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Odysseus is the king of Ithaca, and is married to Penelope; they have an infant son named Telemachus. This sets the scene for the Hero's Journey.

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Call to Adventure and Refusal of the Call

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Call to Adventure and Refusal of the Call

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After Paris abducts Helen of Troy, Odysseus is called to make on a good promise he made and go with Menelaus and Agamemnon to retrieve her. This establishes the risks of the adventure and makes clear Odysseus' goals. Odysseus did not want to fight in the war, however Athena convinced him to sail to Troy and use his intelligence to defeat the Trojans.

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The Goddess of Wisdom and Battle.  She mentors Odysseus by helping him learn to get out of many tough situations.  He says "I came to this wild place, directed by Athena, so that we may lay plans to kill our enemies" (Homer lines 1080-1082).

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Circe mentors Odysseus by giving advice on how to avoid dangers.  Odysseus tells his shipmates "Circe foresaw for us and shared with me, so let me tell her forecast " (Homer lines 687-688).

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Teiresias mentors Odysseus by showing him how to communicate with the souls in Hades, and Odysseus says he will hold off on a decision until he should "know the presence of Tiresias" (Homer line 619).

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This is when Odysseus decided to take on the adventure/journey.  As they set sail, he said "We bore down on the ship at the seas edge and launched her on the salt immortal sea" (Homer lines 526-527).

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From Troy, the winds sweep the ship of Odysseus and his men to the city of the Cicones for a battle.  He says "I stormed that place and killed the men who fought" (Homer line 43).  Eventually a storm sent by Zeus sent them to on to their next journey.  The battle upholds the Greek value of death.

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The next stop for Odysseus and his men and their ship is the Land of the Lotus Eaters.  They are given the fruit of the Lotus which is toxic and addictive.  This makes them want to stay and eat more fruit instead of going home.  Odysseus says "those who ate this honeyed plant , the Lotus, never cared to report, nor to return" (Homer lines 97-98). Sharing the Lotus fruit showed the Greek value of hospitality.

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The next stop on their journey they encountered the rough and wild Cyclopes, and Odysseus described them as "all outward power, a wild man, ignorant of civility" (Homer lines 155-156). The Cyclops then ate some of the sailors.  This violates the Greek value of hospitality. Odysseus' men get one of the Cyclops drunk and put a hot poker in his eye.  Then the men escape from the island by hiding underneath some sheep and sailing away.

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The men sail from the land of Cyclops to the home of Aeolus, ruler of winds.  They were given a sack containing all of the winds except for the favorable west winds (Homer 576). When they get close to home, they open the sack and let loose a storm which sets them back.

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This is the next stop for the ship.  It is an island with cannibals, and they destroy all of the ships except for the one that Odysseus is on (Homer 576).  The Greek value that is violated is hospitality.

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The goddess Circe turns half of Odysseus' men into swine. The messenger god Hermes tells Odysseus to eat a "magic herb" to protect himself when he demands that she change his men back into humans (Homer 576). With this protection, he was able to overpower Circe and she did as he asked.

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The Sirens sing haunting songs to lure sailor's ships to rocks that will destroy them. The goddess Circe tells Odysseus to plug his mens ears with beeswax so they aren't tempted to get off course by the music .  Odysseus said " Circe foresaw for us and shared with me, so let me tell her forecast" (Homer lines 687-688).

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After the Sirens Island, they must get between Scylla, a six headed man eating monster, and Charybdis, an enormous whirlpool in the ocean that can swallow a ship.  Odysseus appeals to the King of the Gods and says "Zeus help us pull away before we founder" (Homer line 776).  One Greek value violated is bravery, when Odysseus is speaking about his men he says "They would have dropped their oars again, in panic, to roll for cover under the decking (Homer lines 785-786)".

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Odysseus says the goddess Calypso held him and detained him against his will , "but in my heart I never gave consent (Homer line 34)".

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Noblemen Phaecians help Odysseus find his way home.  He says "Great seafarers, the Phaecians, gave me passage as they give other wanderers" (Homer lines 1074-1075).

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Telemachus is Odysseus' son.  He helps his father when he gets older, and looks up to his father.  The text describes their coming together as "Then, throwing his arms around this marvel of a father Telemachus began to weep" (Homer lines 1060-1061).

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This is Odysseus old and faithful swineherd.  When Odysseus battles the Suitors, his servants, including Eumaeus stand beside him -"the servants armed themselves, and all three took their stand beside the master of battle" (Homer lines 1521-1522).

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The suitors are men who believe Odysseus is dead and are hoping to marry Penelope. They also plan to kill his son.  Odysseus says "Before long they will stand to right and left of us in combat, in shouting, when the test comes- our nerve against the suitors in my hall" (Homer lines 1117-1119).

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The men are warned to not eat the cattle or else "we pay dearly for it" by the god Helios (Homer lines 839-840).  They initially agreed, but after a month, they broke down due to hunger and killed them.  When Helios found out, he said "punish Odysseus' men" (Homer line 908) and Zeus caused them to have a shipwreck where all but Odysseus died.  The Greek value they violated was honor, because they did not keep their word  to not kill the cows.

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Odysseus appeals to Apollo "help me Apollo" for help with killing Antinous with an arrow (Homer line 1411).  When he dies, his men say it was all Antinous that was trying for Penelope, when it was all of the men.  The Greek value violated is honor, and Odysseus says "you dared bid for my wife when I was still alive" (Homer line 1441) and also calls them "yellow dogs" (Homer line 1439).  Odysseus and Telemachus ended up beating the Suitors.

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The journey home includes Odysseus telling his adventure story to King Alcinous, who shows Odysseus hospitality.  He commands his men the Phaecians to help Odysseus get safe passage home to Ithaca.  When he gets home, he is disguised as a beggar and fights off the Suitors trying to steal his wife Penelope.  After he kills the suitor Antinous,  the men realize who he is when he says "You yellow dogs, you thought I'd never make it home from the land of Troy" (Homer lines 1439-1440).

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The reward is when Odysseus returns home to his wife Penelope after 20 years, he "wept at last, his dear wife, clear and faithful, in his arms" (Homer lines 1614-1615).  He completed his tasks and won battles,  and survived death.  He gets his home and family back.

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Odysseus is an epic hero due to the characteristics he shows and actions he takes during his journey home.

He shows bravery many times, including when he held off the Suitors with his son,  "Run then, while I hold them off with arrows, as long as the arrows last" (Homer lines 1511-1512).

He also showed bravery when he told his men that were fighting Scylla and Charybdis "Did I not keep my nerve, and use my wits, to find a way out for us" (Homer lines 769-770).

He displayed leadership  by fighting alongside his men.  When they were facing Cylops, he said "as for myself, I took my twelve best fighters and went ahead" (Homer line 136-137).

He also shows the heroic trait of intelligence.  He offers the Cyclops wine to make him intoxicated , slow and not think clearly, so they can stab him in the eye with a hot poker.  Odysseus says "Cyclops, try some wine.  Here's liquor to wash down your scraps of men" (Homer lines 296-297).