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Eric Richard Kandel ( German: ; born Erich Richard Kandel[citation needed ], November 7, 1929) is an Austrian-born American medical doctor who specialized in psychiatry, a neuroscientist and a professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. He was a recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons. He shared the prize with Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard.

He is a Senior Investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He was also the founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, which is now the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University. He currently serves on the Scientific Council of the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. Kandel's popularized account chronicling his life and research, In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind, was awarded the 2006 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Science and Technology.

Eric's mother, Charlotte Zimels, was born in 1897 in Kolomyya, Pokuttya (modern Ukraine). She came from an Ashkenazi Jewish family. At that time Kolomyya was part of Austria-Hungary. His father, Hermann Kandel, was born in 1898 in Olesko, Galicia (then part of Austria-Hungary). At the beginning of World War I, his parents moved to Vienna, Austria, where they met and married in 1923.

Eric Kandel was born on November 7, 1929, in Vienna. Shortly after, Eric's father established a toy store. But, although they were thoroughly assimilated and acculturated, they left Austria after the country had been annexed by Germany in March 1938. As a result of Aryanization ( Arisierung), attacks on Jews had escalated and Jewish property was being confiscated. When Eric was 9, he and his brother Ludwig, 14, boarded the Gerolstein at Antwerp, Belgium, and joined their uncle in Brooklyn on May 11, 1939, to be followed later by his parents.

After arriving in the United States and settling in Brooklyn, Kandel was tutored by his grandfather in Judaic studies and was accepted at the Yeshiva of Flatbush, from which he graduated in 1944. He attended Brooklyn's Erasmus Hall High School in the New York City school system.

Kandel's initial interests lay in the area of history. History and Literature was his undergraduate major at Harvard University. He wrote an undergraduate honors thesis on "The Attitude Toward National Socialism of Three German Writers: Carl Zuckmayer, Hans Carossa, and Ernst Jünger". While at Harvard, a place dominated by the work of B. F. Skinner, Kandel became interested in learning and memory. However, while Skinner championed a strict separation of psychology, as its own level of discourse, from biological considerations such as neurology, Kandel's work is essentially centered on an explanation of the relationships between psychology and neurology.

The world of neuroscience was opened up to Kandel when he met Anna Kris, whose parents Ernst Kris and Marianne Rie were psychoanalysts. Sigmund Freud, a pioneer in revealing the importance of unconscious neural processes, was at the root of Kandel's interest in the biology of motivation and unconscious and conscious memory.[citation needed ]

In 1952 he started at the New York University Medical School. By graduation he was firmly interested in the biological basis of the mind. During this time he met his future wife, Denise Bystryn. Kandel was first exposed to research in Harry Grundfest's laboratory at Columbia University. Grundfest was known for using the oscilloscope to demonstrate that action potential conduction velocity depends on axon diameter. The researchers Kandel interacted with were contemplating the technical challenges of intracellular recordings of the electrical activity of the relatively small neurons of the vertebrate brain.

After starting his neurobiological work in the difficult thicket of the electrophysiology of the cerebral cortex, Kandel was impressed by the progress that had been made by Stephen Kuffler using a much more experimentally accessible system: neurons isolated from marine invertebrates. After becoming aware of Kuffler's work in 1955, Kandel graduated from medical school and learned from Stanley Crain how to make micro electrodes that could be used for intracellular recordings of crayfish giant axons.

Karl Lashley, a well-known American neuropsychologist, had tried but failed to identify an anatomical locus for memory storage in the cortex of the brain. When Kandel joined the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at the US National Institutes of Health in 1957, William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner had recently described the patient HM, who had lost the ability to form new memories after removal of his hippocampus. Kandel took on the task of performing electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Working with Alden Spencer, he found electrophysiological evidence for action potentials in the dendritic trees of hippocampal neurons. The team also noticed the spontaneous pacemaker-like activity of these neurons, as well as a robust recurrent inhibition in the hippocampus. They provided the first intracellular records of the electrical activity that underlies the epileptic spike (the intracellular paroxysmal depolarizing shift) and the epileptic runs of spikes (the intracellular sustained depolarization). But, with respect to memory, there was nothing in the general electrophysiological properties of hippocampal neurons that suggested why the hippocampus was special for explicit memory storage.

