see up close the adaptations of these birds that allow you to catch fish more easily. The large claws prepared to hold a fish, the scaled paws and the protection of the view.

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POEM OF THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE BIOLOGIST MAURO HILÁRIO - "O ANIMAL QUE SOU"

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POEM OF THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE BIOLOGIST MAURO HILÁRIO - "O ANIMAL QUE SOU"

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Décadas de história, mas vou ser sucinto,
vou mostrar ao planeta como me sinto.

Sou animal, sonhos, carne e até instinto,
por ideias e significado sempre faminto.
uso sentidos que me guiam no labirinto,
luto pela vida sabendo que serei extinto.

Sou o rã que precisa de viver em dois mundos,
a baleia que tolera a pressão de mares profundos.

Sou o elefante confinado que arrasa paredes,
a sardinha que aflita passa a malha das redes.

Sou o caracol que carrega o peso de uma casa,
o espadarte que a fluir na água nunca se atrasa.

Sou a centopeia que se atrapalha com os seus pés,
a cegonha que atravessa nações que lés a lés.

Sou a abelha esforçada que defende a colmeia,
a aranha mal entendida que tece a difícil teia.

Sou o polvo engenhoso que muda as suas cores,
o rouxinol que tenta rivalizar grandes cantores.

Sou a tartaruga coberta por uma rara textura,
o morcego que se aventura na noite escura.

Sou a enguia esguia que entra no curto -circuito,
o golfinho que é um brincalhão por intuito.

Sou o lobo que uiva perante a misteriosa lua,
o abutre paciente que recicla a matéria crua.

Sou a preguiça que ao seu nome faz justiça,
o coral de mil formas que o recife enfeitiça.

Sou a minhoca oculta pelas camadas de terra,
o cavalo arrastado para o conflito de guerra.

Sou o corvo tagarela e portador de presságios,
a melga que causa os mais receosos contágios.

Sou o castor construtor do dique mais coeso,
o escorpião que nunca se encontra indefeso.

Sou a águia que vigia este globo desde cima,
o macaco quase homem e criador desta rima.

Sou o pintor que partiu casca de ovo para nascer,
a cobra que teve de trocar de pele para crescer.

Como criatura aceito as valências concedidas,
as originais aplicações em mim embutidas.

Sobreviverei com as condicionantes restantes
todavia é da pressão que nascem os diamantes.

Sou uma cria frágil e nutrida pela Mão Natureza,
em mim toda a sua mágoa e parte da sua beleza.

The author of this poem is the biologist Mauro Hilário and has a book with poems in English "Perpectives in mind" of 2018, and another one in Portuguese "Epic - The Ascension" of 2014.
The biologist works on the Biodiscoveries project, at the CEA in Mata da Machada.

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The salt produced in the Tejo was once very important in the national economy.
It is currently in decay.
The disappearance of the salinas entails:
landscape destruction;
reduction of important habitats for avifauna (nesting, refuge and feeding);
disappearance of a profession, cultural values

SALINAS

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TIDE
In the Tejo Estuary the tide is a very important factor, since the average volume of tide (600 x 106 m3) is significant in relation to the volume of water below the lower level of the tide (1,900 x 106 m3). This estuary corresponds to an estuary of the positive type, being also characterized as a partially stratified estuary.
The average annual flow of the river is around 400 m3 / s, subject to a large monthly variation, from 1 to 2,200 m3 / s, with a flood of 14,000 m3 / s.
The tidal regime is of the semidiurnal type, with the flood times being longer than those of the ebb. The amplitude of the tide, measured in the north margin, is increasing from the mouth to Alverca, where it reaches the maximum of approximately 4.8 m, then decreasing until it annul in the region of Muge, about 80 km from the mouth. The average amplitude of tide is 2.6 m, presenting a minimum value of 1 m.
The saline intrusion is felt up to Vila Franca de Xira, 50 km from the bar. In the flood regime, the salinity of the water in the Alcochete / Poço-do-Bispo area is of the order of 10 ‰, while in the drought regime, with the river flows reduced, its values ​​can rise to 25 ‰ .
The tidal amplitude observed and the geomorphological characteristics of its mouth, both upstream and downstream, allow the inclusion of the Tagus estuary in the mesotid estuary class.

