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What will you find in this Padlet?  CLASS INFORMATION, CLASS NOTES, BOOK READINGS, CLASS RECORDINGS, FUN VIDEOS and other things pertaining to our class!  Please check out this site often!  Units are color coded, so you can easily scroll to the unit you are looking for!  NEW POSTINGS ARE ADDED AT THE END, so SCROLL DOWN TO SEE THE MOST RECENT UNIT!!!

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What will you find in this Padlet?  CLASS INFORMATION, CLASS NOTES, BOOK READINGS, CLASS RECORDINGS, FUN VIDEOS and other things pertaining to our class!  Please check out this site often!  Units are color coded, so you can easily scroll to the unit you are looking for!  NEW POSTINGS ARE ADDED AT THE END, so SCROLL DOWN TO SEE THE MOST RECENT UNIT!!!

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Please scroll through to see the entire syllabus. Make special note of the CLOSE/END dates.

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ALL LEARNING COACHES, please read through this letter! Thank you!

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The history of the world according to cats - Eva-Maria Geigl

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All class notes from Unit 9 will be posted here.  Updates added daily.  Class video links are posted within the notes!  Be sure to watch them if you have not done so already, in class!

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 279-283

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 284-289

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 290-295

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People have been living in Greece for over 40,000 years . The earliest settlers mostly lived a simple hunter-gatherer or farming lifestyle.

The were the first great Greek civilisation. They didn't live on mainland Greece but on the nearby island of Crete , between 2200BC and 1450BC. They were known as the Minoans after their legendary king, Minos.

After the Minoans came the Mycenaean civilisation , from mainland Greece. They were fine builders and traders, but they were also great soldiers. They famously fought in the battle of Troy. , an important Greek writer, told stories of the Mycenaean age in his books and The Odyssey.

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People have been living in Greece for over 40,000 years . The earliest settlers mostly lived a simple hunter-gatherer or farming lifestyle. The were the first great Greek civilisation. They didn't live on mainland Greece but on the nearby island of Crete , between 2200BC and 1450BC.

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The Roman Empire and Qing Dynasty are now only ruins, but there's far more to discover about the ancient world. Explore classical history, mythology, language, and literature, and learn more about the many fascinating figures of the ancient world.

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The Roman Empire and Qing Dynasty are now only ruins, but there's far more to discover about the ancient world. Explore classical history, mythology, language, and literature, and learn more about the many fascinating figures of the ancient world.

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Solon-a wise man, poet, and leader-made some necessary changes in the government of Athens, but he also created problems that needed fixing. Cleisthenes' reforms were instrumental in converting earlier democratic tendencies into a governmental democracy.

In the 7th century B.C., economic crises coupled with the start of the age of tyranny elsewhere in Greece-beginning in c. 650 with Cypselus of Corinth, led to unrest in Athens.

In the final quarter of the century, the Draconian law code was so severe that the word 'draconian' was named after the man who wrote the laws. At the start of the next century, in 594 B.C., Solon, a widely traveled aristocrat, and poet was appointed sole archon to avert catastrophe in Athens.

Solon's Modest Social Reforms

While Solon enacted compromises and democratic reforms, he kept the social organization of Attica and the Athenians, the clans and tribes. Following the end of his archonship, political factions and conflict developed. One side, the men of the Coast (consisting mainly of the middle classes and peasants), favored his reforms. The other side, the men of the Plain (consisting mainly of Eupatrids 'nobles'), favored restoration of an aristocratic government.

The Tyranny of Pisistratus (aka Peisistratos)

Pisistratus (6th C. - 528/7 B.C.*) took advantage of the unrest. He wrested control of the Acropolis in Athens by means of a coup in 561/0, but the major clans soon deposed him.

That was only his first attempt. Backed by a foreign army and the new Hill party (composed of men not included in either the Plain or Coast parties), Pisistratus took control of Attica as a constitutional tyrant (c. 546).

Pisistratus encouraged cultural and religious activities. He improved the Great Panathenaia, which had been reorganized in 566/5, adding athletic contests to the festival in honor of the city's patron goddess Athena.

He built a statue to Athena on the Acropolis and minted the first silver Athena owl coins. Pisistratus publicly identified himself with Heracles and especially with the help Heracles received from Athena.

Pisistratus is credited with bringing rural festivals honoring the god of revelry, Dionysus, into the city, thereby creating the extremely popular Great Dionysia or the City Dionysia, the festival known for the great dramatic competitions. Pisistratus included tragedy (then a new literary form) in the festival, along with a new theater, as well as the theatrical competitions. He gave a prize to the 1st writer of tragedies, Thespis (c. 534 B.C.).

While first generation tyrants were generally benign, their successors tended to be more like what we envision tyrants to be. Pisistratus' sons, Hipparchus and Hippias, followed their father to power, although there is debate as to who and how the succession was ordered:

" Pisistratus died at an advanced age in possession of the tyranny, and then, not, as is the common opinion, Hipparchus, but Hippias (who was the eldest of his sons) succeeded to his power."
Thucydides Book VI Jowett translation

Hipparchus favored the cult of Hermes-a god associated with small tradesmen-placing Herms along the roads.

This is a significant detail because Thucydides uses it as a point of comparison between leaders in connection with the mutilation of the herms attributed to Alcibiades at the time of the Peloponnesian War.

" They did not investigate the character of the informers, but in their suspicious mood listened to all manner of statements, and seized and imprisoned some of the most respectable citizens on the evidence of wretches; they thought it better to sift the matter and discover the truth; and they would not allow even a man of good character, against whom an accusation was brought, to escape without a thorough investigation, merely because the informer was a rogue. For the people, who had heard by tradition that the tyranny of Pisistratus and his sons ended in great oppression...."
Thucydides Book VI Jowett translation

Hipparchus may have lusted after Harmodius...

" Now the attempt of Aristogiton and Harmodius arose out of a love affair....
Harmodius was in the flower of youth, and Aristogiton, a citizen of the middle class, became his lover. Hipparchus made an attempt to gain the affections of Harmodius, but he would not listen to him, and told Aristogiton. The latter was naturally tormented at the idea, and fearing that Hipparchus who was powerful would resort to violence, at once formed such a plot as a man in his station might for the overthrow of the tyranny. Meanwhile Hipparchus made another attempt; he had no better success, and thereupon he determined, not indeed to take any violent step, but to insult Harmodius in some secret place, so that his motive could not be suspected.
Ibid.

However, the passion was not returned, so he humiliated Harmodius. Harmodius and his friend Aristogiton, the men who are renowned for freeing Athens of its tyrants, then assassinated Hipparchus. They weren't alone in defending Athens against tyrants. In Herodotus, Volume 3, William Beloe says Hippias tried to get a courtesan named Leaena to reveal the name of Hipparchus' accomplices, but she bit off her own tongue so as not to answer. Hippias' own rule was considered despotic and he was exiled in 511/510.

