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A year of Life Science in 3 minutes-Middle School Science

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Climate change in 60 seconds | The Royal Society

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15.1.4 What determines the carrying capacity of the envi---

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What is the science behind it?

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How to determine if masks are really helpful?

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How to determine if masks are really helpful?

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Do the math for masks!

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1000 meter thick ice!

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How Exxon fueled climate deniers!

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On the second Monday of October each year, millions of Americans celebrate Columbus Day, one of just two federal holidays named for specific men. ﻿﻿ The tale of Christopher Columbus, the legendary Genoese explorer and navigator, ​has been retold and rewritten many times. To some, he was an intrepid explorer, following his instincts to a New World. To others, he was a monster, a trader of enslaved people who unleashed the horrors of the conquest on unsuspecting natives. What are the facts about Christopher Columbus?​

The Myth of Christopher Columbus

Schoolchildren are taught that Christopher Columbus wanted to find America, or in some cases that he wanted to prove that the world was round. He convinced Queen Isabella of Spain to finance the journey, and she sold her personal jewelry to do so. He bravely headed west and found the Americas and the Caribbean, making friends with natives along the way. He returned to Spain in glory, having discovered the New World.

What's wrong with this story? Quite a bit, actually.

Myth #1: Columbus Wanted to Prove the World Was Not Flat

The theory that the Earth was flat and that it was possible to sail off the edge of it was common in the Middle Ages, but it had been discredited by Columbus' time. His first New World journey did help fix one common mistake, however: it proved that the Earth was much larger than people had previously thought.

Columbus, basing his calculations on incorrect assumptions about the size of the Earth, assumed it would be possible to reach the rich markets of eastern Asia by sailing west. Had he succeeded in finding a new trade route, it would have made him a very wealthy man. Instead, he found the Caribbean, then inhabited by cultures with little in the way of gold, silver, or trade goods. Unwilling to completely abandon his calculations, Columbus made a laughingstock of himself back in Europe by claiming that the Earth was not round but shaped like a pear. He had not found Asia, he said, because of the bulging part of the pear near the stalk.

Myth #2: Columbus Persuaded Queen Isabella to Sell Her Jewels to Finance the Trip

He didn't need to. Isabella and her husband Ferdinand, fresh from the conquest of Moorish kingdoms in the south of Spain, had more than enough money to send someone like Columbus sailing off to the west in three second-rate ships. He had tried to get financing from other kingdoms like England and Portugal with no success. Strung along on vague promises, Columbus hung around the Spanish court for years. In fact, he had just given up and was headed to France to try his luck there when word reached him that the Spanish king and queen had decided to finance his 1492 voyage.

Myth #3: He Made Friends With the Natives He Met

The Europeans, with ships, guns, fancy clothes, and shiny trinkets, made quite an impression on the tribes of the Caribbean, whose technology was far behind that of Europe. Columbus made a good impression when he wanted to. For example, he made friends with a local chieftain on the Island of Hispaniola named Guacanagari because he needed to leave some of his men behind.

But Columbus also captured other natives for use as enslaved people. The practice of enslavement was common and legal in Europe at the time, and the trade of enslaved people was very lucrative. Columbus never forgot that his voyage was not one of exploration, but of economics. His financing came from the hope that he would find a lucrative new trade route. He did nothing of the sort: the people he met had little to trade. An opportunist, he captured some natives to show that they would make good enslaved people. Years later, he would be devastated to learn that Queen Isabella had decided to declare the New World off-limits to enslavers.

Myth #4: He Returned to Spain in Glory, Having Discovered the Americas

Again, this one is half-true. At first, most observers in Spain considered his first voyage a total fiasco. He had not found a new trade route and the most valuable of his three ships, the Santa Maria, had sunk. Later, when people began to realize that the lands he had found were previously unknown, his stature grew and he was able to get funding for a second, much larger voyage of exploration and colonization.

As for discovering the Americas, many people have pointed out over the years that for something to be discovered it must first be "lost," and the millions of people already living in the New World certainly didn't need to be "discovered."

