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Rise of Nationalism: Nationalism is the deep devotion to one's country. It can cause competition between countries. Rivalries developed between Europe's powerhouses such as Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France. Causes of rivalries were varied, such as market, materials, & territories.

Imperialism and Militarism: Due to European powers' great colonization around the world and competition for land, many European countries were at each others' throats. During the Early 20th century, many European powers felt the need for stronger militaries, leading to a large arms race. By the year 1914, most European powers had large standing armies except Britain.

Militarism: The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war.

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Nations take Sides: Central powers consist of Austria-Hungary & Germany, later to be joined by Bulgaria & the Ottoman Empire. The Allies consisted of Britain, France, Russia, Japan, & Italy.

Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, & the Ottoman Empire

Allies:  Britain, France, Russia, Japan, & Italy.

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The Gallipoli Campaign: The Gallipoli campaign was a plan to defeat the Turkish Ottoman Empire and capture the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople,  through the Dardanelles and establish a supply line to Russia. The plan was executed in February 1915. Allied troops consisting of British, Australian, New Zealand, & French repeatedly attacked the Gallipoli peninsula. Furthermore, Turkish troops, commanded by German officers, maintained a strong defensive. By May, both sides had dug in and begun to fight a stalemate. In December 1915, The Allied had begun to evacuate and abandon the plan.

Battles in Africa and Asia: In Asia, Japanese troops had rapidly taken German outposts in China, as well as capturing Germany's Pacific island colonies. English & French troops in Africa attacked and taken control of 3 out of the 4 Germany owned African possessions. Britain & France also recruited soldiers, as well as laborers from India, South Africa, Senegal, Egypt, Algeria, and Indochina. Many colonies believed that fighting in the war would help them gain independence.

America Joins the Fight: In January 1917, the Germans announced that they would sink any ship in the waters around Britain. A policy called unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany had tried this before on May 7th, 1915, when the German sunk the British passenger boat, Lusitania. The attack left 1198 people dead, with 128 being American. After two more attacks, the Germans agreed to no longer attack neutral or passenger ships due to protest by President Woodrow Wilson. However, looking for an advantage to defeat the Allies, the Germans began sinking any ships around Britain. The German ended up sinking 3 American boats, ignoring President Wilson's warnings. In February 1917, American officials intercepted a German message from Germany's foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, to Mexico. The message was asking Mexico to join the war and side with the Central powers, in return, Germany would help Mexico reclaim land from America. Due to these factors, on April 2nd, 1917, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. The United States had joined the war on the Allied side.

unrestricted submarine warfare: The policy to sink any ship without warning in a specific area.

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Woodrow Wilson: American Representative
Georges Clemenceau: French Representative

Wilson's Plan for Peace: President Wilson drafted a plan for a long-lasting peace known as the Fourteen Points, with goals such as free trade, freedom of the seas, reduced army & navy sizes, suggestions for changing borders, & creating new countries.

Fourteen Points: A series of peace proposals drafted by Woodrow Wilson
self-determination: Allowing the people to decide for themselves what type of government they wished to live under.

The Versailles Treaty: Britain & France both showed no signs of agreeing with Wilson's visions of peace. The Treaty of Versailles was the compromised reached between the nations' leaders and was signed between Germany & the Allies on June 28, 1919, 5 years after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. The treaty set strict punishment on Germany, such as seizing all of Germany's possessions in Africa & the Pacific.

Treaty of Versailles: A treaty signed between Germany & the Allies, which created the League of Nations & inflicted punishments on the Central Powers.
League of Nations: An international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations.

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Bismarck Forges Early Pacts: During the years 1864 to 1871, Otto von Bismarck unified Germany through war and declared it a "satisfied power". He then turned to unifying Europe in peace, in which he saw that France was the biggest threat to peace in Europe. Due to this, Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary & Italy.

Triple Alliance: An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy against France.

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace: Due to resignation of Bismarck to Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany's foreign foreign policy changed. Due to this, Britain, Russia, & France allied together to form the Triple Entente.

Kaiser Wilhelm II: The Kaiser of Germany after Otto von Bismarck
Triple Entente: The alliance between France, Britian, and Russia against the rapidly militarizing Germany.

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Western Front: deadlocked region in northern France

The Conflict Grinds Along: Germany's plan of action was the Schliefen Plan which was to get a swift victory in France, then rush back east and defeat Russia. By September, a German victory in the west seemed likely as they were at the outskirts of Paris, but on Sept. 5, the Allies regrouped and attacked the German from the NE. After 4 days of fighting, German generals ordered a retreat. The First Battle of Marne was one of the most important moments in the war. Germany, realizing that they could not score a quick victory in the west, sent the troops back east to deal with the invading Russians.

Schliefen Plan: A German plan for victory that involved a quick victory in the West, then dealing with the invading Russians.

War in the Trenches: In early 1915, both armies dug out trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire. This became the stage for trench warfare. Life in the trenches was miserable and offered a horrid type of lifestyle. The land in-between both sides was called no man's land, as it often led to death. In 1916, the battle of Verdun led to the slaughter of more than 1 million soldiers.