The Climate
The climate of
the region where the Natural Reserve of the Tejo Estuary is located is of the Mediterranean type, being December and January the coldest and rainy months and July and August the hottest and dryest.

Temperature
 The daily average temperature of the air is between 16 to 17.5 ºC.

RAIN
The average annual precipitation between 600 and 700 mm

LIGHT
The average annual insolation between 2,900 and 3,000 h.

WIND
The prevailing winds are from the north quadrant.

The soil of the estuary
The soil of the estuary presents:
1. Coastal habitats and halophytic vegetation;
2. freshwater habitats.
3. Heavens and weeds of temperate zones
4. Natural and semi-natural herbaceous formations
5. Temperate Europe forests, Mediterranean deciduous and Mediterranean sclerophyll forests.

Coastal habitats and halophytic vegetation

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In the vegetation of the Natural Reserve of the Tejo Estuary stands out the vast halophytic (i.e., salt tolerant) or marshland that borders the estuary. Consisting mainly of grasses and small shrubs, which colonize the compacted vasa soils on the estuarine banks as far as the tides arrive, it represents the continuity of primary productivity between the aquatic and terrestrial environments. These vascular plants are the main primary producers of the estuary, with their annual biomass production estimated at 17,790 tons. of carbon / year.

Spartina maritima, commonly known as morraça, is the pioneer grass in the colonization of consolidated vases. This species well adapted to the prolonged immersion of salt water forms here and there, islets on the edges of the marsh, creating conditions necessary for the development of other species such as the white grass Halimione portulacoides and the Sarcocornia fruticosa grass. These species play a key role in the composition, structure and dynamics of marsh. Other gramomas present are Sarcocornia perenne, Salicornia nitens and Arthrocnemum spp ..
Where the tide arrives less often or there is fresh water flow, there is a procession of plants that includes the valerde-marshes Suaeda vera, the Aster tripolium mussel, the Puccinellia maritima moraine, the muller-bastard Inula crithmoides, the limonium Limonium spp. and the Atriplex halimus. Further upstream, where the salinity of the waters is quite low, the Scirpus maritimus junction and the Phragmites australis reed dominate the shores forming extensive canycal spots.

In the aquatic environment itself, the existence of phytoplankton (primary production estimated at 4,400 tons of carbon / year, throughout the estuarine area) is still to be noted; of microfitobentos, predominantly constituted by unicellular algae from the diatomaceous group that proliferate on the surface of the vasas and sands, making photosynthesis while they are exposed to light during the empty tide (estimated primary production in a value close to 11,000 tons of carbon / year, in the entire estuarine area); and of macrophytic algae, represented mainly by the Fucus vesiculosus, the sea bass Ulva lactuca and the gracilaria Gracilaria verrucosa (primary production estimated at 4,000 tons of carbon / year, in the entire estuarine area).

In the terrestrial environment (mouchões, Lezíria sul and Pancas area), the natural vegetation consists mainly of herbaceous species that form natural pastures or grow spontaneously on the edges of cultivated fields, natural pastures, stubble and initial stages of cultivation. Shrubby and arboreal species develop in a narrow sandy strip that crosses the clay fields of the sorzia downstream of Sorraia, as well as in the semi-natural hedge that delimits the Pleistocene terraces at the nascent boundary of this Protected Area.

Vegetation

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In the Tejo Estuary and adjacent land areas included in the Special Protection Zone, within the Natura Network, 35 species of mammals occur, 194 species of birds with regular presence (aquatic, steppe and forest - 46 of which are included in the Annex I to Directive 2009/147 / EC), in addition to 9 reptile and 11 amphibian species. There are references to the occurrence of 101 species of fish in the estuary, but the number of species with a regular presence will not exceed 40.

