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To advance understanding of tuberculosis

To study development and progression of tuberculosis

To develop and test potential forms of treatment for tuberculosis before applying it to humans

To test and develope preventative measures such as vaccines

improve our understanding of the epidemiology of TB

They incorporate with the process of infection.

(Good)

More information:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by germs that are spread from person to person through the air means there is an activation from TB germs, meaning that they are multiplying and destroying tissue in their body. (A type of bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes it)

TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine. A person with TB can die if they do not get treatment.

So, in conclusion we would say that if Tuberculosis models is not been develop that will brought many peoples to die in quick.

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1.Increased advocacy for the use of human-based models (how?) to complement and reduce the use of experiment in vivo research.

2.Development of advanced imaging technologies (Yes! in vivo monitoring technology, eg bacteria imaging and PET-CT) for animal models will help in rapid assessment of therapies and experimental vaccines, thereby saving time and money before carry out clinical trials that is costly.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29632372

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Technologies such as FDG PET/CT should be improved to be sensitive enough for detection of pathogen, including bacterial localization and quantification.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5415616/

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Animal models such as :-

mice: Suitable for rapid anti-TB chemical drugs evaluation.

rabbits: Rabbit spinal tuberculosis is the best model to research treatment for bone tuberculosis. It is also a model for rarer forms of TB such as meningeal and cutaneous.

guinea pigs: Shows sensitive immune response when infected, thus it is a good model for anti-TB vaccine evaluation.

cattle: To study TB susceptibility genes.

zebrafish: transparent body makes it easy to observe the interaction between bacteria and host; to research the dynamics of granuloma formation.

non-human primates: Similar clinical signs and classic granulomas structure to that of patient, therefore suitable for studying mechanisms of disease.

Ref:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5415616/

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Precision cut lung tissue slices (PCLTS) is an experimental model, in which all the usual cell types of the organ are found, the tissue architecture and the interactions amongst the different cells are maintained. PCLTS in good physiological conditions, monitored by MTT assay and histology, were infected with either virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv or the TB vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Histological analysis showed that bacilli infecting lung tissue slices were observed in the alveolar septa, alveolar light spaces, near to type II pneumocytes, and inside macrophages.

Ref: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29050759

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transfer of vigorously aerated cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to anaerobic conditions resulted in their rapid death, but gradual depletion of available O2 permitted expression of increased tolerance to anaerobiosis. Those studies used a model based on adaptation of unagitated bacilli as they settled through a self-generated O2 gradient, but the model did not permit examination of homogeneous populations of bacilli during discrete stages in that adaptation. The culture model presented here is also useful for screening drugs for the ability to kill tubercle bacilli in their different stages of nonreplicating persistence.

Ref: https://iai.asm.org/content/64/6/2062.short

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A positive TB skin test or TB blood test only tells that a person has been infected with TB bacteria. It does not tell whether the person has latent TB infection (LTBI) or has progressed to TB disease. Other tests, such as a chest x-ray and a sample of sputum, are needed to see whether the person has TB disease.
Mycobacterium is relatively understudied; they divide asymmetrically, generating a   population of cells that grow at different rates, have different sizes, and differ in how susceptible they are to antibiotics, increasing the chances that at least some will survive. This is different from other strains hence this makes it difficult to diagnose or treat TB.

Even though diagnostic tests exist for TB in a clinic setting, most of these have a large margin of error and takes a longer time to provide results.
eg; Mantoux test

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Biomarkers represent human response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli and alert clinicians for further workup of TB in clinical practice but the diagnostic biomarkers cannot stand alone, and the final decision of TB treatment must be based on the patient’s immune status, the probability of infection, and the urgency to administer the treatment.

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Why is it difficult to develop vaccines for TB

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Why is it difficult to develop vaccines for TB

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Not enough is known about the complex nature of the innate and adaptive human cellular immune responses central to natural clearance of M. tuberculosis infection, knowledge of which would significantly facilitate TB vaccine development.
Identifying which vaccines should progress onto large, expensive and time consuming field efficacy trials is extremely challenging.
The role of antibodies in TB vaccine induced protection, key to the development of licensed vaccines for use against other infectious diseases, has not yet been determined.

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Animal models:
Mice: absence of pathological hallmarks after infection with M. tuberculosis such as caseating granulomas including lung cavitations in the mouse strain

Rabbits: lack of relevant immunological reagents and clinical symptoms are not obvious in the rabbit.They also shed M. tuberculosis in the urine, leading to biocontainment concern.

Guinea pig: some characteristics features of human TB are not displayed,more expensive than mice,require the daily supply of vitamin C in the diet,maintenance is difficult  and restricted availability of immunological reagents.

Cattle: both intact and interrupt structural granulomas are different  from the one seen in human.

Zebrafish: anatomical and physiological differences between zebrafish and humans.

Non-human primates: low availability and great expense in housing and experimentation

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In vitro: TB replication stages (Drug screening)
Ex vivo: Infection of lung tissue slices with Mtb (Early immune response)
In vivo:
Mice and guinea pig: Mechanisms of TB immunological latency and relapse; evaluate drugs / vaccine.
Rabbit: Model for rare forms of TB, investigate cavitation, joint (spinal TB)
Monkey: Similar clinical symptoms.