But more than that, Columbus stubbornly stuck to his guns for the rest of his life. He always believed that the lands he found were the easternmost fringe of Asia and that the rich markets of Japan and India were just a little farther away. He even put forth his absurd pear-shaped Earth theory in order to make the facts fit his assumptions. It wasn't long before everyone around him figured out that the New World was something previously unseen by Europeans, but Columbus himself went to the grave without admitting that they were right.

Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain?

Since his death in 1506, Columbus' life story has undergone many revisions. He is vilified by Indigenous rights groups, yet he was once seriously considered for sainthood. What's the real scoop?

Columbus was neither a monster nor a saint. He had some admirable qualities and some very negative ones.

On the positive side, Columbus was a very talented sailor, navigator, and ship captain. He bravely went west without a map, trusting his instincts and calculations. He was very loyal to his patrons, the king and queen of Spain, and they rewarded him by sending him to the New World a total of four times. While he enslaved people from the tribes that fought him and his men, he seems to have dealt relatively fairly with those tribes that he befriended, such as that of Chief Guacanagari.

But there are many stains on his legacy as well. Ironically, the Columbus-bashers blame him for some things that were not under his control and ignore some of his most glaring actual defects. He and his crew brought awful diseases, such as smallpox, to which the men and women of the New World had no defenses, and their population is estimated to have declined by as much as 90%.﻿﻿ This is undeniable, but it was also unintentional and would have happened eventually anyway. His discovery opened the doors to the conquistadors who looted the mighty Aztec and Inca Empires and slaughtered natives in large numbers, but this, too, would likely have happened when someone else inevitably discovered the New World.

If one must hate Columbus, it is far more reasonable to do so for other reasons. He was an enslaver and trader of enslaved people who heartlessly took men and women away from their families in order to lessen his failure to find a new trade route. His contemporaries despised him. As governor of Santo Domingo on Hispaniola, he was a despot who kept all profits for himself and his brothers and was loathed by the colonists whose lives he controlled. Attempts were made on his life and he was actually sent back to Spain in chains at one point after his third voyage.

During his fourth voyage, he and his men were stranded on Jamaica for a year when his ships rotted. No one wanted to travel there from Hispaniola to save him. He was also a cheapskate. After promising a reward to whoever spotted land first on his 1492 voyage, he refused to pay up when sailor Rodrigo de Triana did so, giving the reward to himself instead because he had seen a "glow" the night before.

Previously, the elevation of Columbus to a hero caused people to name cities (and a country, Colombia) after him and many places still celebrate Columbus Day. But nowadays, people tend to see Columbus for what he really was: an influential man with a mixed legacy.

Additional References

Carle, Robert. "Remembering Columbus: Blinded by Politics." Academic Questions 32.1 (2019): 105-13. Print.

Cook, Noble David. "Sickness, Starvation, and Death in Early Hispaniola." The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32.3 (2002): 349-86. Print.

Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.

Kelsey, Harry. "Finding the Way Home: Spanish Exploration of the Round-Trip Route across the Pacific Ocean." Science, Empire and the European Exploration of the Pacific. Ed. Ballantyne, Tony. The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples, and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900. New York: Routledge, 2018. Print.

Thomas, Hugh. "Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan." New York: Random House, 2005.

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Do You Know the Truth About Christopher Columbus?

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On the second Monday of October each year, millions of Americans celebrate Columbus Day, one of just two federal holidays named for specific men. ﻿﻿ The tale of Christopher Columbus, the legendary Genoese explorer and navigator, ​has been retold and rewritten many times. To some, he was an intrepid explorer, following his instincts to a New World.

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Columbus the vicious murderer

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
On the second Monday of October each year, millions of Americans celebrate Columbus Day, one of just two federal holidays named for specific men. ﻿﻿ The tale of Christopher Columbus, the legendary Genoese explorer and navigator, ​has been retold and rewritten many times. To some, he was an intrepid explorer, following his instincts to a New World. To others, he was a monster, a trader of enslaved people who unleashed the horrors of the conquest on unsuspecting natives. What are the facts about Christopher Columbus?​

The Myth of Christopher Columbus

Schoolchildren are taught that Christopher Columbus wanted to find America, or in some cases that he wanted to prove that the world was round. He convinced Queen Isabella of Spain to finance the journey, and she sold her personal jewelry to do so. He bravely headed west and found the Americas and the Caribbean, making friends with natives along the way. He returned to Spain in glory, having discovered the New World.