ICTIOFAUNA

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In the late Tertiary and early Quaternary the Tagus estuary will have had different characteristics. Most probably it would be an estuary of shallow waters and marshy that constituted a deltaico system interspaced by numerous channels. Currently, its morphology is quite different, presenting an irregular shape and capricious cuts, evidencing a complex evolution.
Structurally the Tagus estuary presents a geometry and morphological parameters quite variable, being able to be divided into four distinct zones.
The most upstream zone has a delta morphology, resulting from the sedimentation of modern alluviums, and extends from Vila Franca de Xira to the Alcochete / Sacavém line. This region of the estuary is characterized by a system of mouchões, estuaries and large strewn with tide.
It follows an area known as Mar-da-Palha, which extends to Cais do Sodré. Deeper than the previous one, this is the greater zone of the estuary, constituting a species of interior sea where they come pouring rivers and streams. It is on the banks of this "Sea" that the great industrial enterprises that surround the estuary are located, and it is also in this that most of the crossings are made by boat between the two banks.
The third zone of the estuary has the form of a channel with a depth that, in some points, reaches to reach near 40 m. Delimited to the north by the calcáreos of the Cretaceous and to the south by the detrital rocks (sands, argillites, sandstones) of Miocénico, in its margins are located the cities of Lisbon and Almada.
Finally, the estuary gradually begins to give way to the marine waters. It is the terminal zone that forms like a mouth, immediately after the channel of the Tagus estuary and that can be delimited until the line Bugio / S.Julião.
The natural reserve, located in the delta area upstream of the Mar-da-Palha, presents a certain geological monotony where the modern alluvial deposits of the Lezíria Sul and the left margin reach Alcochete, with isolated lithic materials of a dune cord and the plistocene formations of the Tagus basin.

Tejo Estuary

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Arrábida concentrates a high biodiversity of vegetal biodiversity, thus, in 42 types and subtypes of present habitats, 10 are priority for conservation.

Habitats:

Note: with * the priority habitats are marked.

Marine and inland dunes

Maritime dunes of the Atlantic coasts, the North Sea and the Baltic and fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("gray dunes") *
Atlantic dalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Maritime dunes of the Mediterranean coasts
Dunes with forests of Pinus pinea or Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica - see Annex

Sclerophyllous matos

Mediterranean arborescent bush
Arborescent bushes of Laurus nobilis

Natural and semi-natural herbaceous formations
Natural meadows
 Limestone rock or basophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi
 Semi-natural dry herbaceous formations and shrub facies
Semi-natural dry meadows and shrub facies on limestone substrate (Festuco-Brometalia) (* important orchid habitats)
Grass and annual subestepes of Thero-Brachypodietea


Rocky habitats and caves
Rocky slopes with chasmophilic vegetation
Calcareous slabs

Forests
Temperate European forests
Alluvial forests of Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)


The habitat that corresponds to low formations of euphorbiaceous near cliffs is also evidenced, that in the Arrábida is represented by paleoendemismo Euphorbia pedroi.

The complexity and diversity of marine habitats in the Arrábida Sea make it a biodiversity hotspot - an exceptional site from the point of view of European-wide biodiversity indexes with over 1400 species recorded.

It is also worth mentioning the presence of rock blocks as a particular habitat variant 1170 [PDF 430 KB] Reefs - where the largest number of rare species are found in Portugal.

Arrabida - Portinho e Galápos

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Endemic species: cochlear-juvenile Jonopsidium acaule, a priority species for conservation under Directive 92/43 / EEC, the aromatic thyme-fleshy Thymus carnosus and Thymus capitellatus and the emblematic Santolina impressa and Linaria ficalhoana, all of which are also protected by that Directive.


