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Being able to hear, identify, and manipulate the smallest unit of sound.
Strategy: As stated by Wise (2016) children seeing the words, hearing the sounds, and studying the structure allows them to make the connection between what they see and hear so teachers should point to each letter and say the sound that correlates.
Reading and Writing Supported:
As stated by Wierman (2018) phonemic awareness supports reading and writing because it is a strong predictor of long-term reading and spelling success which is a foundation for good writing.

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Knowling the connection between phonemes and graphenes to identify that letters make certain sounds.
Strategy: Repetition of practice phonics sounds is a key strategy to have students learn correct sounds with letters. As stated by The National Reading Panel (2017) evidence has shown that explicit, systematic phonics instruction is a valuable and essential part of a successful classroom reading program.
Reading and Writing Supported:
As stated by Wierman (2018) phonics supports reading and writing because it teaches students a system for remembering how to read words. This allows them to be  able to read, spell, and recognize words instantly.

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The stored list of words that a person knows and recognizes in speech and text.
Strategy: One study was found that many students find it easier to remember a word’s meaning by making a quick sketch that connects the word to something they know in real life.
Reading and Writing Supported:
Vocabulary supports reading and writing because students use their oral vocabulary to make sense of words they see in print which leads to using a wide variety of vocabulary that they know for writing.

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Being able to read text quickly, correctly, and with expression when needed.
Strategy: Doing repeated readings of the same story or poem can increase fluency. As stated by Blau (2021) having students practice reading by rereading a short passages  by using echo reading are some of the best ways to improve fluency.
Reading and Writing Supported:
Fluency supports reading and writing because without fluency reading it can become challenging for students to fluently develop sentences in their mind and to write those ideas down on paper.

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To understand, remember, and make meaning of what is read in text.
Strategy: The teacher can motivate students comprehension of the text by making the text relevant to the student in some way including art, dramatic readings, or even book talks sharing personal connections with the text.
Reading and Writing Supported:
Comprehension supports reading and writing because as stated by Wierman (2018) comprehension of what is read makes them active readers which allows them to use critical thinking when answering questions and writing.

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Blau, L. (2021). 5 Surefire Strategies for Developing Reading Fluency | Scholastic. Scholastic. https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/5-surefire-strategies-developing-reading-fluency/

Phonics Instruction. (2017, August 12). Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonics-instruction

Wierman, M. (2018b, February 21). [The Five Pillars of Reading] Breaking Down the Elements of. [The Five Pillars of Reading] Breaking Down the Elements of Successful Literacy Instruction. https://blog.edmentum.com/five-pillars-reading-breaking-down-elements-successful-literacy-instruction

Wise, R. (2016, January 24). Teach Phonemic Awareness (An Early Reading Skill) to Your Child with These 5 Fun Strategies -. Education and Behavior. https://educationandbehavior.com/how-to-teach-phonemic-awareness-to-kindergarteners/