What's wrong with this story? Quite a bit, actually.

Myth #1: Columbus Wanted to Prove the World Was Not Flat

The theory that the Earth was flat and that it was possible to sail off the edge of it was common in the Middle Ages, but it had been discredited by Columbus' time. His first New World journey did help fix one common mistake, however: it proved that the Earth was much larger than people had previously thought.

Columbus, basing his calculations on incorrect assumptions about the size of the Earth, assumed it would be possible to reach the rich markets of eastern Asia by sailing west. Had he succeeded in finding a new trade route, it would have made him a very wealthy man. Instead, he found the Caribbean, then inhabited by cultures with little in the way of gold, silver, or trade goods. Unwilling to completely abandon his calculations, Columbus made a laughingstock of himself back in Europe by claiming that the Earth was not round but shaped like a pear. He had not found Asia, he said, because of the bulging part of the pear near the stalk.

Myth #2: Columbus Persuaded Queen Isabella to Sell Her Jewels to Finance the Trip

He didn't need to. Isabella and her husband Ferdinand, fresh from the conquest of Moorish kingdoms in the south of Spain, had more than enough money to send someone like Columbus sailing off to the west in three second-rate ships. He had tried to get financing from other kingdoms like England and Portugal with no success. Strung along on vague promises, Columbus hung around the Spanish court for years. In fact, he had just given up and was headed to France to try his luck there when word reached him that the Spanish king and queen had decided to finance his 1492 voyage.

Myth #3: He Made Friends With the Natives He Met

The Europeans, with ships, guns, fancy clothes, and shiny trinkets, made quite an impression on the tribes of the Caribbean, whose technology was far behind that of Europe. Columbus made a good impression when he wanted to. For example, he made friends with a local chieftain on the Island of Hispaniola named Guacanagari because he needed to leave some of his men behind.

But Columbus also captured other natives for use as enslaved people. The practice of enslavement was common and legal in Europe at the time, and the trade of enslaved people was very lucrative. Columbus never forgot that his voyage was not one of exploration, but of economics. His financing came from the hope that he would find a lucrative new trade route. He did nothing of the sort: the people he met had little to trade. An opportunist, he captured some natives to show that they would make good enslaved people. Years later, he would be devastated to learn that Queen Isabella had decided to declare the New World off-limits to enslavers.

Myth #4: He Returned to Spain in Glory, Having Discovered the Americas

Again, this one is half-true. At first, most observers in Spain considered his first voyage a total fiasco. He had not found a new trade route and the most valuable of his three ships, the Santa Maria, had sunk. Later, when people began to realize that the lands he had found were previously unknown, his stature grew and he was able to get funding for a second, much larger voyage of exploration and colonization.

As for discovering the Americas, many people have pointed out over the years that for something to be discovered it must first be "lost," and the millions of people already living in the New World certainly didn't need to be "discovered."

But more than that, Columbus stubbornly stuck to his guns for the rest of his life. He always believed that the lands he found were the easternmost fringe of Asia and that the rich markets of Japan and India were just a little farther away. He even put forth his absurd pear-shaped Earth theory in order to make the facts fit his assumptions. It wasn't long before everyone around him figured out that the New World was something previously unseen by Europeans, but Columbus himself went to the grave without admitting that they were right.

Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain?

Since his death in 1506, Columbus' life story has undergone many revisions. He is vilified by Indigenous rights groups, yet he was once seriously considered for sainthood. What's the real scoop?

Columbus was neither a monster nor a saint. He had some admirable qualities and some very negative ones.

On the positive side, Columbus was a very talented sailor, navigator, and ship captain. He bravely went west without a map, trusting his instincts and calculations. He was very loyal to his patrons, the king and queen of Spain, and they rewarded him by sending him to the New World a total of four times. While he enslaved people from the tribes that fought him and his men, he seems to have dealt relatively fairly with those tribes that he befriended, such as that of Chief Guacanagari.