In the zones of sapal, as in the Comporta, Carrasqueira, Monte Novo de Palma and Herdade do Pinheiro, the plants with greater expression are the gramata branca, Halimione portulacoides (syn Atriplex portulacoides), the Salicornia ramosissima and the valverde-dos-sapais, Sueda maritima , among others.
The type of riparian vegetation occurs quite frequently in the Natural Reserve, forming authentic riverside forests with Alnus glutinosa alder, Fraxinus angustifolia narrow leaf ash, Ulmus minor elm, Salix alba willow, among others.
Swamps are also a frequent type of formation in the Nature Reserve and occur in areas where water velocity and runoff are slow. The predominant species in this type of vegetation are the reeds of Phragmites australis, the tabiens of Thypha spp. and Juncus spp. and Scirpus spp.
The pine forests are also another type of plant formation existing in the Reserve in pure stands of Pinus pinea or Pinus pinaster with the same or with the cork oak.
Finally, another type of training well represented in the Reserve is the cork oak Quercus suber.

Gramata-Branca

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The aquatic avifauna gives the Tagus estuary the status of the most important wetland in the country and one of the most important in Europe. The numbers of wintering species reach about 120,000 individuals. Regularly recorded counts indicate that more than 10,000 Antarctic animals and 50,000 waders overwinter in this Nature Reserve, of which Recurvirostra avosetta, o alfaiate, is the most outstanding.
Many other species also attest to the biological richness and value to the Nature Conservation of this region, namely the Phoenicopterus roseus, flamingo, the Anser anser,o ganso bravo, the Calidris alpina,o pilrito-de-peito-preto and the milherango, Limosa limosa.

Alfaiate - Recurvirostra avosetta

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Come up with possible reasons for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park. From the three options below, select the reason you find most likely.
The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

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Pilrito-de-peito preto - Calidris alpina

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Pilrito-de-peito preto - Calidris alpina

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"The Tejo estuary has a fundamental ecological and economic role, since it concentrates all the biological material dragged along the course of the river, which turns the estuary into an area extremely rich in living beings and of importance based on the settlement of the maritime coast.
The biological value of the estuary translates into the production of mineral and organic nutrients on which much of the life in adjacent, estuary and coastal waters depends; in the assimilation of debris resulting from its capacity of self-purification, by tertiary treatment, which acts in the removal and recycling of inorganic nutrients; in maintaining the nitrogen and sulfur cycles.
In addition to all these values, it is also worth noting their importance as a habitat for migratory birds, which in turn are a valuable natural value indicating the conditions of the environment and important factors in the balance of the agricultural ecosystems with higher productivity. In this respect, it is important to say that the Tejo estuary receives about 75% of the population of Recurvirostra avosetta in winter in Europe, in addition to internationally important concentrations of other species of waterfowl. No. 565/76 of 19 July)
The Portuguese State recognized the exceptional importance of this area in terms of natural heritage by creating the Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve through Decree-Law No. 565/76 of July 19. In this way, it was possible to initiate a rational management of the estuary so as not to irreversibly jeopardize its biological potential.

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The estuaries, on the one hand, due to the mild climate and abundant food resources and, on the other hand, because they form part of the hinterland between the sea and the interior, place for the settlement of populations.
The human presence in the Tejo estuary has been crowded since the Paleolithic. Recently, along the southern access of the Vasco da Gama bridge, an important deposit dating from the Middle Paleolithic was found. The well-known "congeiros de Muge" go back to the Mesolithic. The Romans, first, the Arabs, later, frequented the banks of the Tagus. After the reconquest, the city of Lisbon assumed as a factor of consolidation of the newly obtained independence and, later, it was from the Tagus that the ships that left to give other worlds to the world left. Nowadays, the estuary is the main agglutinative element of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, which means that it is associated with the direct interests of approximately a quarter of the Portuguese population.

Agriculture and Livestock
The agricultural fields in Leziria Sul, irrigated by a network of freshwater ditches draining to the Tagus and Sorraia, support crops of irrigated land, rainforest and rice paddies. In the Reserve, large areas of pasture are home to livestock, especially the cattle of the lide - the brave bull - which, along with the Lusitanian horse, are the brand image of the Ribatejo grassland.

