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feb:
-overthrew the govt
oct:
-placed the bolsheviks in power
-vladimir lenin spoke out against the govt and started a new revolution
-russia pulled out of being an ally for world war 1
-resulted in a communist govt which didnt last

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-people in different classes wanted different things
-poor whites were mad when they became equal with the wealthy free people of color
-france freed the slaves in 1794
-inspired by french revolution
-slave revolt
-demonstrated the desperate need for equality and an end to racism

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-social classes upset because peninsulares were the only ones that cld be in charge and hold office
-became tired of the spanish ruling over them from far away
spain and portugal:
-class = race
-gained independence but more division caused disputes
latin america:
-all born in america: americans
-distinct identities
-became impoverished
-gained freedom from spain and had a constitution

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-britain taxed colonies
-battles of lexington and concord started the war
-french helped america to win against britain
-politically changed Europe and European colonies
-US Constitution echoed in political upheavals across the worls

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-the alliance between the Guomindang and the chinese communist party got broken
-civil war broke out
-ccp won and mao zedong claimed himself the ruler and promised many things that he never followed through with
-people were executed because they were looked at as spies
-tons of people killed
CURRENT DAY CHINA:
-still divided from this revolution
-still ran by the republic of china

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3 waves:
1. women granted access to practice medicine and right to vote
3. lgbtq rights, body and sex positivity
-many expectations for women: take care of family, work at home
-movement for equal rights for women
-organizations formed to help support women's rights

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-people were suffering from severe weather
- voting was not equally spread throughout the social classes
-a state prison was attacked
-Declaration of the rights of Man and Citizen
OUTCOMES:
-spread of Enlightenment throughout Europe
-end of France's monarchy; creation of the French Republic

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-series of governmental reforms between 1839 and 1876
-sought to:
-centralize and rationalize Ottoman rule
-capture more tax revenues for the   military defense of the empire
-wasn't successful and resulted in the end of the Ottoman empire

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*using one's own understanding without guidance from someone else
*Immanuel Kant
*rediscovery
*main focus on human form
*incorporated religion in new ideas
*small class of elite people; normal people paid attention to sun, agriculture, and faith; didn't really participate in this time period of enlightenment
*power of human knowledge to transform human society
*looked at how other cultures governed their people

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*trading post empire
*tried to control spice trade; only able to control no more than 1/2
*sold Asian goods and shipping services to India and Asia
*by the 1600s in a steep decline: system of taxation fell out, pirates of favor-too costly, "bullied" people into doing what they wanted
*Dutch and British overtook them
*had opportunity to trade peacefully but they chose not to
*profited from people trading in the east

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*peninsulares: (whites born in Spain)
*creoles: Spainiards born in America
*mestizo: mixed race, initially Spanish men and native women
*mixed races: divided into further groups; largest population in Mexico; castas
*Indians: native, indigenous people

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* dominated Mexico and Peru before British could establish colonies in America
*encomienda: Spanish rule requiring natives to work for Spanish settlers in return for "protection" of the Christian faith
*limited amount of women
*didn't change as rapidly as the British did when they colonized in America

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*10 million people
*took up more land than Aztec's
*absolute ruler
*job specialization

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*northern Mexico
*military
*5 to 6 million people
*conquered people
*the sun central to all life
*sacrificed humans for religious purposes
*were the Aztecs good people?*

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*taken over by Spanish
*Aztec still active in present-day
*known for many different things
(look back in notes for more detail; look thru dbq docs)

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p725

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*led by Martin Luther
*"the Bible should be interpreted according to one's conscience"
*went against needing the authority of the Church; onl need the Bible
*RESULTED in dramatic religious conflicts throughout Europe
*sola fide: faith alone
*95 theses: Martin Luther's beliefs of the Church's wrongdoings
*info got out quickly due to printing press
*Protestant religion: formed due to the Church's refusal to change

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William Harvey: blood; updated understanding of circulatory system
Immanuel Kant: encouraged people to ask questions and think for themselves
Johannes Kepler: laws of planetary motion
Adam Smith: capitalism
Francis Bacon: scientific method; independent variables
John Locke: influence on government; opposed divine right of kings
Nicolaus Copernicus: heliocentric model
Andreas Vesalius: anatomy; learned to perform surgeries; detailed drawings of anatomy
Galileo Galilei: believed heliocentric model; improved telescope, moons and stars
Isaac Newton:laws of motion; physics; argued science controlled the universe and not a god
Rene Descartes: analytical geometry

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*people began to want to know how humans fit into the world
*thinkers challenged the fundamental understanding of the universe
*often attacked the understanding of the Church (Church still held most of the truths about life for its people)
*most scientists promoted Christianity

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*only elite people experienced this renaissance
*took place over a very long period of time
*the term "renaissance" was created way after it actually occurred

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*rediscovery
*began to focus on the strength and beauty of humanity
*inspiration in art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome
*artists (mostly men) patronized by the wealthy

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COPERNICUS' HELIOCENTRIC SOLAR SYSTEM 1543

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COPERNICUS' HELIOCENTRIC SOLAR SYSTEM 1543

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*Polish scientist
*sun is the center of the solar system
*earth rotates on its axis
*earth and planets revolve around the sun
*brought up a lot of controversy because the Church believe the earth was the center, just as God's people are the center of his creation
*other scientists built off of this discovery

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*the Church needed to fix the issues that Martin Luther stated
*Jesuits and missionaries tried to teach the good news to renew the Church that had become corrupt

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*North America, Canada, northern Asia
*"the little ice age" temperatures fall and people want more warm clothing
*lead to a spread of disease, alcoholism, and less fur bearing animals
*guns introduced to native Americans; lead to warfare

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*horrible for many people
*one component of exchange that shaped human interactions
*african diaspora: african people being forcefully spread around the globe

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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE        late 1400s-1600s

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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE        late 1400s-1600s

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*transfer of plants and animals
*gave rise to something new in the world's history
*2 "old worlds" joining to create a "new world
*western Europeans clearly dominant

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*Columbian Exchange
*Europeans began to colonize
*brought not only their germs and their people, but also their plants and animals
*impacted people that weren't even remotely close to Europe

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*highly productive economy
*artistic achievements
*reduced population by the plague
*highly central government
*repaired damage of the Mongol years
*international and domestic trade flourished
*population grew