See "Politics and Folktale in the Classical World," by James S. Ruebel. Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 50, No. 1 (1991), pp. 5-33.

The exiled Alcmaeonids wanted to return to Athens, but couldn't, so long as the Pisistratids were in power.

By taking advantage of Hippias' growing unpopularity, and by gaining the support of the Delphic oracle, the Alcmaeonids forced the Pisistratids to leave Attica.

Cleisthenes vs. Isagoras

Back in Athens, the Eupatrid Alcmaeonids, led by Cleisthenes ( c. 570 - c. 508 B.C.), allied with the mostly non-aristocratic Coast party. The Plain and Hill parties favored Cleisthenes' rival, Isagoras, from another Eupatrid family. Isagoras appeared to have the numbers and the upper hand until Cleisthenes promised citizenship to those men who had been excluded from it.

Cleisthenes and the 10 Tribes of Athens

Cleisthenes won the bid for power. When he became the chief magistrate, he had to face the problems Solon had created 50 years earlier through his compromising democratic reforms-foremost among which was the allegiance of citizens to their clans. In order to break such loyalties, Cleisthenes divided the 140-200 demes (natural divisions of Attica) into 3 regions: city, coast, and inland. In each of the 3 regions, the demes were divided into 10 groups called trittyes. Each trittys was called by the name of its chief deme. He then disposed of the 4 birth-based tribes and created 10 new ones composed of one trittys from each of the 3 regions. The 10 new tribes were named after local heroes:

The Council of 500

The Areopagus and archons continued, but Cleisthenes modified Solon's Council of 400 based on the 4 tribes.

Cleisthenes changed it to a Council of 500 to which

Each tribe contributed 50 members.

Each deme contributed a number proportional to its size. Over time, each member came to be chosen by lot from those citizens who were at least 30-years old and approved by the outgoing council.

Instead of having the unwieldy 500 sitting day after day for the year of their office, each tribe sat on the administrative and executive council for 1/10 of the year.

These groups of 50 men were called prytanies. The Council could not declare war. Declaring war and vetoing recommendations of the Council were responsibilities of the Assembly of all citizens.

Cleisthenes reformed the military, as well. Each tribe was required to supply a hoplite regiment and a squadron of horsemen. A general from each tribe commanded these soldiers.

Ostraka and Ostracism

Information on the reforms of Cleisthenes is available through Herodotus (Books 5 and 6) and Aristotle ( Athenian Constitution and Politics). The latter claims that Cleisthenes was also responsible for the institution of ostracism, which allowed the citizens to get rid of a fellow citizen whom they feared was getting too powerful, temporarily. The word ostracism comes from ostraka, the word for the potsherds on which the citizens wrote the name of their candidates for the 10-year exile.

The 10 Tribes of Athens
*'Aristotle' Athenaion politeia 17-18 says Pisistratus grew old and ill while in office, and died 33 years from his first time as tyrant.

J.B. Bury: A History of Greece

(pages.ancientsites.com/~Epistate_Philemon/newspaper/cleis.html)

(www.pagesz.net/~stevek/ancient/lecture6b.html) The Athenian Origins of Direct Democracy

(www.alamut.com/subj/artiface/deadMedia/agoraMuseum.html) Technology of Ancient Democracy

Aspects of Greek History 750-323 BC: A Source-Based Approach, by Terry Buckley (2010)

"The Career of Peisistratos Son of Hippias," by Michael F. Arnush; Hesperia Vol. 64, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1995), pp. 135-162.

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Cleisthenes' Creation of the 10 Tribes of Athens

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Solon-a wise man, poet, and leader-made some necessary changes in the government of Athens, but he also created problems that needed fixing. Cleisthenes' reforms were instrumental in converting earlier democratic tendencies into a governmental democracy. In the 7th century B.C., economic crises coupled with the start of the age of tyranny elsewhere in Greece-beginning in c.

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 299-306

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 306-309

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Battle of Salamis 480 BC (Persian Invasion of Greece) DOCUMENTARY

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A fun site to check out!

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Athens is a sprawling city established among seven historic hills and surrounded by remarkable mountains. Inhabited for more than 3,000 years, Athens is widely known as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy. Consisting of a large city center, an urban district and metropolitan area, Athens presents a confusing blend of historical and modern features.

The city is famous for its archaeological ruins and monuments. However, Athens is not just about ancient ruins. This bustling city is also an important center for culture, nightlife and sports. An overview of the top tourist attractions in Athens.
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Travelers who are mad about theatre won't want to miss the Theatre of Dionysus, the oldest theatre in Greece. Many of the most famous ancient Greek comedies and tragedies debuted on the stage here. The theatre, originally a temple built in the sixth century BC, is dedicated to Dionysus, the god of merriment and wine. Cut into a cliff on the Acropolis, the theatre could seat 17,000 people. It has been continuously remodeled over the centuries. The best views of the Theatre of Dionysus, usually credited as the birthplace of European theatre, can be seen from higher up on the Acropolis.

The glories of Greek Orthodox Christianity await visitors to the Byzantine and Christian Museum in Athens. The museum is chock full of more than 25,000 artifacts relating to Grecian artifacts from approximately the third to the 20th centuries. The exhibits include artifacts from regions where Hellenism took root, and covers the Byzantium, post-Byzantium, medieval and early Christian periods. Some of its holdings are rare, including collections of pottery, manuscripts, fabrics and frescoes. It has one of the largest collections of Byzantine art in the world. The museum has a collection of marble and limestone slabs and icons.

Centuries ago, shoppers may have rubbed shoulders with the likes of Julius Caesar and Augustus since they helped fund the Roman Agora. In contrary to the Ancient Agora which it replaced, it had a purely commercial character. The Roman Agora was built during the waning years of the first century BC when Greece was part of the Roman Empire. The new agora featured a large open space surrounded by colonnades and columns; shops were inside these borders. The 12-meter (40-foot) Tower of Wind, just east of the Roman market, features reliefs of the eight winds with a sundial underneath each.

What started out in the 1960s as two people acquiring artifacts associated with Greece's Cyclades Islands resulted in a world-class collection of Cycladic art. The Museum of Cycladic Art opened in 1986 featuring more than 3,000 artifacts and figures created between 3300 and 1100 BC on the Aegean Sea archipelago. Some of the marble figurines are lifelike in size. The statues feature nude people in an abstract or simple style and are said to have influenced 20th century artists such as Modigliani and Brancusi. Some artifacts are in groups such a heroes and gods to better give a picture of ancient Greek civilization.

