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A hub is a networking device that allows multiple computers to communicate with each other over a network by broadcasting all incoming data to all active ports.

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Switch is a networking device that
connects hosts by receiving
incoming data packets and
redirects them to their intended
destination.
- Fixed-configuration switches are
usually available 4 to 52 ports..

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It allows multiple computers to communicate with each other over a network.

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- Network Hub is a hub that allows multiple computers to
communicate with each
other over a network.
- USB Hub is a hub that allows
multiple peripherals to
connect through a single
USB port.

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- Cheap and simple
- Can connect different media types

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- Half-duplex
- Wastes bandwidth
- Causes unnecessary traffic.

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A bridge is a kind of networking
device that interconnects two
or more networks together by
dividing LAN into different
segments.

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Switch connects the server and the computers so the data can go to the specific destination.

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Bridges work by dividing a
LAN into segments and help
the hosts send and receive
data to the specific segment where the receiver or another host belong.

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Repeater - is a network device that replicates and amplifies a received signal to an extended geographical area.

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Repeaters work by amplifying
the received signal then rebroadcasts it to another area.

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There are two types of Bridges, there is a bridge for wired network and there is one for wireless network.

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• Full-duplex

• Keeps a record of MAC Address

• Prevents Bandwidth Waste

• Increases network size

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• More expensive

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- Reduces network traffic.
- Prevents bandwidth waste.
-Keeps a record of MAC Addresses.

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1. Wi-Fi Repeater
- is used to extend the coverage
area of your Wi-Fi network.

2. Network Repeater
-The specific characteristic of
this is that whatever it
receives it transmits to the
other LAN segment. This
does not understand the
frame format and also
physical addresses. In other
words, it is a transparent
device. Therefore, multiple
LANs connected by
repeaters may be
considered as a single LAN.

3. Telephone Repeater
- is used to amplify
signals to support and
carry long distance calls.

4. SUBMARINE CABLE REPEATER

5. Radio Repeater
- this is used to extend the
coverage of a radio signal.

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- Expensive
- Slower than Hubs

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Modem is a networking device that allows devices to send and
receive data over the internet by converting analog signal into a digital signal and vice versa.

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➤ It amplifies the signal.
➤ It does not affect the performance of the network
when it’s performing its task on the signal.
➤ Repeaters can be used in different mediums for
reception and transmission.
➤ It does not increase or decrease the network traffic.

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➤It is not possible to connect different network
architectures using repeater. For this router or gateway is
needed.
➤The number of repeaters to be used are limited between
two ends. More repeaters create noise on the wire which
results into packet collisions or problems in the packet
detection.
➤Repeaters do not perform filtering of the data.

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Modems demodulates incoming analog signals into a digital signal, it can also do it the other way around but it modulates.

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Router is a networking device that connects computers and
other devices to the Internet by acting as a dispatcher
that chooses the best route for the packets to travel.

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It routes or passes the internet connection to all devices
connected to it by distributing data packets to intended
destination using the IP addresses of each device.

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1. WIRED ROUTER
- are typically box-shaped
devices that connect directly
to computers via "hard-lined"
or wired connections.
2. WIRELESS ROUTER
- is a router that distributes
internet connection through
one or more antenna
(wireless access points).
3. BROUTER
- is a combination of bridge and
router.
- It can forward data between
networks (serving as a bridge),
but can also route data to
individual systems within a
network (serving as a router).
4. MODEM ROUTER
- is the most common
router used nowadays.
- it is a router with
built-in usb port and
Ethernet ports.

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- Cable Modem is a modem that uses coaxial cables to provide cable TV and high-speed internet access.
- DSL Modem is a modem used to transfer digital signals over standard telephone lines.
- USB Modem is a portable modem (known as a dongle) that plugs directly into a USB port and uses a SIM-card to connect to the internet.

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• Communicate across networks

• Keeps a record of IP Address

• Prevents Bandwidth waste

• Increases network size

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- High transmission speed
- Supports different media types

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• More expensive

• Security risks

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- Vulnerable to malware and hackers
- Expensive