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This picture represents anxiety (panic disorder). I chose this picture because it gives some insight on panic disorder and not necessarily anxiety.

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This picture represents anxiety. I chose this picture because it gives a little humor and insight on what anxiety is like and how it affects others.

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This picture represents anxiety. I chose this picture because it shows how anxiety isn't just an everyday thing and that it's a serious condition.

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This picture represents anxiety. I chose this image because it compares anxiety to a rock/weight that is constantly on you.

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This picture represents anxiety (social). I chose this picture because it gives a good representation of how social anxiety prevents others to not go out and to have less of a social life.

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This video also talks about anxiety but in a more simple way and a health professional explains it. I chose this video because the health professional explains it in a quick and easy way.

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This video explains anxiety without sugarcoating anything, as it is a speech/presentation. I chose this video because I felt like this was a good speech about anxiety.

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Anxiety: A Cancer of the Mind | Aneysha Bhat | TEDxUIUC

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I chose this article because it gives ways on how to overcome fear and anxiety and compares anxiety to being scared/afraid.

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Order this publication
Fear is one of the most powerful emotions. It has a very strong effect on your mind and body.

Fear can create strong signals of response when we're in emergencies - for instance, if we are caught in a fire or are being attacked.

It can also take effect when you're faced with non-dangerous events, like exams, public speaking, a new job, a date, or even a party. It's a natural response to a threat that can be either perceived or real.

Anxiety is a word we use for some types of fear that are usually to do with the thought of a threat or something going wrong in the future, rather than right now.

Fear and anxiety can last for a short time and then pass, but they can also last much longer and you can get stuck with them. In some cases they can take over your life, affecting your ability to eat, sleep, concentrate, travel, enjoy life, or even leave the house or go to work or school. This can hold you back from doing things you want or need to do, and it also affects your health.

Some people become overwhelmed by fear and want to avoid situations that might make them frightened or anxious. It can be hard to break this cycle, but there are lots of ways to do it. You can learn to feel less fearful and to cope with fear so that it doesn't stop you from living.

What makes you afraid?

Lots of things make us feel afraid. Being afraid of some things - like fires - can keep you safe. Fearing failure can make you try to do well so that you won't fail, but it can also stop you doing well if the feeling is too strong.

What you're afraid of and how you act when you're afraid of something can vary per person. Just knowing what makes you afraid and why can be the first step to sorting out problems with fear.

How can we manage and reduce stress? Our free downloadable pocket guide offers you 101 tips: www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/how-to-stress.

What makes you anxious?

Because anxiety is a type of fear, the things we've described about fear above are also true for anxiety.

The word 'anxiety' tends to be used to describe worry, or when fear is nagging and persists over time. It is used when the fear is about something in the future rather than what is happening right now.

Anxiety is a word often used by health professionals when they're describing persistent fear. The ways that you feel when you're frightened and anxious are very similar, as the basic emotion is the same.

What do fear and anxiety feel like?

When you feel frightened or seriously anxious, your mind and body work very quickly. These are some of the things that might happen:

Your heart beats very fast - maybe it feels irregular

You breathe very fast

Your muscles feel weak

You sweat a lot

Your stomach churns or your bowels feel loose

You find it hard to concentrate on anything else

You feel dizzy

You feel frozen to the spot

You can't eat

You have hot and cold sweats

You get a dry mouth

You get very tense muscles

These things occur because your body, sensing fear, is preparing you for an emergency, so it makes your blood flow to the muscles, increases blood sugar, and gives you the mental ability to focus on the thing that your body perceives as a threat.

With anxiety, in the longer term, you may have some of the above symptoms as well as a more nagging sense of fear, and you may get irritable, have trouble sleeping, develop headaches, or have trouble getting on with work and planning for the future; you might have problems having sex, and might lose self-confidence.

Why do I feel like this when I'm not in any real danger?

Early humans needed the fast, powerful responses that fear causes, as they were often in situations of physical danger; however, we no longer face the same threats in modern-day living.

Despite this, our minds and bodies still work in the same way as our early ancestors, and we have the same reactions to our modern worries about bills, travel and social situations. But we can't run away from or physically attack these problems!

The physical feelings of fear can be scary in themselves - especially if you are experiencing them and you don't know why, or if they seem out of proportion to the situation. Instead of alerting you to a danger and preparing you to respond to it, your fear or anxiety can kick in for any perceived threat, which could be imaginary or minor.

Why won't my fear go away and leave me feeling normal again?

Fear may be a one-off feeling when you are faced with something unfamiliar.

But it can also be an everyday, long-lasting problem - even if you can't put your finger on why. Some people feel a constant sense of anxiety all the time, without any particular trigger.

There are plenty of triggers for fear in everyday life, and you can't always work out exactly why you are frightened or how likely you are to be harmed. Even if you can see how out of proportion a fear is, the emotional part of your brain keeps sending danger signals to your body.

Sometimes you need mental and physical ways of tackling fear.

What is a panic attack?