Kandel began to realize that memory storage must rely on modifications in the synaptic connections between neurons and that the complex connectivity of the hippocampus did not provide the best system for study of the detailed function of synapses. Kandel was aware that comparative studies of behavior, such as those by Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and Karl von Frisch had revealed that simple forms of learning were found even in very simple animals. Kandel felt it would be productive to select a simple animal model that would facilitate electrophysiological analysis of the synaptic changes involved in learning and memory storage. He believed that, ultimately, the results would be found to be applicable to humans. This decision was not without risk: many senior biologists and psychologists believed that nothing useful could be learned about human memory by studying invertebrate physiology.[citation needed ]

In 1962, after completing his residency in psychiatry, Kandel went to Paris to learn about the marine mollusk Aplysia californica from Ladislav Tauc. Kandel had realized that simple forms of learning such as habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning could readily be studied with ganglia isolated from Aplysia. "While recording the behavior of a single cell in a ganglion, one nerve axon pathway to the ganglion could be stimulated weakly electrically as a conditioned [tactile] stimulus, while another pathway was stimulated as an unconditioned [pain] stimulus, following the exact protocol used for classical conditioning with natural stimuli in intact animals."[citation needed ] Electrophysiological changes resulting from the combined stimuli could then be traced to specific synapses. In 1965 Kandel published his initial results, including a form of presynaptic potentiation that seemed to correspond to a simple form of learning.

Kandel took a position in the Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry at the New York University Medical School, eventually forming the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior. Working with Irving Kupferman and Harold Pinsker, he developed protocols for demonstrating simple forms of learning by intact Aplysia. In particular, the researchers showed that the now famous gill-withdrawal reflex, by which the slug protects its tender gill tissue from danger, was sensitive to both habituation and sensitization. By 1971 Tom Carew had joined the research group and helped extend the work from studies restricted to short-term memory to experiments that included physiological processes required for long-term memory.

By 1981, laboratory members including Terry Walters, Tom Abrams, and Robert Hawkins had been able to extend the Aplysia system into the study of classical conditioning, a finding that helped close the apparent gap between the simple forms of learning often associated with invertebrates and more complex types of learning more often recognized in vertebrates. Along with the fundamental behavioral studies, other work in the lab traced the neuronal circuits of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in the learned behaviors. This allowed analysis of the specific synaptic connections that are modified by learning in the intact animals. The results from Kandel's laboratory provided solid evidence for the mechanistic basis of learning as "a change in the functional effectiveness of previously existing excitatory connections."[citation needed ] Kandel's winning of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was a result of his work with Aplysia on the biological mechanisms of memory storage.

Starting in 1966 James Schwartz collaborated with Kandel on a biochemical analysis of changes in neurons associated with learning and memory storage. By this time it was known that long-term memory, unlike short-term memory, involved the synthesis of new proteins. By 1972 they had evidence that the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP) was produced in Aplysia ganglia under conditions that cause short-term memory formation ( sensitization). In 1974 Kandel moved his lab to Columbia University and became founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior. It was soon found that the neurotransmitter serotonin, acting to produce the second messenger cAMP, is involved in the molecular basis of sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex. By 1980, collaboration with Paul Greengard resulted in demonstration that cAMP-dependent protein kinase, also known as protein kinase A (PKA), acted in this biochemical pathway in response to elevated levels of cAMP. Steven Siegelbaum identified a potassium channel that could be regulated by PKA, coupling serotonin's effects to altered synaptic electrophysiology.

