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Concrete-Representational-Abstract (CRA) is a three-step instructional approach that has been found to be very effective while teaching math. Typically, students work at all three stages simultaneously.

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Acquisition
Fluency
Generalization

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When working in concrete, students work with manipulatives and participate in hands-on activities to demonstrate their thinking. When representing, students use pictures. Lastly, when working abstract, students use numbers and symbols.

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One of the great things about this instructional approach is it can be used in just about any setting in the classroom. It can be used during whole-group, small group, and individual work.

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In order for this to be successful, teachers must be comfortable with using hands-on materials in their classrooms. It is also important teachers are able to connect and bridge the C R and A, and do this as soon as possible. Teachers should also take formal and informal assessments throughout the C-R-A at any stage. It is very important teachers are selecting materials and representations that will benefit their students. It should be at their appropriate level.

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How often should I use Concrete-Representational-Abstract?

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How often should I use Concrete-Representational-Abstract?

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As long as necessary. Teachers should continue to use C-R-A for as long as they think their students need and is appropriate to help their student understand the important concepts related to the specific topic they are working on.