A panic attack is when you feel overwhelmed by the physical and mental feelings of fear - the signs listed under 'What do fear and anxiety feel like?' People who have panic attacks say that they find it hard to breathe, and they may worry that they're having a heart attack or are going to lose control of their body. See the 'Support and information' section at the end of this booklet if you want help with panic attacks.

What is a phobia?

A phobia is an extreme fear of a particular animal, thing, place or situation. People with phobias have an overwhelming need to avoid any contact with the specific cause of the anxiety or fear. The thought of coming into contact with the cause of the phobia makes you anxious or panicky.

How do I know if I need help?

Fear and anxiety can affect all of us every now and then. It is only when it is severe and long-lasting that doctors class it as a mental health problem. If you feel anxious all the time for several weeks, or if it feels like your fears are taking over your life, then it's a good idea to ask your doctor for help, or try one of the websites or numbers listed at the back of this booklet. The same is true if a phobia is causing problems in your daily life, or if you are experiencing panic attacks.

How can I help myself?

Face your fear if you can

If you always avoid situations that scare you, you might stop doing things you want or need to do. You won't be able to test out whether the situation is always as bad as you expect, so you miss the chance to work out how to manage your fears and reduce your anxiety. Anxiety problems tend to increase if you get into this pattern. Exposing yourself to your fears can be an effective way of overcoming this anxiety.

Know yourself

Try to learn more about your fear or anxiety. Keep an anxiety diary or thought record to note down when it happens and what happens. You can try setting yourself small, achievable goals for facing your fears. You could carry with you a list of things that help at times when you are likely to be become frightened or anxious. This can be an effective way of addressing the underlying beliefs that are behind your anxiety.

Try to learn more about your fear or anxiety. Keep a record of when it happens and what happens.

Exercise

Increase the amount of exercise you do. Exercise requires some concentration, and this can take your mind off your fear and anxiety.

Relax

Learning relaxation techniques can help you with the mental and physical feelings of fear. It can help just to drop your shoulders and breathe deeply. Or imagine yourself in a relaxing place. You could also try learning things like yoga, meditation, massage, or listen to the Mental Health Foundation's wellbeing podcasts.

Healthy eating

Eat lots of fruit and vegetables, and try to avoid too much sugar. Resulting dips in your blood sugar can give you anxious feelings. Try to avoid drinking too much tea and coffee, as caffeine can increase anxiety levels.

Avoid alcohol, or drink in moderation

It's very common for people to drink when they feel nervous. Some people call alcohol 'Dutch courage', but the after-effects of alcohol can make you feel even more afraid or anxious.

Complementary therapies

Some people find that complementary therapies or exercises, such as relaxation techniques, meditation, yoga, or t'ai chi, help them to deal with their anxiety.

Faith/spirituality

If you are religious or spiritual, this can give you a way of feeling connected to something bigger than yourself. Faith can provide a way of coping with everyday stress, and attending church and other faith groups can connect you with a valuable support network.

How do I get help?

Talking therapies

Talking therapies, like counselling or Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, are very effective for people with anxiety problems, including Computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, which takes you through a series of self-help exercises on screen. Visit your GP to find out more.

Medication

Drug treatments are used to provide short-term help, rather than looking at the root of the anxiety problems. Drugs may be most useful when they are combined with other treatments or support.

Support groups

You can learn a lot about managing anxiety from asking other people who have experienced it. Local support groups or self-help groups bring together people with similar experiences so that they can hear each other's stories, share tips and encourage each other to try out new ways to manage themselves. Your doctor, library or local Citizens Advice bureau will have details of support groups near you.

Support and information

Mental Health Foundation

Our website offers information on mental health, mental health problems, self-help and how to get help.
www.mentalhealth.org.uk
Anxiety UK
www.anxietyuk.org.uk
Telephone: 08444 775 774

Confidential help and support

The Samaritans provides emotional support 24 hours a day.
www.samaritans.org
Email: [email protected]

Telephone: 08457 90 90 90

Counselling

The British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy
www.bacp.co.uk
Email: [email protected]

Telephone: 01455 883300

UK Council for Psychotherapy
www.psychotherapy.org.uk
Email: [email protected]

Telephone: 020 7014 9955

General health information

NHS 111 provides information 24 hours a day.

Telephone: 111

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Order this publication Fear is one of the most powerful emotions. It has a very strong effect on your mind and body. Fear can create strong signals of response when we're in emergencies - for instance, if we are caught in a fire or are being attacked.

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I chose this article because it gives background information about anxiety and how it is not just being scared/afraid of someone or something.

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Anxiety Disorders and universal Health Care

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If a person has a persistent and excessive fear of a Specific Phobia, such as flying, heights, animals, toilets, or seeing blood, they may be diagnosed with a specific phobia - an anxiety disorder. The fear is triggered by the presence or anticipation of the feared object or situation, causing an immediate fear response or panic attack. Characteristically, the intensity of the fear experienced is disproportionate to the actual threat. Adults with specific phobias often recognize the irrationality of their fear. Learn more about Phobias.