In 1983 Kandel helped form the Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute at Columbia devoted to molecular neural science. The Kandel lab then sought to identify proteins that had to be synthesized to convert short-term memories into long-lasting memories. One of the nuclear targets for PKA is the transcriptional control protein CREB (cAMP response element binding protein). In collaboration with David Glanzman and Craig Bailey, Kandel identified CREB as being a protein involved in long-term memory storage. One result of CREB activation is an increase in the number of synaptic connections. Thus, short-term memory had been linked to functional changes in existing synapses, while long-term memory was associated with a change in the number of synaptic connections.

Some of the synaptic changes observed by Kandel's laboratory provide examples of Hebbian theory. One article describes the role of Hebbian learning in the Aplysia siphon-withdrawal reflex.

The Kandel lab has also performed important experiments using transgenic mice as a system for investigating the molecular basis of memory storage in the vertebrate hippocampus. Kandel's original idea that learning mechanisms would be conserved between all animals has been confirmed. Neurotransmitters, second messenger systems, protein kinases, ion channels, and transcription factors like CREB have been confirmed to function in both vertebrate and invertebrate learning and memory storage.

Since 1974, Kandel actively contributes to science as a member of the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior at the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University. In 2008, he and Daniela Pollak discovered that conditioning mice to associate a specific noise with protection from harm, a behavior called "learned safety", produces a behavioral antidepressant effect comparable to that of medications. This finding, reported in Neuron, may inform further studies of the cellular interactions between antidepressants and behavioral treatments.

Kandel is also well known for the textbooks he has helped write, such as Principles of Neural Science. First published in 1981 and now in its fifth edition, Principles of Neural Science is often used as a teaching and reference text in medical schools and undergraduate and graduate programs. Kandel has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1974.

He has also been at Columbia University since 1974 and lives in New York City.

James H. Schwartz 1964-1972: Coauthor of the influential textbook Principles of Neural Science.

John H. (Jack) Byrne 1970-1975: Professor and Director of the Neuroscience Research Center at UT Health Science Center (Mcgovern Medical School); founder and editor of the research journal Learning and Memory.

Edgar T. Walters 1974-1980: Professor at the Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.

When Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000, it was said in Vienna that he was an "Austrian" Nobel, something he found "typically Viennese: very opportunistic, very disingenuous, somewhat hypocritical". He also said it was "certainly not an Austrian Nobel, it was a Jewish-American Nobel". After that, he got a call from then Austrian president Thomas Klestil asking him, "How can we make things right?" Kandel said that first, Doktor-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed; Karl Lueger was an anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna, cited by Hitler in . The street was ultimately renamed in 2012. Second, he wanted the Jewish intellectual community to be brought back to Vienna, with scholarships for Jewish students and researchers. He also proposed a symposium on the response of Austria to National Socialism. Kandel has since accepted an honorary citizenship of Vienna and participates in the academic and cultural life of his native city, similar to Carl Djerassi. Kandel's 2012 book, The Age of Insight-as expressed in its subtitle, The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present -represents a wide-ranging historical attempt to place Vienna at the root of cultural modernism.

Kandel, Eric R. (1976), Cellular Basis of Behaviour: An Introduction to Behavioural Neurobiology, New York: W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN 978-0-716-70522-2

Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James H.; Jessell, Thomas M.; Siegelbaum, Steven A.; Hudspeth, A. J. (2012) [1981], Principles of Neural Science (5th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-071-39011-8 .

Kandel, Eric R. (2007), In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-32937-7 .

Kandel, Eric R. (2018), The Disordered Mind: What Unusual Brains Tell Us About Ourselves, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 9780374287863.

1. ^ "Eric R. Kandel - A Superstar of Science". superstarsofscience.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.