The Acropolis may be the most famous hill in Athens, but Philopappos Hill isn't far behind. It also has an ancient history. Ancient Greeks believed the nine muses lived there and eventually named the hill after a monument to Philopappos, a Roman senator who is considered a benefactor of Athens. At 147 meters (482 feet) high, it offers great views of the Acropolis and the rest of Athens. To the south, the Aegean Sea can be seen on a clear day. Philopappos is buried in a marble tomb in 115 AD at the highest point on the hill.

There's something indescribably graceful about the Temple of Athena Nike that has been standing in a prominent spot on the Acropolis since 420 BC. Athena was the goddess of war and wisdom. Nike is the Greek word for victory. It was at this temple the ancient Greeks prayed for victory in a war against Sparta. The temple was destroyed in the 17th century during a war between the Venetians and the Turks, but was rebuilt. It's famous for a "wet drapery" (a type of sculpture in which "fabric" drapes over a nude body) of Nike adjusting her sandal.

Ruins aren't the only things worth visiting in Athens. In-between the ancient and the sparkling new lies Anafiotika, an old neighborhood that is worth a wander. This picturesque slice of Athens can be found below the Acropolis and just north of the historic neighborhood of Plaka. Anafiotika was built by workers from the Cyclade island of Anafi in the 1860s on the order of King Otto I. Many of the houses were destroyed in the 1950s for archeological digs, but 45 of the original houses remain. The houses feature Cycladic style architecture, reminiscent of that found on the Greek Islands. The modest houses are still inhabited and many are decorated with colorful bougainvillea.

The Benaki Museum, housed in the Benaki family's former mansion, is home to an outstanding collection of art representing various stages of Greek culture. Its holdings include 120,000 works of art starting in prehistoric times and ending today. With 181,000 books, it is Greece's largest Muslim library, though they are housed in one of the museum's four satellite facilities. The museum also has an extensive collection of Asian art. The museum started in 1934 when the Benakis donated 37,000 Islamic and Byzantine objects. Other donations over the years have made the Benaki Museum one of Greece's top museums.

In the heart of Athens, the National Garden provides a green oasis for sunny afternoon trips. The Royal Garden has a private garden for the Royal Palace, which is now the Parliament Building. The Public Garden was established in 1923. This is a quiet and peaceful place away from the bustling city with a gorgeous green canopy of trees and vibrant plant life. Statues decorate the gardens as well as flowerbeds and small ruins of antiquity. The gardens of Zappeion can also be found here, which surround the ancient congress hall that was built in the 19th century.

Though built by the ancients, Panathenaic Stadium holds a special place in sports history. This original stadium, which dates to around 300 BC and was rebuilt in 144, has hosted several Olympics. More importantly, the stadium is where the Olympic flame starts on its journey to the nation hosting that year's athletic contests. In ancient times, the stadium hosted a religious festival dedicated to the goddess Athena every four years. The current structure was restored in the 19th century for the first modern version of the Olympics Games after centuries of disuse. Panathenaic Stadium seats 50,000 spectators and is the largest stadium in the world made entirely of marble. The stadium is a major attraction in Athens.

Travelers who like to shop 'til they drop may enjoy a visit to Monastiraki, a huge market and neighborhood in the historic district in Athens. On weekdays, there is a normal marketplace with shops selling souvenirs. On the weekends, it transforms into a huge flea market, with vendors carting in tables and carpets from which they sell junk, antiques and everything in-between. One of Athens' top shopping areas, Monastiraki is a good place to buy clothing, icons and souvenirs, and people watch from a sidewalk café. Haggling over prices is expected here, but be wary about paying antique prices for a fake made in another country.

The Odeon of Herodes Atticus was - and is - a top music venue in Athens. Built in 161 by Herodes Atticus in memory of his wife, the amphitheatre could seat more than 6,000 in steeply sloped tiers at the base of the Acropolis. Alas, it was destroyed by invaders a hundred years later, only to be resurrected in the 1950s. It hosts the annual Athens Festival, an annual celebration featuring performances by international entertainers. The odeon also is a good place to take in classical Greek performances. Although a roof covered the theatre in ancient times, everything takes place under the stars today.

A main stop on any Athens tour is the New Acropolis Museum, which resides near the base of the hill overlooking the city. It has the largest collection of Greek architecture and ancient sculptures including statues of the goddess Athena and "Kritios Boy." The museum was originally scheduled to be built in time for the 2004 Olympics, but its completion was delayed due to legal battles. The museum has five floors that showcase 4,000 artifacts. Permanent exhibitions here include the Parthenon Frieze, Athena statue, Color the Peplos Kore, Parthenon Gallery and Athena Nike.

For romantic evenings, gorgeous sunsets and an amazing panoramic view of Athens, Mount Lycabettus is an incredible adventure. As the highest point in Athens, it allows visitors to see all across the Attica basin and the Aegean Sea. Climbers can also see as the chapel of St. George from its peak. A little cafe here will serve up a fantastic dinner for two. To start the hike, visitors go up the path that begins at the end of Aristippou Street in Kolonaki. The path continues to wind upwards around the mountain. Visitors can also take the funicular, which departs from Ploutarchou and Aristippou Street.

For visitors who love art exhibitions, there is no better place to visit in Greece than the National Archaeological Museum. Multiple collections can be found here from contemporary artists all the way back to antiquity. The museum also has a large collection of artwork dating back to the Neolithic Age. The collections include small vases, working tools, clay vases and other small artifacts that are some of the oldest archaeological finds dating back to the 7th millennium. Over thirty rooms, sculptures from every century can be viewed including ancient Kouroi Egyptian sculptures.

A major point of interest for any traveler to Athens is the Syntagma Square. The most famous aspect of Syntagma is the changing of the guards by the Evzones in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The Hellenic Parliament Building is located here as well as various buses, trolleys and tram stops. A fountain, ancient statues and two large grassy areas offer the picture perfect place for photos and picnics. Most major events that occur in Greece have been celebrated at the Syntagma Square. It's also the site of various political functions, and it was also at this square that the Military Junta government was overthrown in 1974. Besides the Hellenic Parliament building, other interests include the historic hotels Grande Bretagne and George II.

The Temple of Olympian Zeus is known as the largest temple in Greece. The massive ancient complex took nearly seven centuries to complete. Building originally began in 515 BC by order of Peisistratos, but work stopped on the temple as it was seen as oppressive as Peisistratos and his son were seen as tyrants by the Athenians. Work resumed in 175 BC but was halted 10 years later when the Roman architect Cossutius died. Under emperor Hardian in 132 BC, the temple was finally completed and dedicated to Zeus Olympios. The temple stands today mostly as a reminder of Greek history, but only 15 of 104 huge columns remain. The columns each rise 17 meters (57 feet) into the air and once surrounded a cella where two large statues were once placed.