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) may be indicated when an individual exhibits an excessive fear of embarrassment or humiliation in social settings, resulting in significant avoidance behaviors. It is advisable to seek further information about Social Anxiety Disorder, especially if the fear of social situations persists for more than six months.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most widely recognized trauma and stressor-related disorder. These disorders result from traumatic experiences such as the sudden loss of a loved one, involvement in a car accident, exposure to combat or other violent incidents, as well as significant stressors such as divorce, starting college, or moving. This category also includes acute stress disorder and adjustment disorder. Extensive resources are available for in-depth exploration of PTSD symptoms and treatment.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about events, activities, and possible negative outcomes. The anxiety and worry must cause significant distress or interfere with an individual's daily life, including occupational, academic, or social functioning, to meet the diagnostic criteria. Importantly, the symptoms must not be better explained by another mental disorder or by substances, medications, or medical conditions. For more information on Generalized Anxiety Disorder, please consult the appropriate resources.

Panic disorder manifests as sudden panic symptoms, often without identifiable triggers, along with persistent anxiety about the possible return of panic symptoms. Symptoms include recurrent panic attacks that may be anticipated or unexpected and may last from a few minutes to an hour.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of several related disorders that share common features. It involves persistent and repetitive thoughts, known as obsessions, that typically cause distress. To relieve this distress, the individual performs specific actions known as compulsions. Examples of common obsessions include fears that failure to perform certain rituals will result in harm to oneself or others, extreme fears of contamination or germs, concerns about forgetting important tasks leading to negative outcomes, or obsessions with precision and symmetry. Common compulsions may involve checking for mistakes, counting or organizing items, or engaging in mental rituals such as praying. Other disorders in this category include excoriation (skin picking), hoarding, body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania (hair pulling).

Other categories of anxiety disorders include separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, and agoraphobia, as well as disorders induced by substance use or resulting from other medical conditions.

Causes and Risk Factors
Jessica Maples-Keller, PhD, and Vasiliki Michopoulos, PhD
Anxiety is a common emotional experience that everyone experiences to some degree throughout their lives. Fear and anxiety serve important functions, allowing us to identify and respond to threats, ensure our safety, and facilitate adaptation to our environment. However, when anxiety becomes overwhelming and significantly interferes with daily functioning in important areas such as work, school, or relationships, it may indicate the presence of an anxiety disorder.

While numerous potential risk factors such as genetic markers, neurobiological factors, environmental factors, and life experiences contribute to the development of anxiety disorders, the precise causes of these disorders remain incompletely understood.

Comorbidity, the co-occurrence of multiple anxiety disorders, is more common than isolated occurrences. As a result, many risk factors are common to different anxiety disorders or result from similar underlying causes. Extensive research has identified multiple risk factors for anxiety disorders, highlighting the importance of both genetic and environmental factors and life experiences. It is important to note that no single risk factor definitively predicts the development of a disorder, as individuals may have risk factors without experiencing the disorder. Nevertheless, awareness of potential risk factors can be valuable in helping individuals seek support and preventative measures.

Genetic factors have been implicated in all anxiety disorders. Clinical genetic studies have yielded heritability estimates ranging from 30% to 67% for anxiety disorders. Extensive research has focused on identifying specific genetic variants that increase the risk of developing an anxiety disorder. In particular, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small variations in the genetic code, have been discovered, primarily within genes critical for neurotransmitter systems or stress hormone regulation, and have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of anxiety.

It is important to recognize that genetic factors may also confer resilience to anxiety disorders. Therefore, ongoing large-scale genomic studies aim to identify novel genetic factors associated with anxiety disorders. The ultimate goal is to improve our understanding of the biological pathways involved in the development and maintenance of anxiety and to develop more effective treatments.

While most individuals are unaware of their specific genetic markers that predispose them to anxiety disorders, a family history of anxiety disorders generally indicates a genetic susceptibility to anxiety. It is important to consider both genetic and environmental influences when assessing the presence of anxiety disorders in families.

Environmental factors within the family can significantly influence the risk of developing anxiety disorders. Parenting behaviors play a critical role, with high levels of control and low levels of autonomy being associated with increased risk. In addition, parental modeling of anxious behaviors and parental rejection of the child may also contribute to greater anxiety risk. The experience of stressful life events or chronic stress has been associated with the development of anxiety disorders.

Childhood adversity, such as abuse, parental loss or separation, or traumatic events, may increase the risk of anxiety disorders later in life. The presence of chronic medical conditions or serious illnesses, either in oneself or in family members, is also associated with a higher risk of anxiety. Socioeconomic disadvantage and minority status have been suggested to be associated with greater risk due to reduced access to resources.

Behavioral choices can influence anxiety risk, with excessive use of tobacco or caffeine increasing anxiety and regular exercise decreasing it. Certain temperamental and personality traits can also put people at risk for anxiety disorders. Shyness and behavioral inhibition in childhood increase the risk of developing anxiety disorders later in life. Diabetes, Personality traits such as high neuroticism or low conscientiousness are associated with higher risk for all anxiety disorders. Certain narrow personality traits, including anxiety sensitivity, negative attributional style, and self-criticism, have also been associated with anxiety risk. Personality disorders are another factor that increases the risk of anxiety disorders.

