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Learned Behavior: a behavior that an organism develops in response to an experience or knowledge during their life.
- Example: Zebra finches are able to learn a song, but they learn their songs from their fathers. They hear a song and, after listening, repeat that behavior.
Innate Behavior: a behavior that is genetically programmed into an organism; instinct.
- Example: When dogs are exposed to food, they begin drooling. No matter what or how many times, every time a dog sees food, they will salivate.

Behaviors are observable responses, reactions, and actions that are usually triggered by a signal or stimulus. Behaviors can include eating, playing, moving, etc.

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Definition: a motor activity or behavior that relieves anxiety or prevents it from occurring. It can also be seen in animals leading into another behavior, such as mating rituals.
- Example: People with OCD will wash their hands a very specific amount of times, or have certain sequences that they have to follow in order to manage their anxiety.

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Definition: to recognize someone/thing as a parent or other "object of habitual trust." Imprinting can occur on something that is not an actual parent, however.
- Example: When a chicken hatches, it looks for its mother. However, if it cannot find its mother, then it will recognize what is there as a parent. So, if the thing that is there is a dog, then the chicken will adopt the dog as its parental figure.

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Definition: movement from one part of something to another; seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.
- Example: Birds migrate from Idaho in the fall in order to go somewhere warmer, but will migrate back to Idaho in the spring. This behavior helps species to survive because they learn to avoid harsh winters and too-hot summers.

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Definition: searching for wild food resources. Foraging behaviors in animals can differ depending on environment.
- Example: Dolphins use sponges in order to feed on fish that have buried themselves inside of it. They have learned that, in order to get more food, they have to use more resources.

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Kinesis Definition: the undirected movement of an organism or cell in response to a stimulus; non-directional movement.
- Example: When cockroaches detect light, they respond. However, they are neither repelled from or attracted to the light, so the stimulus does not cause them to move in a specific direction.
Taxis Definition: directed movement of an organism or cell in response to a stimulus; directional movement.
- Example: If a plant is left by a window in order to absorb light, it will begin to grow toward the window. It is a directed movement in response to the stimulus of light in order to absorb as much as possible.

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Definition: a behavioral sequence seen in animals that is triggered by a stimulus and will always be carried out to completion after initiation.
- Example: Some moths, after detecting sounds from prey, will fold their wings, drop down to the ground, and hide. Once the sound (stimulus) is detected, the sequence begins and does not stop.

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Definition: a psychological learning process that involves a reaction to a stimulus being decreased after repeated exposure.
-Example: When a turtle is poked, it will put its head in its shell. However, if it is repeatedly poked, it will eventually stop reacting.

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Definition: how animals learn and develop throughout a lifespan. It includes behavioral and individual characteristics.
- Example: In humans, an example of maturation is when puberty occurs. More characteristics, both emotional and behavioral, are developed. These characteristics can be instinctive, but they can also be learned if a person is growing up under unusual conditions.

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- Classical conditioning was first described by Ivan Pavlov. It involves a neutral stimulus before a reflex and focuses on automatic, instinctive behaviors.
> Pavlov's Dogs is perhaps one of the most well-known classical conditioning experiments. A bell rang before food was placed in front of dogs. After a while, just a bell would ring, but the dog's salivation would increase. This was because the dogs began to associate the bell with food.
- Operant conditioning was first described by B.F. Skinner. It involves a reinforcement or punishment after a behavior and focuses on strengthening or weakening instinctive behaviors.
> For example, if a person is trying to train a dog to fetch a ball, they will give the dog praise or a treat when the it is successful. Thus, the dog begins to associate fetching the ball with a treat and the behavior increases.

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Nature vs. Nurture is often debated: whether characteristics and behaviors of animals are inherited and instinctive or whether they are developed as animals age and learn. Natural behaviors are those that are instinctive and are shown during natural, normal conditions. Nurtured behaviors may appear during times of stress or when an animal is put into a situation that requires adaptation- needing to acquire a new behavior. For instance, studies have been done on identical twins to observe which behaviors (if any) are natural. Noam Chomsky claimed that humans are able to learn languages because of a predisposition to doing so. Empiricists claim that all of our life experiences lead to every behavior and characteristic a person or animal has.