Saline activity
For millennia, the saline activity was one of the main sources of income of the region and of the country. The deactivation of salinas has been progressively depleted due to the importation of salt from abroad and the progress made in the means of preserving food, especially the aquatic birds that suffer most from the loss of part of their value.
The salt marshes are the physical structures of an activity that shaped the landscape and held a culture of knowledge and living transmitted from generation to generation. It is with the fine salt - the flower of salt - obtained at the beginning of the harvest that the "salt loaves" are prepared, pressed in small parallelepipedic forms in which are engraved elements allusive to the diverse values ​​of the region, most of the time iron of the (as) the owners of the land. To the "white-gold", once collected in the Tejo is attached an important role in the commercial transactions between Portugal and northern Europe at the time.


Fishing
The Alosa alosa sable attracted numerous fishermen from the area of ​​Vieira de Leiria and the region of Aveiro to the estuary, which was also abundant in numerous other species, proliferating, even, oyster banks. However, their numbers have been decimated, or seriously jeopardized, by pollution from urban, industrial and agricultural sources. Fishing activity has drastically reduced, and today only a few boats are engaged mainly in catching sole, bass and eel. The return of species almost disappeared, in the case of the charroco Halobatrachus didactylus, seems to point to a certain recovery of the fishing wealth.
The different fishing gear (nets, traps and devices) reveal the ingenuity of the people who work in the estuary, capturing their livelihood. Among the fishermen's nuclei, there are the communities of avieiros and varinos, based in Alhandra, Póvoa de Sta. Iria and Vila Franca de Xira. They were typical of their fishing ports stilts (built on the water), constituted by a set of piers parallel to each other and perpendicular to the river. The evolution of fishing boats and transport on the river is also part of the cultural heritage to be explored.

Traffic between the two banks

The intense river traffic related to fishing activity and the transport of people and goods was animated by a diverse set of vessels such as frigates, varins, faluas, boats, mill boats, moios boats, catraios, boats of boats, boats, canoes, bateiras, boats of water above, etc. The remarkable variety of shape of the vessels, resulting from the creativity of our shipyards and the style of each one represents a cultural element of great interest. In the 80's of the XX, in order to counteract the disappearance of the frigate, varino and falua, the riverside municipalities of Seixal, Moita, Alcochete and Vila Franca de Xira recovered some traditional vessels, converting them to tourism, recreation or leisure activities and environmental education.

Built heritage
As there are no major buildings inside the Reserve, the built heritage is mainly important due to its connection with the cultural heritage.

The Hermitage of Our Lady of Alcamé was built in the 16th century. XVIII, in neoclassical and monumental style, under the invocation of Our Lady of the Conception, was the appropriate place for the workers of the lazírias there fulfilling their religious obligations. It is located in the Special Protection Zone near the northern limit of the Natural Reserve. At the end of the century, In the 19th century, festivities were held here, organized by a commission of party-goers who were part of Vila Franca de Xira, Alhandra and Alverca. In the 1940s, from the XX, a group of owners resumed the organization of the parties by associating them with the "Incarnate Vest" of Vila Franca de Xira. In recent years, the Varina Association of Vila Franca de Xira has been promoting the pilgrimage through June 17, with the participation of other local associations. The campinos, accompanied by the band and the procession, transport the Andor with the image of Our Lady of the Conception from the Mother Church to the quay, where the boarding ceremony takes place. The procession proceeds along the river, in traditional boats all decked out, to the pier of the Marquis. There, the andor is transferred to a cart, following the procession to the hermitage, where the religious ceremonies are carried out, which include the blessing of the cattle and the camp with presentation of folkloric ranches and activities associated with the cabrests and campinos.

Varino

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The Tejo Estuary Natural Reserve covers an area of ​​14,416.14 ha, which includes an extensive line of estuarine waters, fields of vines trimmed by stems, mouchões, marshes, salt marshes and agricultural alluvium lands (lezírias). It is inserted in a higher zone of the estuary, distributing itself by the counties of Alcochete, Benavente and Vila Franca de Xira and not exceeding 11 m of altitude and 10 m of depth.