Demographic factors also play a role in anxiety risk. Women are more likely than men to have anxiety disorders, and the severity of symptoms is often greater in women. This gender difference in prevalence and severity is not specific to anxiety disorders, but is observed for depression and other stress-related health outcomes. Hormonal fluctuations, particularly estrogen and progesterone, are thought to contribute to this sex difference, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood.

Anxiety Physical Symptoms

There is a significant link between anxiety disorders and a number of physical ailments, particularly cardiovascular conditions such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Researchers have found associations between anxiety and several physical symptoms, including increased body weight, excess abdominal fat, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and elevated blood glucose levels.

While the exact mechanisms underlying the strong comorbidity between anxiety and poor physical health remain unclear, studies suggest that the biological changes characteristic of anxiety may contribute to the development of these physical conditions over time. Factors such as changes in stress hormones, autonomic responses, and systemic inflammation appear to play a critical role in both anxiety disorders and adverse health outcomes. These common physiological states imply a common underlying biology, suggesting that anxiety may manifest as a systemic condition.

Anxiety disorders are closely linked to chronic stress in daily life. Prolonged exposure to unpredictable, unyielding, and irresolvable stressors continually stimulates the stress hormone and cardiovascular systems, resulting in a constant state of heightened activity.

Biologically, the human body has evolved to deal with immediate and tangible threats in the environment, not to endure continuous stressors. When faced with sudden dangers under normal conditions of low chronic stress, the autonomic nervous system is activated, resulting in increased levels of adrenaline, accelerated breathing, and a rapid heart rate.

As a result, stress hormones such as cortisol are released, increasing glucose levels in the bloodstream to prepare the muscles for the fight-or-flight response. Another consequence of stress hormones is the suppression of the immune system, as processes such as healing and repair can be postponed until the threat has passed. However, individuals with anxiety disorders experience persistent activation of these responses due to everyday stressors, resulting in a loss of the stress hormone system's ability to regulate immune function.

This phenomenon contributes to increased systemic inflammation, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and even autoimmune disease. Ongoing neuroscientific and clinical research aims to elucidate how anxiety disorders increase the likelihood of developing physical health comorbidities, with the ultimate goal of identifying new treatments to alleviate suffering and prevent the onset of these systemic disorders.

Treatment Options

When it comes to managing anxiety and related disorders, there are many highly effective treatment options available. These treatments can be broadly categorized as: 1) psychotherapy; 2) medications; and 3) complementary and alternative therapies. Depending on the individual, a combination of these therapies may be beneficial in treating anxiety. In this article, we will explore evidence-based therapies and emerging treatment modalities, as well as discuss different types of care providers.

Evidence-Based Therapies

Counseling

Counseling, a form of talk therapy, is designed to help patients develop strategies and coping skills to address specific issues, such as stress management and interpersonal problems. Counseling is usually a short-term therapy option.

About Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy encompasses a wide range of approaches used to treat anxiety. Unlike counseling, psychotherapy is a more long-term endeavor that addresses a variety of issues, including behavioral patterns. The choice of therapy depends on the patient's specific anxiety diagnosis and personal preferences.

The ultimate goal of psychotherapy is to help patients regulate their emotions, manage stress, and gain insight into patterns of behavior that affect their relationships. Some of the most effective evidence-based therapies for anxiety include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), prolonged exposure therapy (PE), and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT).

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT is a short-term treatment designed to identify and address inaccurate and negative thought patterns associated with anxiety, such as panic attacks and help patients. This therapy can be done on an individual basis or in a group setting where people with similar challenges come together. CBT focuses primarily on the patient's current life problems and provides them with new ways to process their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, thereby promoting more effective coping mechanisms.

In cases where patients suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), CBT can take a trauma-focused approach, with the goal of processing and reframing the traumatic experiences underlying the symptoms. On average, CBT treatment consists of approximately 10-15 weekly one-hour sessions, which may vary depending on the nature and severity of the symptoms.

Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE)

PE is a specific type of CBT often used to treat PTSD and phobias. The goal of this therapy is to help patients overcome the overwhelming distress caused by reminders of past traumas or confronting their fears. Under the guidance of a licensed therapist, patients are gradually exposed to the memories or cues associated with their trauma.

Throughout the exposure, the therapist assists the patient in using coping techniques such as mindfulness or relaxation therapy/imagery. The goal of this therapy is to help patients realize that trauma-related memories or phobias are no longer threatening and do not need to be avoided. This treatment typically involves 8-16 weekly sessions.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR)

EMDR is a psychotherapy that reduces distress and emotional disturbance caused by memories of traumatic events. It is primarily used in the treatment of PTSD and is similar to exposure therapy. EMDR facilitates the processing of trauma in order to promote healing.

