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the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

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The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that would allow for a system of trade in China open to all countries equally

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The Opium Wars, two wars waged between Western powers and Qing-dynasty China, took place in the mid-19th century

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

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a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary

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Henry Bessemer invented a cheap process for making steel (which is stronger than iron)

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Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin stimulated a demand for cotton textiles

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In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine. Steam engines produced more power and allowed factories to be built in cities near workers

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“The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period when there was a huge increase of machine-made goods

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In 1810, a poor but well educated Catholic priest named Miguel Hidalgo used Enlightenment ideals to call for a revolution against Spain

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Argentinean creole Jose de San Martín led the independence movement in southern South America. San Martín helped create new nations of Argentina, Chile & Peru

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From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan creole Simon Bolivar led an army of revolutionaries against Spain

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In 1799, France’s army was commanded by a young and successful general named Napoleon Bonaparte.

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The National Assembly wrote their revolutionary ideals in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It guaranteed freedom of speech, &freedom of religion, & equal justice

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The French Revolution refers to the period that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended in November 1799 with the formation of the French Consulate.

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The Declaration   of Independence used ideas from the Enlightenment (especially John Locke) to explain why Americans were declaring independence

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The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution which occurred in colonial North America between 1765 and 1783

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''The Father of Economics''

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Italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher, and politician, who is widely considered one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment

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Montesquieu believed
in separation of powers: dividing power among three branches of government

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His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution

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The French philosophe Voltaire was a famous writer of the Enlightenment. Voltaire argued for certain rights: freedom of speech and religion; he criticized intolerance, prejudice, and oppression

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One of the first political thinkers of the Enlightenment. Hobbes believed that humans are naturally cruel, selfish, and hungry for power; Hobbes argued that people need to be protected from themselves

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Locke believed that people are born equal with natural rights, including life, liberty, and property