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The United States sprayed over 73 million liters of chemical agents on the country to strip away the vegetation that provided cover for Vietcong troops. They  destroyed crops and disrupted rice production and distribution. About 45 million liters of the poisonous Agent Orange was sprayed, which poisoned the soil, river systems, lakes and rice paddies of Vietnam, enabling toxic chemicals to enter the food chain and affecting it ecology. U.S. aircraft targeted 4.5 million acres including  Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc, Thua Thien Hue and Kontum, destroying their inland's hardwood forests and coastal mangrove swamps as they sprayed.

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Interaction Between Humans and Environment 

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Interaction Between Humans and Environment 

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Technological Advances Relating to Vietnam

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Technological Advances Relating to Vietnam

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Public mediums such as TV and radio were important communication technologies, allowing the media to communicate with thousands of people at once. Cameras and movies can visually communicate a message to all viewers in ways that words cannot. They can evoke a strong emotional reaction from viewers and be used in a biased manner to communicate a certain point of view. Military technologies included highly toxic chemicals in bombs, aircraft with explosives (fighter planes like the F-4 Phantom, B-52 heavy bomber, and Bell UH-1 helicopter), booby traps,  grenades, and machine guns (M-16 rifle).

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The bombing of North Vietnam cost about $2‐billion to supply weapons for the war. Overall, the war as a whole costed about $6‐billion to reconstruct the damages. Requirements of the war effort strained the nation's production capacities, leading to imbalances in the industrial sector. Factories that would have been producing consumer goods were being used to make items from the military, causing controversy over the government's handling of economic policy. In addition, the government's military spending caused several problems for the American economy. The funds were going overseas, which contributed to an imbalance in payments since no corresponding funds were returning to the country. In addition, military expenditures, combined with domestic social spending, created budget deficits which fueled inflation. Interest rates rose, restricting the amount of capital available for businesses and consumers.

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More than 58,000 Americans and 3 million Vietnamese were killed and left in ruins, making America in a state of grief, anger, as their loved ones are gone. Veterans could never live down to what they experienced; being forced to kill for their country and face with guilt the rest of their lives, possibly develop PTSD and having to readjust to the American society and cope with war trauma after returning to the United States. A widespread of the public distrusted the U.S. government and made the military less popular.

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How Their Feelings Have Changed Over Time

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How Their Feelings Have Changed Over Time

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They weren’t always informed of what was going on, but once the publicity exposed the fighting in the war, people became outraged and instantly wanted to be revoked from the war.

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How the American Public Felt About the Vietnam War

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How the American Public Felt About the Vietnam War

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The American public during Kennedy’s presidency was strongly against the Vietnam war, questioning why they were involved and protested enlistment to the war. Through the media, Americans were able to see what happened in Vietnam and how their soldiers killed millions of innocent Vietnamese lives, becoming scared of their government and wanting to back down from the war to end the massacres. JFk escalated the war by increasing U.S military advisors in South Vietnam, which ultimately lead to his assassination

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Kennedy addresses South Vietnam reassuring them of what is to come in the new year.

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The Kennedy Commitment (Sound Recording) 

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The Kennedy Commitment (Sound Recording) 

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President Kennedy and Robert McNamara discuss the strengthening troops of the Viet Cong. Kennedy explains how he still thinks the war is valuable in preventing the "domino theory" and that he is still optimistic.

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January 15, 1963: President Kennedy meets with the Joint Chiefs of Staff on Vietnam by The Miller Center at UVA

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These 1963 recordings illuminate President Kennedy's thinking, and that of his advisors, on the rise of the Viet Cong insurgents in South Vietnam.

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Kennedy addresses the war in Vietnam and their purpose in fighting the war.

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Courtesy of National Archives, Kennedy, John F., "America's Stake in Vietnam," 1 June 1956

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This speech was given by U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy during a time when Vietnam was to hold an election to reconcile the country as laid out in the 1954 Geneva Accords. However, the U.S. was concerned that this would give too much power to the communists at the time. Instead, then President Eisenhower supported the creation of a non-Communist state in Southern Vietnam led by President Ngo Dinh Diem, who helped stave off such an election. In Diem, as Sen. Kennedy alludes to in his speech, the U.S. finds an ally against communism but not necessarily a democratic leader.

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"America's Stake in Vietnam" Speech by U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy, June 1, 1956

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Full Transcript of "America's Stake in Vietnam" Speech Transcribed Excerpt from "America's Stake in Vietnam" Speech Source-Dependent Questions What happens when a firefighter makes a mistake and actually catches other buildings on fire? How does the metaphor of the U.S. as a volunteer firefighter to show the weakness of the country's foreign policy?

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The form of sculpturing became very popular because of the way artists began to protest the war using reflective art. Eventually this art was shown in the Vietnam art gallery.

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Clothing was impacted by the Vietnam war as it inspired the hippie generation that was to come in the 1970's. The heavy topics brought on more casual clothing that could soon conform into the hippie movement.

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One of Kennedy's missions as president was to win the Space Race and wipe away any possible communist victories for the Soviet Union. Kennedy ensured that the Apollo mission continued and years later the Kennedy Space Station landed the first man on the moon.

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The music industry was heavily impacted as artists such as The Beatles created music that surrounded the war efforts. The music was created to help paint a picture of everything that was happening in terms of opposing the Vietnam war.

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The US culture was severely damaged by the impacts of the Vietnam War. The US was left with a crippling economy, and weakened patriotism. The Early 1960's under Kennedy's rule was the era of protest with the opposition to the Vietnam war, Civil Rights protesting, and the Cuban missile crisis.

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Kennedy was the youngest candidate ever selected for US president. He was most known for his management of the Cuban Missile crisis, he announced a naval blockade and demanded the Soviets remove their weapons from Cuba, Peace Corps, the continuation of the Apollo space program, his Civil Rights activism, ensuring trust between countries, reliving cold war tensions, and providing missions and goals for the country. Up until he was assassinated JFK was actively involved in creating peace between foreign conflicts and handling current event topics. Kennedy did his duties as president and was one of the most trustworthy presidents in US history.

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Kennedy wanted to start pushing out troops into Vietnam to threaten the communist Viet Cong. He was an advocate for the domino theory and wanted to do his part in preventing communism from spreading to developing nations. His mindset was to support South Vietnam fighting against communism and create peace with outside nations.

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Kennedy focused a lot on helping the South Vietnamese and most of his war development was entering troops into Vietnam. Kennedy debated sending US combat forces to Vietnam, but he ended ups ending US pilots and air force to back up South Vietnam's ground forces. He sent several US military troops to President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam. He increased the amount of troops in Vietnam by over 2,300 men, and he authorized herbicides in roads threatened by the Viet Cong.

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Kennedy signed the Peace Corps into action which created the volunteer service in which the US sent troops to developing nations to help provide medical treatment, education for children, food, and other necessities. This helped change America's representation with foreign policy and proves the US as a reliable ally.