During therapy, patients focus on a back-and-forth movement or sound as they recall their traumatic memories. Sessions continue until the memory is no longer distressing. EMDR sessions typically last 50-90 minutes and are administered weekly for 1-3 months, although many patients report symptom reduction after only a few sessions.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

DBT is a skills-based approach that helps patients learn to regulate their emotions. While commonly used for borderline personality disorder, it has also been shown to be effective in treating anxiety disorders such as PTSD. This therapy teaches patients skills in emotional regulation, stress management, mindfulness, and interpersonal effectiveness. DBT can be administered in either individual or group therapy sessions and is typically a long-term treatment, lasting a year or more.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A form of CBT, ACT encourages patients to engage in positive behaviors in spite of negative thoughts and emotions. The goal is to improve daily functioning while living with the disorder. ACT is particularly useful for treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder and depression. The length of treatment varies depending on the severity of the symptoms.

Family Therapy

Family therapy involves the patient's family in group therapy sessions to improve communication and conflict resolution skills. This therapy is valuable when family dynamics contribute to the patient's anxiety. During this short-term therapy, the patient's family learns strategies to avoid exacerbating anxiety symptoms and gain a better understanding of the patient's experience. The length of treatment depends on the severity of the symptoms.

Medications

Medications are sometimes used in conjunction with psychotherapy. Although medications are generally safe, they can have side effects. The specific medications prescribed depend on the patient's symptoms and overall health, as determined by their healthcare provider.

Antidepressants

Antidepressants are commonly prescribed for depression, but can also be effective in relieving symptoms of anxiety. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs) are the main classes of antidepressants used to treat anxiety. SSRIs such as escitalopram (Lexapro) and paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva) are commonly prescribed, while SNRIs such as duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor XR) are also used.

Buspirone

Buspirone is an anxiety-specific medication recommended for generalized anxiety disorder. It shows high efficacy in reducing cognitive and interpersonal problems associated with anxiety. Unlike benzodiazepines, buspirone does not cause sedation or interact negatively with alcohol. In addition, the risk of dependence on buspirone is low. Possible side effects include dizziness, nervousness, and headache. BuSpar and Vanspar are common trade names for buspirone.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are sedative medicines used for anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, epilepsy, and muscle spasms. They provide short-term relief for generalized anxiety disorder and may help with sleep problems. While benzodiazepines may be prescribed for short-term relief of acute anxiety symptoms, long-term use is discouraged because of their sedative effects and potential for dependence. Combining benzodiazepines with psychotherapy, such as Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE), may reduce the effectiveness of exposure therapy. Common brand names include Librium, Xanax, Valium, and Ativan.

Beta Blockers

Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents, work by blocking the effects of the neurotransmitter adrenaline. By reducing heart muscle contraction and dilating blood vessels, beta blockers lower blood pressure. While historically used to treat somatic symptoms of anxiety, such as heart rate and tremors, they are not particularly effective in treating generalized anxiety, panic attacks, or phobias. Popular brand names include Lopressor and Inderal.

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Complementary and alternative therapies can serve as valuable adjuncts to conventional treatments for the relief of anxiety symptoms. These non-invasive approaches have gained increasing interest due to their potential benefits and ability to improve patient well-being. It is important to note that these therapies are typically not intended to replace conventional treatments, but rather to complement them and improve overall quality of life.

Stress Management

Stress management techniques include a variety of activities designed to consciously induce the body's relaxation response. This response involves slower breathing, resulting in lower blood pressure and an overall sense of well-being. Examples of stress management techniques include progressive relaxation, guided imagery, biofeedback, self-hypnosis, and deep breathing exercises.

Meditation

Meditation is a mind-body practice that encourages individuals to cultivate mindfulness of their thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations in a non-judgmental manner. It has shown promise in reducing psychological stress symptoms in patients with anxiety.

Yoga

Yoga is a mindful practice that combines physical postures, meditation, breathing exercises, and a unique philosophy. It has been shown to be effective in reducing certain symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Emerging Therapies

In addition to established treatment approaches, there are several experimental therapies that show promise in treating anxiety symptoms. Here is a brief overview of some of these emerging treatments, including neurostimulation, acupuncture, and the use of psychoactive drugs such as marijuana and ecstasy.

Neurostimulation

Anxiety is often associated with abnormal patterns of brain activity, making direct targeting of these patterns a potential treatment avenue. Neurostimulation, a non-invasive and painless therapy, involves stimulating the brain to modulate nerve cell activity. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients who have not responded to traditional treatments such as medication. There are two major types of neurostimulation:

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

In this technique, a brief current is passed through a coil of wire placed on the front of the head near mood-regulating areas of the brain. The current creates a magnetic field that generates an electrical current in the brain, stimulating nerve cells in the targeted region. The current primarily affects brain regions up to 5 centimeters deep, allowing for selective treatment of specific areas. Sessions typically last 30-60 minutes and do not require anesthesia.

Treatment is administered 4-5 times per week for approximately six weeks. While generally painless, patients may experience a slight tapping sensation at the site of current administration. Side effects are minimal and include headache, mild tingling, or discomfort in the treated area. rTMS can be used alone or in combination with medication and/or psychotherapy.

Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (dTMS)

This approach uses special coils to target deeper regions of the brain than rTMS. Patients wear a padded helmet similar to that used during an fMRI scan. While the FDA approved the dTMS coil for the treatment of depression in 2013, it is currently being studied for anxiety disorders such as OCD. The procedure takes 20 minutes and is administered for 4-6 weeks. Patients can return to their normal activities immediately after each treatment.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture, derived from traditional Chinese medicine, involves inserting thin needles into specific areas of the body. While there is limited evidence to support acupuncture as a significant treatment for generalized anxiety, ongoing research studies are investigating its potential for PTSD. One study found that acupuncture may reduce preoperative anxiety.

Psychoactive Drugs

There has been growing interest in the use of psychoactive substances alongside psychotherapy for the treatment of anxiety, particularly cannabis (marijuana) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, known as ecstasy or Molly). These drugs are somewhat controversial because of their psychoactive effects. However, with the increasing legalization of marijuana, it is important to investigate whether these substances can alleviate clinical anxiety symptoms.

Although few randomized clinical trials have been conducted, certain forms of cannabis, particularly cannabidiol, have shown efficacy in the treatment of social anxiety disorder, while tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has shown benefits for PTSD patients. Caution is advised when using the plant form of cannabis, as it may worsen symptoms and should only be used under professional supervision. MDMA has shown promise in the treatment of PTSD, but should only be used as an adjunct to psychotherapy under clinical supervision.

Types of Anxiety Treatment Providers

When seeking treatment for anxiety and related disorders, patients have access to a variety of licensed mental health professionals who specialize in providing comprehensive care. Here are some of the most important providers in the field.

Primary Care Physician

Many patients first consult their primary care physician (PCP) when they experience symptoms. PCPs perform thorough physical examinations to rule out underlying hormonal imbalances, medication side effects, or other medical conditions. If anxiety is diagnosed, the PCP may refer the patient to a psychologist or psychiatrist for further evaluation and treatment. PCPs practice in hospitals, clinics, and private offices.

Clinical Psychologist

Clinical psychologists have a Ph.D. in clinical psychology and specialize in treating emotional, mental, and behavioral problems. They provide counseling, psychotherapy, and psychological testing, with an emphasis on the treatment of mental disorders. Generally, clinical psychologists do not prescribe medication, except in the states of Illinois, Louisiana, and New Mexico, where limited prescriptive authority is granted.

Collaboration with psychiatrists and PCPs is common, with psychologists providing psychotherapy while other health care providers handle the medical aspects. Clinical psychologists practice in hospitals, schools, counseling centers, and group or private medical practices.

Psychiatrist

Psychiatrists are medical doctors (MDs) who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. They have the ability to provide psychotherapy and prescribe medication. Psychiatrists often work in hospitals, counseling centers, and group or private medical practices.

Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner

Psychiatric nurses have a master's or doctoral degree in mental health. They are qualified to diagnose and treat mental illness, primarily through psychotherapy. In some states, psychiatric nurses are authorized to prescribe medications. They serve as patient advocates and may provide case management services. Psychiatric nurse practitioners can be found in private practice, hospitals, and schools.

Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC), Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC), Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT)

Licensed mental health professionals with master's degrees and diverse educational backgrounds (e.g., counseling, social work, marriage and family counseling) play an important role in providing comprehensive mental health care. After completing their formal education, these clinicians typically complete at least two years of supervised clinical experience and pass a state-specific licensing exam. Their licenses allow them to diagnose and treat emotional, mental, and behavioral health issues.

They provide mental health treatment through counseling and psychotherapy, and may also serve as patient advocates or care managers. Master's-level licensed clinicians work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, community mental health clinics, private practices, schools, nursing homes, and social service agencies. Titles and licensing requirements may vary from state to state.

Clinical Social Worker

Clinical social workers (CSWs) hold a master's degree in social work and receive additional training to provide mental health services. They are qualified to provide case management and hospital discharge planning, and often serve as patient advocates. Clinical social workers typically work in hospitals, schools, clinics, social service agencies, or private practice.

Finding Treatment

Anxiety disorder treatment providers can be found in hospitals, clinics, private or group practices. Some also work in school settings (licensed mental health counselors, clinical social workers, or psychiatric nurses). Telehealth, a growing field, allows mental health professionals to provide services remotely through Internet video platforms, streaming media, video conferencing, or wireless communications. Telehealth is particularly valuable for individuals who live in remote rural areas far from mental health facilities. Telehealth providers are limited to providing services to patients within the state in which they are licensed.

Preventing and Coping with Anxiety

Anxiety is a universal human experience, and while it can serve as a motivating force, it can also become overwhelming. The following tips and strategies can help individuals prevent anxiety from reaching clinical levels and manage the normal anxiety that occurs in everyday life.

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Anxiety " What Is Anxiety? Signs, Causes, Symptoms

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Anxiety is the reaction to situations perceived as stressful or dangerous. Anxiety disorders are manageable and curable with the right treatment and therapy.