The Erechtheus or Erechtheion is a temple made from Pentelic marble. It's located on the Acropolis, and it's one of the legendary pieces of Greek architecture. Its construction dates back to c. 421 and 405 when the earlier temple to Athena was destroyed by the Persian invasion. The Erechtheum was once a sanctuary dedicated to Athena Polias, Erechtheus and Poseidon. Visitors can access the shrine to Athena by going through the eastern portico. The northern portico leads to the western cella. The Porch of the Caryatids can be found through the southern portico. The six draped female figures can be found here that support the entablature, which is the Erechtheum's most defining feature.

Located to the northwest of the Acropolis, the ancient Agora of Athens was once a marketplace and civic center. The people gathered here to browse all kinds of commodities. It was also a place to meet others and talk about politics, business, current events and the nature of the universe and divine. The ancient Greek democracy can actually be traced to this ancient spot. It's a wonderful area to look at the cultural beginnings of Athens. Overlooking the Ancient Agora from its elevated position on the hill of Agoraios Kolonos, the Temple of Hephaistos was built in the 5th century BC. Similar in style but smaller than the Parthenon, the temple consists of 34 Doric columns that support a still partially intact roof. It is the best preserved temple in all of Greece thanks to its conversion into a church in the 7th century.

One of the most popular tourist attractions in Athens is the Plaka District, which resides under the Acropolis and spreads out to Syntagma. This village is almost like an island within the city, and it's the perfect way to experience authentic Greek culture. The area is quite private and boasts truly unique scenery with several cafes, ancient trees, green leaf canopies and stone walkways. The area is well-known for its food, boutique shops and cafes. Along Kydathineon Street, visitors find the Jewish Museum, Folk-Art Museum and Saita Taverna, which serves delicious bakalairo and other grilled meats.

The Parthenon is the most famous building in Athens and all of Greece. It stands majestically at the top of the Acropolis and is considered the epitome of Doric architecture, the simplest of Greek architectural styles. The temple was built to honor the goddess Athena Parthenos, the patron of Athens, to thank her for protecting the city during the Persian Wars. Situated on the site of a former temple to Athena, the Parthenon was considered completed in 438 BC, when Athens was at its peak. The symbol of ancient Greece, the Parthenon is decorated with sculptures that are considered outstanding examples of Greek art.

No visit to Athens is complete without a visit to the Acropolis, the most famous hill in the Greek capital. It's impossible not to visit this landmark since so many important Greek ruins are located here, including an old citadel for which it is named. Though only 156 meters (511 feet) high, the Acropolis is considered the highest point in the spirit of ancient Greek culture. From the Parthenon at the summit, travelers can look down on monuments built on its sides as well as over a more modem Athens. The buildings on this hill are considered a great blending of architecture with natural surroundings.

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Athens is a sprawling city established among seven historic hills and surrounded by remarkable mountains. Inhabited for more than 3,000 years, Athens is widely known as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy. Consisting of a large city center, an urban district and metropolitan area, Athens presents a confusing blend of historical and modern features.

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Reading Pages 311-316

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1. Reading Pages 316-317

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 317-319

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 319-325

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THESE PAGES WERE READ DURING OUR CLASS FOR LESSON 9.09. Please refer to the recording.

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Reading Pages 326-330 Done During Class Time!

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In the 2nd year of the Peloponnesian War, 430 BCE, an outbreak of plague erupted in Athens. The illness would persist throughout scattered parts of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean until finally dying out in 426 BCE. The origin of the epidemic occurred in sub-Saharan Africa just south of Ethiopia. The disease swept north and west through Egypt and Libya across the Mediterranean Sea into Persia and Greece. The plague entered Athens through the city's port of Piraeus. The Greek historian Thucydides recorded the outbreak in his monumental work on the Peloponnesian war (431-404 BCE) between Athens and Sparta. According to various scholars, by its end, the epidemic killed upwards of 1/3 of the population; a population which numbered 250,000-300,000 in the 5th century BCE. By most accounts, the plague which struck Athens was the most lethal episode of illness in the period of Classical Greece history.

Thucydides Description of the Plague

Thucydides, in the History of the Peloponnesian War, paused in his narrative of the war to provide an extremely detailed description of the symptoms of those he observed to be afflicted; symptoms he shared as he too was struck by the illness. Despite his lack of medical training, Thucydides provided a vivid account of a variety of ailments which afflicted the diseases:

Violent heats in the head; redness and inflammation of the eyes; throat and tongue quickly suffused with blood; breath became unnatural and fetid; sneezing and hoarseness; violent cough' vomiting; retching; violent convulsions; the body externally not so hot to the touch, nor yet pale; a livid color inkling to red; breaking out in pustules and ulcers. (2.49-2.50)

Thucydides further described patients whose fever was so intense that they preferred to be naked than wear any clothing which touched their skin; some even preferred to be submerged in cold water. Thucydides observed that the ill were "tormented by an unceasing thirst" which was not satiated regardless of the amount of liquids consumed. Many of the sick found it difficult to sleep, instead, displaying a constant restlessness. Many of the sufferers died within 7-9 days from the onset of symptoms.

If the ill were fortunate enough to live beyond the initial period of the infection, Thucydides observed that the patient suffered from "violent ulceration" and severe diarrhea usually resulting in their death. Those who survived the full run of the illness often suffered from disfigurement of their genitals, fingers and toes (which were sometimes lost), blindness, and memory loss (of others as well as themselves). Thucydides noticed that in some instances birds and other animals which usually fed on human flesh were repulsed by the diseased bodies or died themselves from consuming the diseased and rotting flesh.

Which disease?

For nearly 2500 years, historians and scholars have attempted to identify exactly what disease swept Athens resulting in so many deaths. Thucydides, not trained in medicine, did not specify an exact illness only a description of the various symptoms, people's reactions to being sick and outcomes of the course of the disease. He did note that physicians attempted numerous cures and remedies which failed. The doctors were also some of the earliest casualties due to their repeated contact with those who had fallen ill from the disease thus suggesting that whatever the disease was it was contagious. In the heat of war, it was suggested that the water drawn from local wells had been poisoned causing even men in the prime of health to become suddenly afflicted.
J.F.D.Shrewsbury - Measles
In just the last 60 years, the plague which struck Athens has been identified as one of a dozen infectious diseases. J.F.D. Shrewsbury, in "The Plague of Athens," identified the disease as being "new" to Athens. Thucydides suggested that Greek physicians did not recognize the illness which struck the population. Thucydides reason for describing the symptoms was to allow future people to recognize the illness should it ever strike again. Shrewsbury provides a list of opinions from the 1940s CE attempting to identify the disease. Typhus, typhoid, smallpox, bubonic plague and a combination of the aforementioned were all offered as the culprit.