Trench Warfare: A type of fighting that forced sides to dig in for cover. This led to fights that involved close to no land gains.

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Governments Wage Total War: Most countries on both sides devoted all resources to the war effort in an effort to win. In Britian, Germany, Austria, Russia, and France, the wartime government took control of the economy, such as ordering factories what to produce and how much. Unemployment in many countries disappeared as every able-bodied civilian was put to work. Many goods were also in limited supply, and were rationed. Rationing covered many things, from butter to shoe leather. Governments also suppressed antiwar activities as well as censored news about the war to prevent people going against the war. Governments also used propaganda, one-sided information designed to persuade, to keep up morale and support the war.

total war: A term used to refer to when countries dedicate all of their resources to war efforts.
rationing: A system that allowed people to buy small amounts of specific items needed for the war effort, such as shoe leather.
propoganda: one-sided information designed to keep support up for a specific idea.

Women and the War: Due to the total war, governments turned to women like never before for labour. Thousands of women were hired for a wide variety of jobs. Although most women left their jobs after the war, it changed the view of what women were capable to do. Many women also experienced firsthand the horror of the battlefield, as they worked as nurses in the front line.

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The Creation of New Nations: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, & Russia were carved into many different countries, such as, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia from Austria-Hungary, Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan governed by the British, Syria and Lebanon governed by the French, &  Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, as well as Poland & Romania were formed or gained territory from Russia.

"A Peace Built on Quicksand"
The United States rejected the Treaty of Versailles as they believed the best way for peace was to stay out of European affairs. Germany felt hatred and bitterness from the clauses of the treaty. Colonies felt betrayed as they felt they earned independence and not the mandate system. Some of the Allied, such as Japan & Italy, who joined the war to gain territory, had gained less than they had hoped for. The League of Nations too was weak as there was no major countries supporting it.

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A Restless Region: Many countries were breaking off of the Ottoman Empire, such as Greece, Montenegro, & Bulgaria. Countries like Serbia were opposed by their neighbors that had large Slavic populations. Austria, too, annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country with a large Slavic population.

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe: During a tour of Bosnia, Archduke of Austria, Franz Ferdinand was shot by a Serbian nationalist. Austria, offered an ultimatum of difficult demands, but then declared war on Serbia. Due to this, Russia, one of Serbia's ally, ordered troops to charge towards the Austrian border.

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Eastern Front: The battlefield between Russia & the Central Powers at the Russo-German Border.

Early Fighting: First, Russia launched attacks into Austria & Germany, however, Germany counterattacked at the end of August at the town of Tannerberg. During the four-day battle, Germany defeated the Russians and sent them into retreat. More than 30K Russian soldiers were killed. Russia defeated the Austrians twice, but in December 1914, Austria managed to turn the tide and eventually pushed them out of Austria-Hungary.

Russia Struggles: Russia was unable to keep up with supply demands because of it's lack of industrialization and Germany's controlling of the Russian supply lines. However, Russia was able to upholster it's army with it's large populous. Due to this, Germany could not focus it's full force in the west. Eventually, the fighting spread to South & South East Asia.

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Russia Withdraws: In March 1917, civil unrest ensued in Russia, as there was a shortage of food & fuel. This caused Czar Nicholas to step down and allow a provisional government to take place. However, by November 1917, Russians refused to fight & a revolution, led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, took over the country. The new communist regime offered Germany a truce, called the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended the war between Germany and Russia.

The Central Powers Collapse: Due to the treaty between Russia, Germany sent all of its forces at France for one final attack. By late May 1918, the Germans reached the Marne River again. However, due to the weakness caused by the exhausted men & supplies, the Allies, alongside 140,000 United States troops counterattacked. In July 1918, the Allies & Germany fought at the Second Battle of Marne. The Allies, with 350 tanks, were able to push past the German line & with the arrival of 2 million more American troops, were able to push into Germany. Soon, the Central powers collapsed, first the Bulgarians, then the Ottomans. In October 1918, revolution passed through Austria-Hungary, & in Germany, the public turned on the Kaiser. On November 9th, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down & Germany declared itself a Republic. A representative of the new German government met French Commander Marshal Foch and signed an armistice.

armistice: An agreement to stop fighting.

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Summarize the new weapons that developed during the course of WWI:

Poison Gas: A weapon developed by Germans. Both sides wore masks.
Machine Gas: An automatic weapon that could wipe out waves of enemies
Tank: An armored combat vehicle that could maneuver many different terrains.
Submarine: Introduced by the Germans as an effective warship. Submarines used torpedoes, an underwater missile.
Planes: Nations in the year 1914 realized the potential of an air force, and planes were used for ground support and to fight other planes.

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General Notes: WW1 left a landscape of death and destruction across the whole world. Around 8.5 million soldiers died in the war. Around 21 million were wounded. Starvation, disease, & slaughter led to death of many civilians. Around $338 billion was spent on the war, a large amount at that time.