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This link shows how social anxiety is also as severe as regular anxiety. I chose this article because I feel like there should be more insight on social anxiety rather than the normal anxiety that comes to everyone's mind.

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The defining feature of social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, is intense anxiety or fear of being judged, negatively evaluated, or rejected in a social or performance situation. People with social anxiety disorder may worry about acting or appearing visibly anxious (e.g., blushing, stumbling over words), or being viewed as stupid, awkward, or boring. As a result, they often avoid social or performance situations, and when a situation cannot be avoided, they experience significant anxiety and distress. Many people with social anxiety disorder also experience strong physical symptoms, such as a rapid heart rate, nausea, and sweating, and may experience full-blown attacks when confronting a feared situation. Although they recognize that their fear is excessive and unreasonable, people with social anxiety disorder often feel powerless against their anxiety.

Social anxiety disorder affects approximately 15 million American adults and is the second most commonly diagnosed anxiety disorder following specific phobia. The average age of onset for social anxiety disorder is during the teenage years. Although individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder commonly report extreme shyness in childhood, it is important to note that this disorder is not simply shyness. Read about the difference.

Social anxiety disorder can wreak havoc on the lives of those who suffer from it. For example, individuals may decline a job opportunity that requires frequent interaction with new people or avoid going out to eat with friends due to a fear that their hands will shake when eating or drinking. Symptoms may be so extreme that they disrupt daily life and can interfere significantly with daily routines, occupational performance, or social life, making it difficult to complete school, interview and get a job, and have friendships and romantic relationships. People with social anxiety disorder are also at an increased risk for developing major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorders.

Despite the availability of effective treatments, fewer than 5% of people of with social anxiety disorder seek treatment in the year following initial onset and more than a third of people report symptoms for 10 or more years before seeking help.

Triumph Over Shyness: Conquering Social Anxiety Disorder,
Second Edition

This ADAA publication is full of practical tips, helpful techniques, and more to help manage anxious thoughts and physical symptoms of social anxiety disorder.

Look inside: Read an excerpt of Triumph Over Shyness: Conquering Social Anxiety Disorder. Using humor, warmth, and language that is easy to understand, authors Murray Stein, MD, MPH, and John Walker, PhD, explain what causes social anxiety disorder, how it impacts social and romantic relationships, and what treatments work. Order your copy today.

Additional Resources
Tips to help stop paranoia and cope with anxiety at BetterHelp.com.

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The defining feature of social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, is intense anxiety or fear of being judged, negatively evaluated, or rejected in a social or performance situation. People with social anxiety disorder may worry about acting or appearing visibly anxious (e.g., blushing, stumbling over words), or being viewed as stupid, awkward, or boring.

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This link also explains anxiety and the symptoms of a panic attack or other results of anxiety. I chose this article because I feel like I agree with this on a personal level (the symptoms).

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Overview

Experiencing occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. However, people with anxiety disorders frequently have intense, excessive and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations. Often, anxiety disorders involve repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks).

These feelings of anxiety and panic interfere with daily activities, are difficult to control, are out of proportion to the actual danger and can last a long time. You may avoid places or situations to prevent these feelings. Symptoms may start during childhood or the teen years and continue into adulthood.

Examples of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), specific phobias and separation anxiety disorder. You can have more than one anxiety disorder. Sometimes anxiety results from a medical condition that needs treatment.

Whatever form of anxiety you have, treatment can help.

Symptoms

Common anxiety signs and symptoms include:

Feeling nervous, restless or tense

Having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom

Having an increased heart rate

Breathing rapidly (hyperventilation)

Sweating

Trembling

Feeling weak or tired

Trouble concentrating or thinking about anything other than the present worry

Having trouble sleeping

Experiencing gastrointestinal (GI) problems

Having difficulty controlling worry

Having the urge to avoid things that trigger anxiety

Several types of anxiety disorders exist:

Agoraphobia (ag-uh-ruh-FOE-be-uh) is a type of anxiety disorder in which you fear and often avoid places or situations that might cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed.

Anxiety disorder due to a medical condition includes symptoms of intense anxiety or panic that are directly caused by a physical health problem.

Generalized anxiety disorder includes persistent and excessive anxiety and worry about activities or events - even ordinary, routine issues. The worry is out of proportion to the actual circumstance, is difficult to control and affects how you feel physically. It often occurs along with other anxiety disorders or depression.

Panic disorder involves repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks). You may have feelings of impending doom, shortness of breath, chest pain, or a rapid, fluttering or pounding heart (heart palpitations). These panic attacks may lead to worrying about them happening again or avoiding situations in which they've occurred.

Selective mutism is a consistent failure of children to speak in certain situations, such as school, even when they can speak in other situations, such as at home with close family members. This can interfere with school, work and social functioning.

Separation anxiety disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by anxiety that's excessive for the child's developmental level and related to separation from parents or others who have parental roles.