For nearly 2500 years, historians & scholars have attempted to identify exactly what disease swept Athens resulting in so many deaths.

Smallpox emerged as the most likely culprit followed by typhus and bubonic plague. Shrewsbury eliminated smallpox as people stricken with that illness would not be capable of physically moving from their beds much less throw themselves into cold water as Thucydides remarked some did. Nor does Thucydides describe any backaches, a symptom specific to the early onset of smallpox. Typhus was eliminated as there appeared to be no critical amount of black rats carrying the lice nor was any evidence offered that Athens or its citizens lived in dirt and squalor, lacked basic personal hygiene (bathing or clean clothes) to support lice. Deafness, rather than blindness which afflicted the sufferers of Athens, is another tell-tale symptom of typhus. Bubonic plague was dismissed just as easily due to a lack of evidence showing the presence of black rats which carried the fleas containing the Yesinia pestis microbe. Pneumonic plague was likewise discarded as the source of the illness as Thucydides failed to mention coughing or spitting of blood, symptoms commonly associated with that deadly infection. Typhoid fever, a water-borne illness, was also eliminated due to Thucydides' failure to describe polluted waterways or any patients suffering from rectal bleeding. Finally, Shrewsbury settled upon measles as the primary disease. The virulence of the disease suggested its "newness" to Athens along with Thucydides description of common measles symptoms such as blindness, diarrhea, gangrene, sneezing, fever and thirst.
D.L.Page - Measles
D.L. Page's article, "Thucydidies' Description of the Great Plague at Athens," reached the conclusion that a virulent form of measles swept through Athens. The diagnosis of measles was based upon two sets of description from Thucydides' account. The first set of descriptors included patients who remained mobile in the early onset of the illness; there was no mention of dysentery or mental incapacities such as delirium or coma although some patients appeared depressed. Based upon the translation of Greek terms and vocabulary used by Thucydides, the second set of descriptors indicated no period of incubation with the illness striking immediately and peaking within 7-9 days. In the event the patient survived, lesions appeared on the intestines accompanied by weakness and diarrhea. Memory loss, blindness and gangrene soon followed. Thucydides noted that the illness appeared to be new to Athens. If so, then measles seemed the likely culprit based upon a side-by-side comparison between modern descriptions of a measles outbreak and Thucydides' record. Smallpox, typhus, bubonic plague and typhoid were eliminated from consideration due largely to an inconsistently symptomology and the rapid onset of Athens' plague.
W.P.McArthur - Typhus
W.P. McArthur disagreed. In "The Athenian Plague: A Medical Note" as he identified typhus as the possible illness. Earlier scholars argued that before a diagnosis of typhus could be reached, Athenians needed to be in regular contact with black rats. McArthur replied that typhus was not spread by rats but by lice. Additional symptoms, as described by Thucydides, which suggested typhus as the culprit included some degree of mental impairment, incredible thirst, delirium, increased levels of strength and endurance, hallucinations, bleeding, bluish tone to the skin, convulsions, diarrhea, blindness and the loss of fingers & toes.
P.Salway & W.Dell - Ergot Toxin
Due to the lack of consensus and contradictory conclusions of various scholars, P. Salway and W. Dell's "Plague at Athens" continued the discussion as to the nature of the illness which struck Athens. Recognizing Thucydides as the sole source of information describing the epidemic in Athens, the authors drew readers to the specific symptoms offered by Thucydides. The multiplicity of symptoms made it difficult to draw any firm conclusion. The fevers, mental disturbances, intestinal bleeding and gangrene suggested many possibilities for the source of the condition. Of particular interest was that birds and animals were harmed by contact with the dead, diseased corpses. All infectious diseases were ruled out as the symptoms fit no known diseases. Salway and Dell turned their attention to food and water as the possible sources for the illness. Water was eliminated as soldiers fighting the war and who were away from Athens were affected by the epidemic. This left "polluted grain" as the likely culprit. Specifically, the toxin ergot, taken in small or large doses, could affect many people simultaneously. Early symptoms of ergot poisoning included depression, sweating and abdominal pain with cramping along with a pale skin hue, cold extremities and neck pains. As the illness progressed, insomnia, internal burning sensations and leg cramps afflict the sufferer. At its most severe point, ergot produced delirium, spasms & convulsions, gangrene, severe diarrhea, blisters on hands and feet accompanied by large, purple discolorations. Earlier scholars suggested ergot but their diagnoses were relegated to footnotes. The disruption and destruction of harvests and fields suggested that the affected grain and flour may have come from Thrace or Attica.
C.H.Eby & H.D.Evjen - Glanders
In "The Plague at Athens: A New Oar in Muddied Waters," Clifford H. Eby and Harold D. Evjen conceded that Thucydides' description of the outbreak's symptoms, resembling a number of known infectious diseases, would allow the reader to draw their own conclusion as to the precise disease affecting Athens in 430 BCE. The changing nature of the disease (both the particular disease and its symptoms can change over time) and the lack of knowledge about Greek medicine would make an exact diagnosis problematic. Eby & Evjen engaged in a novel approach to solving the mystery: they looked for a disease that was no longer present in European or American populations but whose symptoms matched those identified by Thucydides. The authors focused particularly on Thucydides' claim about the absence of birds and animals which would normally prey on the corpses of humans. The one exception absent from Thucydides' account was the dog. In consultation with veterinarians, glanders was suggested to be the probable cause of the epidemic as it was common to both humans and canines. Glanders produced symptoms of rash, fever, lesions, coughing, nasal & eye discharges leading to septicemia followed shortly by death. According to Aristotle, the disease existed in the 4th century BCE but was eradicated from Europe and North America by the early 20th century CE. Glanders occurs primarily in horses and mules but can be transmitted to humans via contact with the animal's infected nasal discharge or if humans share a contaminated water supply. Once one human contracts the disease it can be rapidly spread to other people when the affected person sneezes or coughs. As the epidemic erupted in the midst of war, there were undoubtedly horses and mules stationed in and around Athens supporting the armies. Only a few infected animals, in close contact with humans and/or the water supply, could have caused the epidemic episode. Glanders is not always fatal; Thucydides reported some individuals who recovered from the illness which conferred a degree of immunity on the survivors in the event of another outbreak.

