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Vietnamization occurred during the Vietnam War. It was the US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam.

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In response to President Nixon's announcement that he had moved the Vietnam War to Cambodia as well, college students across the USA exploded in violence. The Kent State Massacre was a killing of four college students at Kent State University. They were killed by the National Guardsmen.

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Hawks v. Doves were the division of American society during the 1960s. One side of American society called for intensifying America's role in Vietnam. The other side wanted withdrawal from Vietnam.

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The Tet Offensive occurred between the National Liberation Front and the North Vietnamese forces. Both forces launched a massive attack on Tet (Vietnamese New Year). There was a major defeat for communism. There was also a declining approval for President Johnson. More anti-war sentiment occurred.

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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress. It was in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It gave President Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

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The Vietnam War was a struggle between nationalist forces attempting to unify Vietnam under a communist government. The United States (with the aid of the South Vietnamese) were involved to try to prevent the spread of communism.

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The Warren Court was a court created by President Eisenhower. The court became a vehicle for social change and advocated for individuals and human rights.

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The Feminine Mystique was a book written by Betty Friedan. It depicted how difficult a woman's life was during the time. Women only think for their families, not themselves. The book said middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. It also attacked the "cult of domesticity."

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

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In June 1969, police officers raided a gay nightclub in New York, and began arresting patrons for attending the nightclub. Gay onlookers taunted the police and then attacked them. Someone started a fire in the nightclub, almost trapping people inside. This marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement. New organizations also began to rise up, like the Gay Liberation Front, which was founded in New York.

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Counterculture occurred between hippies, who were white middle-class youths. They believed in a society based on peace and love. They disagreed with the US' involvement in the Vietnam War. There was a large use of drugs among hippies.

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Baby-Boom occurred after the war. Many families decided to have babies and the baby-boom led to 20% population growth during the 1950s and increasing consumer demand.

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Black Panthers were part of an organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories.

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March on Washington was a massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed segregation of public accommodations. It also established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce the law and made the federal government responsible for finding instances of discrimination. Unfortunately, the act did not effectively address many problems associated with voting rights.

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The Little Rock Nine were
a group of African American students who attempted to enroll in a white high school in Arkansas during the wake of the Brown v. Board decision. Eventually, Eisenhower called in the 101 Airborne to restore order and force the Desegregation Order to happen.

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The Desegregation of Military banned racial discrimination in federal practices. It secured rights that called for desegregation, anti-lynching, and ended poll taxes.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycotts were a series of political and social protest campaigns against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a seminal event in the civil rights movement.

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Freedom Summer was a voter registration drive in Mississippi created by civil rights groups. The campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north.

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Brown v. Board occurred when the Topeka board of education denied Linda Brown admittance to an all white school close to her house. Marshall argued that a separate but equal violated equal protection clause of the 14th amendment.

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The Great Society was a domestic program under President Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.

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Detente was the relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island. The US also removed nuclear missiles in Cuba.

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The Bay of Pigs was an American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels. It ended up being a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans. The incident was an embarrassment for the U.S. and ultimately led to Castro pleading for Soviet aid

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The U-2 Incident occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

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Sputnik was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was launched by Moscow and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

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HUAC's goal was to investigate subversives in the government. Its best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused of espionage and Communist party membership.

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Senator Joseph R. McCarthy began a sensational campaign against communists (entertainers, teachers, democrats, gov't officials, screenwriters) that led to more than four years of charges and counter charges. It ended when the Senate censured him. McCarthyism became the contemporary name for the red scare of the 1950s.

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There were two Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. SALT 1 was an agreement signed by the US and Soviets to stop building nuclear ballistic missiles for five years.
SALT 2 reduced and limited the number of missile launchers and bombers.

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The Korean War was the first "hot war" of the Cold War. The Korean War began in 1950 when the North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953.

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NATO was the military alliance of Western European powers, the United States, and Canada that was established to defend against the common threat from the Soviet Union. It marked a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism.

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The GI Bill provided money for education and other benefits to military personnel returning from World War II.

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The Berlin Airlift was a successful effort by the United States and Britain to ship (by air) 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin.

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The Marshall Plan was the massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe. It was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and to prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power. The plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947.

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The Truman Doctrine was President Truman's program of post-World War II aid to European countries. It was particularly targeted at Greece and Turkey, who were in danger of being undermined by communism.

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The Domino Theory" was President Eisenhower's policy on Southeast Asia from the 1950's to the 1970's. It was an extension of the containment policy. According the domino theory, if France's war efforts in Southeast Asia failed, then all non-communist governments in the region would collapse.

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The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas in the post-WWII and Cold War era. The boundary went through the middle of Germany. On the west side was the Soviet Union, Poland, Finland, Hungary, Austria, Romania and West Germany, and on the east side was England, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and East Germany.

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Containment was a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Truman in the late 1940s. It was an effort in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism. They did this by creating alliances and helped weak countries resist Soviet advances

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The Fair Deal consisted of domestic reform proposals of the second Truman administration. It included civil rights legislation and the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act. Extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted.

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The Sunbelt is the southern and southwestern states. It goes from the Carolinas to California and is characterized by warm climate and recently, rapid population growth.