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) involves high levels of anxiety, fear and avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.

Specific phobias are characterized by major anxiety when you're exposed to a specific object or situation and a desire to avoid it. Phobias provoke panic attacks in some people.

Substance-induced anxiety disorder is characterized by symptoms of intense anxiety or panic that are a direct result of misusing drugs, taking medications, being exposed to a toxic substance or withdrawal from drugs.

Other specified anxiety disorder and unspecified anxiety disorder are terms for anxiety or phobias that don't meet the exact criteria for any other anxiety disorders but are significant enough to be distressing and disruptive.

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if:

You feel like you're worrying too much and it's interfering with your work, relationships or other parts of your life

Your fear, worry or anxiety is upsetting to you and difficult to control

You feel depressed, have trouble with alcohol or drug use, or have other mental health concerns along with anxiety

You think your anxiety could be linked to a physical health problem

You have suicidal thoughts or behaviors - if this is the case, seek emergency treatment immediately

Your worries may not go away on their own, and they may get worse over time if you don't seek help. See your doctor or a mental health provider before your anxiety gets worse. It's easier to treat if you get help early.

Causes

The causes of anxiety disorders aren't fully understood. Life experiences such as traumatic events appear to trigger anxiety disorders in people who are already prone to anxiety. Inherited traits also can be a factor.

Medical causes

For some people, anxiety may be linked to an underlying health issue. In some cases, anxiety signs and symptoms are the first indicators of a medical illness. If your doctor suspects your anxiety may have a medical cause, he or she may order tests to look for signs of a problem.

Examples of medical problems that can be linked to anxiety include:

Heart disease

Diabetes

Thyroid problems, such as hyperthyroidism

Respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma

Drug misuse or withdrawal

Withdrawal from alcohol, anti-anxiety medications (benzodiazepines) or other medications

Chronic pain or irritable bowel syndrome

Rare tumors that produce certain fight-or-flight hormones

Sometimes anxiety can be a side effect of certain medications.

It's possible that your anxiety may be due to an underlying medical condition if:

You don't have any blood relatives (such as a parent or sibling) with an anxiety disorder

You didn't have an anxiety disorder as a child

You don't avoid certain things or situations because of anxiety

You have a sudden occurrence of anxiety that seems unrelated to life events and you didn't have a previous history of anxiety

Risk factors

These factors may increase your risk of developing an anxiety disorder:

Trauma. Children who endured abuse or trauma or witnessed traumatic events are at higher risk of developing an anxiety disorder at some point in life. Adults who experience a traumatic event also can develop anxiety disorders.

Stress due to an illness. Having a health condition or serious illness can cause significant worry about issues such as your treatment and your future.

Stress buildup. A big event or a buildup of smaller stressful life situations may trigger excessive anxiety - for example, a death in the family, work stress or ongoing worry about finances.

Personality. People with certain personality types are more prone to anxiety disorders than others are.

Other mental health disorders. People with other mental health disorders, such as depression, often also have an anxiety disorder.

Having blood relatives with an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders can run in families.

Drugs or alcohol. Drug or alcohol use or misuse or withdrawal can cause or worsen anxiety.

Complications

Having an anxiety disorder does more than make you worry. It can also lead to, or worsen, other mental and physical conditions, such as:

Depression (which often occurs with an anxiety disorder) or other mental health disorders

Substance misuse

Trouble sleeping (insomnia)

Digestive or bowel problems

Headaches and chronic pain

Social isolation

Problems functioning at school or work

Poor quality of life

Suicide

Prevention

There's no way to predict for certain what will cause someone to develop an anxiety disorder, but you can take steps to reduce the impact of symptoms if you're anxious:

Get help early. Anxiety, like many other mental health conditions, can be harder to treat if you wait.

Stay active. Participate in activities that you enjoy and that make you feel good about yourself. Enjoy social interaction and caring relationships, which can lessen your worries.

Avoid alcohol or drug use. Alcohol and drug use can cause or worsen anxiety. If you're addicted to any of these substances, quitting can make you anxious. If you can't quit on your own, see your doctor or find a support group to help you.

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Learn the symptoms of this mental health condition, and ways to manage worry and fear that interfere with your daily activities.

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Article about basic information about anxiety

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Article about basic information about anxiety

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This link gives a basic overview of anxiety and the other types of anxiety as a whole. I chose this article due to the fact that is is credible and that it has correct information.

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Overview

Occasional anxiety is an expected part of life. You might feel anxious when faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or before making an important decision. But anxiety disorders involve more than temporary worry or fear. For a person with an anxiety disorder, the anxiety does not go away and can get worse over time. The symptoms can interfere with daily activities such as job performance, school work, and relationships.

There are several types of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and various phobia-related disorders.

Signs and Symptoms

Risk Factors

Treatments and Therapies

Join a Study

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Occasional anxiety is an expected part of life. You might feel anxious when faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or before making an important decision. But anxiety disorders involve more than temporary worry or fear. For a person with an anxiety disorder, the anxiety does not go away and can get worse over time.