R.J.Littman & M.L.Littman - Smallpox
Robert J. Littman and M. L. Littman's study, "The Athenian Plague: Smallpox," returned to a discussion of language and translation as precision in language and meaning affects any diagnosis. Furthermore, the authors argued that Thucydides identified symptoms, such as rash, that was incomplete and likely unimportant as well as thirstiness which is common to many infectious diseases. The Littmans eliminated any disease which was not contagious and produced immunity as described by Thucydides. Additionally, symptoms, especially minor ones, change from one outbreak to the next nor does every person exhibit every symptom. Secondary infections, such as pneumonia, might confuse the layperson, someone like Thucydides, with primary symptoms. In their attempt to re-evaluate Thucydides' description of the outbreak, both symptoms and course, these authors concluded that smallpox was the likely culprit. The various forms of plague (bubonic and pneumonic), typhoid and ergotism were eliminated as suspects as ergotism is not infectious and Thucydides makes no mention of bubonic plague's tell-tale symptom of buboes in the armpits or groin. Typhus and measles were eliminated from consideration as the rash associated with both did not match Thucydides' description of the eruptions as blisters and sores. Also, smallpox pustules strike the extremities which neither typhus nor measles do. Thucydides described blindness as a consequence of the Athens' disease which is common to smallpox but not typhus or measles. Thucydides' description of memory loss complicates the diagnosis but encephalitis does result from smallpox and can produce memory loss. The loss of the use of fingers and toes, identified by Thucydides, was likely caused by gangrene which is a complication of a smallpox outbreak. The absence of any description by Thucydides of scars, most often associated as a lasting consequence of smallpox, resulted from Thucydides following the Hippocratic School of disease theory which emphasized prognosis not diagnosis.
A.J.Holladay & J.C.F.Poole - Multiple Diseases
In "Thucydides and the Plague of Athens" A. J. Holladay and J. C. F. Poole argued that Thucydides' description of the outbreak in Athens simply did not match any modern diseases. All of the symptoms offered by Thucydides could fit nearly any disease provided a researcher was willing to ignore some of the symptoms. Moreover, both parasites and hosts evolve over time due to repeated exposure with both adapting in order to survive. The authors discussed the various diagnoses and issues that arise with each. Smallpox was the most often suggested source of the epidemic. Smallpox is contagious and is accompanied by fever and rash resulting in a high mortality rate however survivors do acquire a degree of immunity from exposure. Thucydides' failure to mention pock marks is problematic but does not necessarily rule out smallpox. His description of gangrene of the extremities is extremely rare in smallpox outbreaks. The only known host for smallpox is humans yet Thucydides describes birds and animals, especially dogs, as succumbing to the disease in Athens. It is the low mortality rate which all but rules out smallpox as Thucydides suggests a rate of 25% among the soldiers but fails to mention the rate amongst children, especially those under 5, who are most likely to die.

In the case of bubonic plague, it remains a good candidate as it affects both human and animal. The lack of any description by Thucydides of buboes and the need for fleas to transmit the disease rather than a human-to-human transfer diminishes the odds that the Athenian plague was the plague. Scarlet fever was ruled out as a source as it only affects humans, not animals as mentioned by Thucydides, and generally has a very low mortality rate (at least by the 20th century CE although it could have been higher in earlier times). Measles was eliminated for the very same reasons and, additionally, usually only strikes in cities with very dense populations above 300,000 few of which existed in the ancient world. Typhus, both varieties, was ruled out because Thucydides described the rash of victims as small blisters and sores whereas typhus displays red spots but not blisters and he indicated no mental symptoms frequently exhibited by sufferers of typhus. Athens was not on a central source but multiple wells so an outbreak of typhoid fever was rejected as a cause of the epidemic. Ergotism was ruled out as it is not contagious, does not cause immunity in survivors and is not caused by the spread of microbes.

The possibility that the Athenian plague was a combination of diseases was a promising diagnosis especially if all of the other diseases, on their own, were ruled out as potential sources for the epidemic. Multiple disease can and do exist simultaneously in any society and surviving one disease does not guarantee that a person will survive other diseases present. The combination theory is questionable, however, due to Thucydides' suggestion that survivors gained immunity from the illness. Modern scholars, wrongly, assumed that the plague afflicted Athens must also be a modern 7 known disease. There is the likely possibility that the disease which scourged Athens is either extinct or, after 24 centuries, the microbe responsible has changed sufficiently, along with various symptoms, that it is simply not recognizable today. The question of what swept Athens in 430 BCE may be unanswerable if researchers are trying to match the ancient disease to versions of a modern illness.
J.Longrigg - Multiple Diseases
Responding to the various studies which identified the plague of Athens as possibly being one of at least a dozen know diseases, James Longrigg noted, in "The Great Plague of Athens," that in the early stages of many diseases, exact diagnoses are difficult to identify as the early symptoms are often common to many different infections. A diagnosis is made more complicated when the source of information is a second-hand literary account and when the author of said account, in this case Thucydides, was himself a victim of the disease. Diseases which strike a virgin-soil population (a group of people not previously exposed to a particular disease) is often more virulent which suggests that Thucydides may have been describing a new disease inflicting Athens. The majority of terms used by Thucydides in his account were customary and usual medical terms used in the 4th & 5th centuries BCE. Thucydides' description does not suggest any one specific disease but could apply to numerous diseases. Furthermore, since one disease can make any given population susceptible to other diseases, Longrigg concluded that it was foolish for modern medicine to try and pinpoint one exact disease as the cause of the Athenian epidemic.
J.A.H. Wylie & H.W.Stubbs - Bacterial Infection
In "The Plague of Athens: 430-428 B.C. Epidemic and Epizoötic," J. A. H. Wylie and H. W. Stubbs re-opened the possibility that the Athenian plague derived its origins from animals (epizoötic). They point to dogs and birds avoiding the human dead and when they do, becoming sick. The cattle existing and remaining in the city seemed to both lengthen the time of the disease and its potency. The authors suggest that leptospirosis, a bacterial infection spread by dogs and cattle, exists in conditions prevalent in Athens: high concentration of population, poor living conditions and poor food supply. Tularemia, another bacterial disease shared by animals and humans, could be easily spread by rodents and infect humans through a flea or tick bite, contact with infected animals or contaminated water supplies. Most of Thucydides' description of symptoms could apply to theses epizoötic diseases discounting for those symptoms which are often common to a multitude of infections. While theses disease are far less severe today, largely due to the use of antibiotics, the conditions in ancient Athens in 430BCE would have given rise to a more severe outbreak of these diseases. Ultimately the passage of time causing the mutation of the bacteria or virus which struck Athens complicates a modern diagnosis.
D.M.Morens & R.J.Littman - A Respiratory Disease
Employing an epidemiologic approach and mathematical models to compare the plague of Athens with other previously described ancient epidemics, David M. Morens and Robert J. Littman's research in "Epidemiology of the Plague of Athens" limited the possible means of transmission thus ruling out certain causes and diagnoses. According to the authors, there are three types of transmission: common source (originating in the food or water supply), person-to-person and reservoir (epidemic spring from an animal, insect or the environment). In order for the disease to spread as fast and wide while causing such widespread destruction of human life, the epidemic was most likely respiratory in nature thus making an animal or insect reservoir the likely source. In this case the epidemic in Athens was most like an incident of typhus or smallpox both which best fit the description recorded by Thucydides.
J.M.H.Hopper - Lassa Fever
From its point of origin in Ethiopia, traveling along the Nile, J. M. H. Hopper's "An arenavirus and the plague of Athens" ruled out an insect carrier. Since the epidemic remained largely confined to within Athens, while not spreading throughout the rest of Greece, Hopper examined rats, mice, fleas, lice and cockroaches as potential carriers. A small house rat, which contaminated food and dust with its urine thus helping to creating the conditions for person-to-person spread of the disease, was the most likely suspect for transmitting Lassa fever. First recognized in Nigeria in 1969 CE, Lassa fever displays most of the symptoms matching Thucydides' description: fever, chills, headache, nausea and vomiting, raised bumps on the skin, oral ulcerations, rashes and dizziness. Left untreated, Lassa fever can kill the sufferer within 7-26 days.
J.Bellemore, I.M.Plant & M.Cunnigham - Alimentary Toxic Aleukia
In "Plague of Athens---Fungal Poison?" Jane Bellemore, Ian M. Plant and Lynne M. Cunningham returned to the possibility that the epidemic in Athens resulted from some type of fungal poisoning. An earlier suggestion of ergot poisoning was ruled out as that particular fungus occurs mainly on rye which the majority of Athenians did not consume. Instead Alimentary Toxic Aleukia (ATA) was offered as an alternative fungal poisoning as it resulted from contaminated wheat. The authors based their conclusion of the nature of the epidemic on a comparison of mortality rates of ATA which occurred in Russia in the 1930s & 1940s CE. Nearly 60% of the people who contracted the illness died from consuming the over-wintered wheat. ATA is not visible to the naked eye and can remain active in stored grain for up to seven years. The symptoms of ATA appear in about 2-3 weeks with death occurring within 6-8 weeks. The symptoms of ATA poisoning strongly match those described by Thucydides: burning sensation, swollen tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, dizziness, fatigue, excess saliva, pains in the back and joints, hemorrhages on the skin, pustules, skin eruptions, bleeding from nose, mouth & in lungs, delirium, convulsions, depression and disorientation. A complete recovery is possible from ATA poisoning provided the patient is not re-exposed to the toxic grain.