But there are many stains on his legacy as well. Ironically, the Columbus-bashers blame him for some things that were not under his control and ignore some of his most glaring actual defects. He and his crew brought awful diseases, such as smallpox, to which the men and women of the New World had no defenses, and their population is estimated to have declined by as much as 90%.﻿﻿ This is undeniable, but it was also unintentional and would have happened eventually anyway. His discovery opened the doors to the conquistadors who looted the mighty Aztec and Inca Empires and slaughtered natives in large numbers, but this, too, would likely have happened when someone else inevitably discovered the New World.

If one must hate Columbus, it is far more reasonable to do so for other reasons. He was an enslaver and trader of enslaved people who heartlessly took men and women away from their families in order to lessen his failure to find a new trade route. His contemporaries despised him. As governor of Santo Domingo on Hispaniola, he was a despot who kept all profits for himself and his brothers and was loathed by the colonists whose lives he controlled. Attempts were made on his life and he was actually sent back to Spain in chains at one point after his third voyage.

During his fourth voyage, he and his men were stranded on Jamaica for a year when his ships rotted. No one wanted to travel there from Hispaniola to save him. He was also a cheapskate. After promising a reward to whoever spotted land first on his 1492 voyage, he refused to pay up when sailor Rodrigo de Triana did so, giving the reward to himself instead because he had seen a "glow" the night before.

Previously, the elevation of Columbus to a hero caused people to name cities (and a country, Colombia) after him and many places still celebrate Columbus Day. But nowadays, people tend to see Columbus for what he really was: an influential man with a mixed legacy.

Additional References

Carle, Robert. "Remembering Columbus: Blinded by Politics." Academic Questions 32.1 (2019): 105-13. Print.

Cook, Noble David. "Sickness, Starvation, and Death in Early Hispaniola." The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32.3 (2002): 349-86. Print.

Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.

Kelsey, Harry. "Finding the Way Home: Spanish Exploration of the Round-Trip Route across the Pacific Ocean." Science, Empire and the European Exploration of the Pacific. Ed. Ballantyne, Tony. The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples, and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900. New York: Routledge, 2018. Print.

Thomas, Hugh. "Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan." New York: Random House, 2005.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Do You Know the Truth About Christopher Columbus?

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On the second Monday of October each year, millions of Americans celebrate Columbus Day, one of just two federal holidays named for specific men. ﻿﻿ The tale of Christopher Columbus, the legendary Genoese explorer and navigator, ​has been retold and rewritten many times. To some, he was an intrepid explorer, following his instincts to a New World.

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Learn about water waves and sound waves. Energy travels through waves and in this science video for kids we explain amplitude & wavelength. Watch now!

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Light Is Waves: Crash Course Physics #39

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What is Light - Physics (Simple Explanation)

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Learn the facts about colds, flu & more

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Cold Myths Busted Plus Preventing the Common Cold

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See through the 100,000x power of an electron microscope

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Top 10 Most Astonishing Electron Microscope Pics In The World

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Optical illusions . . .

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Wow

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Travel Deep Inside a Leaf - Annotated Version | California Academy of Sciences

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From a microscopic cell to a creature

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Incredibly tiny, tiny wonders

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Award-Winning Footage Of The Microsopic World Around Us

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Slow motion faster than light

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It swells, bubbles, changes. . .

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How to make the perfect cookies (according to science) - Stephanie Warren

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The amazing ways plants defend themselves - Valentin Hammoudi

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If You Get This Plant at Home, You’ll Never See Mice, Spiders, or Ants Again

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Great for work, study.

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Forest Birdsong - Relaxing Nature Sounds - Birds Chirping - REALTIME - NO LOOP - 2 Hours - HD 1080p

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Zzzzzzzz

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Relaxing Waterfall Sounds for Sleep | Fall Asleep & Stay Sleeping with Water White Noise | 10 Hours

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Pep you up while you research!

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No snow, just gusty winds and rustling leaves.

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Swaying Trees in The Wind, Rumbling Leaves, Relaxing Wind

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The rain sounds much like fire crackling and snapping.

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Leaves Falling in Colorful Autumn Forest with Light Rain and Wind in Treetops / 1 Hour Rain Sound

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The world's largest lesson plan!