According to Diodorus Siculus, nearly 10,000 of the 420,000 folks camped inside the walls perished in the general population; a mortality rate of 2-5%. For those in the wealthy class, 25-30% died based upon the number which died in the cavalry & hoplites of the army died. The lower death rate in the general population can be correlated to the fact that the lower classes ate mainly barley grain while the wealthy and the better paid cavalry & hoplites could afford more expensive grains such as wheat. The time lag between the consumption of the poisoned grain and the onset of illness was not recognized by Thucydides and hence a fungal poisoning was not considered (fungal poisoning was not medically recognized until the 16th/17th centuries CE). Although poison had been considered previously as a possible cause of the epidemic in Athens, earlier scholars examined the water of Athens not its food stores.
M.J.Papagrigorakis et al - Typhoid
Recent research by Manolis J. Papagrigorakis et. al., in "DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as aprobable cause of the Plague of Athens," into the cause of the epidemic in Athens has been aided by the use of DNA analysis. Nearly 150 bodies were recovered from an ancient cemetery named Kerameikos in Athens in 1995 CE. The site has been linked to the Athenian plague during the Peloponnesian War. The mass burial contained enough bones and teeth to allow for DNA extraction, especially dental pulp, allowing for a more precise bio-medical analysis of what happened in 430 BCE. The various stages of testing revealed that bubonic plague, typhus, anthrax, tuberculosis, cowpox and cat-scratch disease were not the cause of the mass illness. A seventh test did reveal traces of typhoid fever in the three victims teeth. Many of the symptoms described by Thucydides such as fever, rash and diarrhea match present symptoms of typhoid although other characteristics described by Thucydides do not. That can be easily explained by the possible evolution of the disease over time.

Conclusion

The outbreak in Athens in 430 BCE remains a mystery. Among the many suggestions as the diagnosis has been Ebola, typhoid, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, cholera, influenza, ergot poisoning and a host of animal diseases. The scientific and scholarly community has accepted none as the fatal disease. In addition, the description offered by Thucydides has come under question as to what some of the characteristics of the disease actually mean in translation. Furthermore, Thucydides has been under investigation both for his motive of including the disease episode in his book but also the fact that he was not a medical person of any sort so his reliability in diagnosing the symptoms is questionable. The recent uncovering of the mass graves dating from the ancient period offered new hope that a definitive diagnosis was at hand as the modern techniques of DNA analysis would finally lay to rest the nearly 2,000 year controversy. The DNA sample extracted from teeth suggested typhoid fever as the primary culprit but soon after the results were announced, this diagnosis was called into question by other scientists who argued that the methodology used was flawed. DNA sampling is limited especially in the detection of viruses which require an RNA test but the viruses degrade quickly over time making the probability of ever discovering what happened in Athens extremely unlikely.

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In the 2nd year of the Peloponnesian War, 430 BCE, an outbreak of plague erupted in Athens. The illness would persist throughout scattered parts of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean until finally dying out in 426 BCE. The origin of the epidemic occurred in sub-Saharan Africa just south of Ethiopia.

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Unit 9:  Lesson 9.10 and 9.11 CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 9:  Lesson 9.10 and 9.11 CLASS RECORDING

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Blackboard Collaborate | Launching Blackboard Collaborate

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Great video to watch! Please take time to do so if you did not come to class.

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Socrates, Plato and Aristotle: Global History Review

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 331-336

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 336-339

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WORLD AHOY Animation Series Ep.03 "Alexander The Great"

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ALEXANDER THE GREAT: A Very Short Introduction | Animated Book Summary

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Alexander the Great - reading lesson for kids

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Unit 9:  Study Guide for Unit Assessment

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Unit 9:  Study Guide for Unit Assessment

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Unit 9:  Lesson 9.14/15 Unit Assessment Review CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 9:  Lesson 9.14/15 Unit Assessment Review CLASS RECORDING

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We were having some major tech difficulties at the start of this lesson, so I would suggest skipping through our first "Kahoot Attempt" and watch the regular review. Then you can watch the "Kahoot" review at the end! :)

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All class notes from Unit 10 will be posted here.  Updates added daily.  Class video links are posted within the notes!  Be sure to watch them if you have not done so already, in class!

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A great website for extra resources on Rome

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A great website for extra resources on Rome

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Ancient Rome for Kids and Teachers - Interactive and Free Online Games, Lesson Plans, Activities, and More - Ancient Rome for Kids

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Welcome to ancient Rome! Cheer for Horatius at the Bridge. Play games. Fight gladiators! Discover why Julius Caesar was assassinated. Explore the written laws of the 12 Tables. Investigate how Emperor Nero cheated to win a race in the Circus Maximus! Decipher the code to secret meet…

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This is soooo neat!!  You can "Google Earth" to a time when "Google" wasn't even thought of or imagined! 

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This is soooo neat!!  You can "Google Earth" to a time when "Google" wasn't even thought of or imagined! 

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Romulus and Remus-  The Beginning of Rome

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Romulus and Remus-  The Beginning of Rome

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The Humany Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 340-346

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.01 A Republic is Born CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.01 A Republic is Born CLASS RECORDING

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 346-354

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 355-357

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.02 Celebrating Citizenship CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.02 Celebrating Citizenship CLASS RECORDING

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 358-371

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.03 Fighting for Power CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.03 Fighting for Power CLASS RECORDING

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 372-377

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 377-381

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Why should you read Virgil's "Aeneid"? - Mark Robinson

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 381-386

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 386-391

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.06 The Real Rome CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.06 The Real Rome CLASS RECORDING

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Throughout our exploration of ancient cultures on Odyssey Online, we've used museum objects to learn about the people who made and used them. But, for the most part, we don't know the exact "context," or place, where each object was found.

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.07 Learning Something New Every Day:  Pompeii CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.07 Learning Something New Every Day:  Pompeii CLASS RECORDING

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 392-396

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.09 Rome and Judea CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.09 Rome and Judea CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Reading Pages 396-403 -  We read in class.  See CLASS RECORDING for Lesson 10.10

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Unit 10:  Reading Pages 396-403 -  We read in class.  See CLASS RECORDING for Lesson 10.10

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.10 Jesus of Nazareth CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.10 Jesus of Nazareth CLASS RECORDING

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Reading pages 396-403 included in class recording!

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Unit 10:  Reading Pages 403-410 - We read in class.  See CLASS RECORDING for Lesson 10.11

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Unit 10:  Reading Pages 403-410 - We read in class.  See CLASS RECORDING for Lesson 10.11

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.11 A New Religion CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.11 A New Religion CLASS RECORDING

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Reading pages 403-410 included in class recording!

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 410-417

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.12 Conflicts for Christians CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.12 Conflicts for Christians CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.14 Empire in Crisis CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.14 Empire in Crisis CLASS RECORDING

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Reading pages 418-421 were read at the end of class.

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Lizard Point Geography Link!  Stay after class if you need to learn how to navigate this site! :)

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Lizard Point Geography Link!  Stay after class if you need to learn how to navigate this site! :)

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The tips box and the important notes box are both draggable, should you need to move them

To zoom the screen, use:

Windows: Zoom IN by holding down "Ctrl", and pressing "+" (Ctrl +).Zoom OUT by holding down "Ctrl" and pressing "-" (Ctrl -)

Mac: Zoom IN by holding down "command" and pressing "+" ( ⌘ +).Zoom OUT by holding down "command" and pressing "-" ( ⌘ -)

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Test your geography knowledge: Middle East: countries quiz

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The tips box and the important notes box are both draggable, should you need to move them To zoom the screen, use: Windows: Zoom IN by holding down "Ctrl", and pressing "+" (Ctrl +).Zoom OUT by holding down "Ctrl" and pressing "-" (Ctrl -) Mac: Zoom IN by holding down "command" and pressing "+" ( ⌘ +).Zoom OUT by holding down "command" and pressing "-" ( ⌘ -)

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Unit 10 Video:  Why did the Roman Empire Fall?

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Unit 10 Video:  Why did the Roman Empire Fall?

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.15 Barbarians at the Gate CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.15 Barbarians at the Gate CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.16 Who Were They CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.16 Who Were They CLASS RECORDING

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Blackboard Collaborate | Launching Blackboard Collaborate

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Blackboard Collaborate software solutions offer a social, interactive learning experience with virtual classrooms, online conferencing, instant messaging and more collaboration tools.

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Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.17/10.18 Unit Review CLASS RECORDING

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Unit 10:  Lesson 10.17/10.18 Unit Review CLASS RECORDING

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Blackboard Collaborate | Launching Blackboard Collaborate

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Blackboard Collaborate software solutions offer a social, interactive learning experience with virtual classrooms, online conferencing, instant messaging and more collaboration tools.

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After you have finished your readings and watched the test review, look over this guide to help you on your unit assessment!

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Unit 10_Rome Republic and Empire_Study Guide

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Mr. Nicky Video

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CLASS NOTES

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ECONOMICS MINI UNIT CLASS RECORDING 2/25/19

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ECONOMICS MINI UNIT CLASS RECORDING 2/25/19

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Blackboard Collaborate | Launching Blackboard Collaborate

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Blackboard Collaborate software solutions offer a social, interactive learning experience with virtual classrooms, online conferencing, instant messaging and more collaboration tools.

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ECONOMICS MINI UNIT CLASS RECORDING 2/26/19

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ECONOMICS MINI UNIT CLASS RECORDING 2/26/19

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Blackboard Collaborate | Launching Blackboard Collaborate

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Blackboard Collaborate software solutions offer a social, interactive learning experience with virtual classrooms, online conferencing, instant messaging and more collaboration tools.

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The Silk Road: Connecting the ancient world through trade - Shannon Harris Castelo

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The hula hoop sequence from The Hudsucker Proxy

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CLASS NOTES

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Byzantine Art

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Unit 11:  Lesson 11.01 Byzantine Beauty CLASS RECORDING 2/27/19

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Unit 11:  Lesson 11.01 Byzantine Beauty CLASS RECORDING 2/27/19

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Blackboard Collaborate | Launching Blackboard Collaborate

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Blackboard Collaborate software solutions offer a social, interactive learning experience with virtual classrooms, online conferencing, instant messaging and more collaboration tools.

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Unit 11:  Lesson 11.02 Justinian and Theodora CLASS RECORDING 2/28/19

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Unit 11:  Lesson 11.02 Justinian and Theodora CLASS RECORDING 2/28/19

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We read pages 450-457 in class

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Blackboard Collaborate | Launching Blackboard Collaborate

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Blackboard Collaborate software solutions offer a social, interactive learning experience with virtual classrooms, online conferencing, instant messaging and more collaboration tools.

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458-466

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 458-466

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Unit 11: LESSON 11.03 The Origins of Islam CLASS RECORDING 3/4/19

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Unit 11: LESSON 11.03 The Origins of Islam CLASS RECORDING 3/4/19

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Blackboard Collaborate | Launching Blackboard Collaborate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Blackboard Collaborate software solutions offer a social, interactive learning experience with virtual classrooms, online conferencing, instant messaging and more collaboration tools.

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466-471

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 466-471

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473-477

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The Human Odyssey, Vol. 1, Pages 473-477