2. ^ Eric R. Kandel: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000, Nobel Foundation. Retrieved December 27, 2019. "My grandfather and I liked each other a great deal, and he readily convinced me that he should tutor me in Hebrew during the summer of 1939 so that I might be eligible for a scholarship at the Yeshiva of Flatbush, an excellent Hebrew parochial school that offered both secular and religious studies at a very high level. With his tutelage I entered the Yeshiva in the fall of 1939. By the time I graduated in 1944 I spoke Hebrew almost as well as English, had read through the five books of Moses; the books of Kings, the Prophets and the Judges in Hebrew; and also learned a smattering of the Talmud ... In 1944, when I graduated from the Yeshiva of Flatbush elementary school, it did not have a high school yet. So I went instead to Erasmus Hall High School, a local public high school in Brooklyn that was then academically very strong."

3. ^ Antonov, Igor; Antonova, Irina; Kandel, Eric R.; Hawkins, Robert D. (2003). "Activity-Dependent Presynaptic Facilitation and Hebbian LTP Are Both Required and Interact during Classical Conditioning in Aplysia". Neuron. 37 (1): 135-147. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01129-7. ISSN 0896-6273. PMID 12526779. S2CID 7839933.

4. ^ Bailey, Craig H.; Bartsch, Dusan; Kandel, Eric R. (1996), "Toward a molecular definition of long-term memory storage", PNAS, 93 (24): 13445-13452, Bibcode:1996PNAS...9313445B, doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13445, PMC , PMID 8942955

5. ^ Kandel, Eric R. (2005), "The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog Between Genes and Synapses", Bioscience Reports, 24 (4-5): 475-522, doi:10.1007/s10540-005-2742-7, PMID 16134023, S2CID 17773633

6. ^ Pollak DD, Monje FJ, Zuckerman L, Denny CA, Drew MR, Kandel ER (October 2008). "An animal model of a behavioral intervention for depression". Neuron. 60 (1): 149-61. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.041. PMC . PMID 18940595.

7. ^ Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James H.; Jessell, Thomas M.; Siegelbaum, Steven A.; Hudspeth, A. J. (2012). Principles of Neural Science (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071390118.

8. ^ "NYU/CNS : Faculty : Core Faculty : Thomas J. Carew". www.cns.nyu.edu. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017.

9. ^ "Dr. Karl-Lueger-Ring to be renamed". Austrian Times. April 20, 2012. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014.

10. ^ Nobel Prize Winner Kandel Speaks of Brain, Snails, Memory Pill Archived October 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg April 7, 2006.

11. ^ Kandel, Eric R. (2012). The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6871-5.

12. ^ "Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

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Eric Richard Kandel ( German: ; born Erich Richard Kandel[citation needed ], November 7, 1929) is an Austrian-born American medical doctor who specialized in psychiatry, a neuroscientist and a professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University.

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Twelve laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2020, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.

Their work and discoveries range from the formation of black holes and genetic scissors to efforts to combat hunger and develop new auction formats.

See them all presented here.

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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000

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Twelve laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2020, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Their work and discoveries range from the formation of black holes and genetic scissors to efforts to combat hunger and develop new auction formats. See them all presented here.

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에릭 캔델은 노벨상을 수상한 세계적인 석학이자 위대한 생물학자이다. 의대 진학 후 뇌 속에서 벌어지는 학습과 기억 저장 과정에 매료된 그는 기초 생물학자의 길을 걷는다. 그 후 캔델은 바다달팽이를 이용한 세포내 기억 과정의 발견 등 획기적인 연구 결과를 잇달아 발표하면서 그 업적을 인정받아 2000년 노벨 생리의학상을 수상한다. 그는 컬럼비아 대학 교수이며 카블리 뇌과학 연구소 소장 겸 카블리 교수, 하워드 휴스 의학 연구소 선임연구원이다. 현재 컬럼비아 대학 정신의학부 교수인 아내 드니스와 함께 뉴욕시에 살고 있다. 저서로는 『Molecular Neurobiology in Neurology and Psychiatry』 『Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, And The New Biology Of Mind』 『Cellular Basis of Behaviour』 『Behavioral Bio of Aplysia: Origin & Evolution』등이 공저로는『Memory: From Mind to Molecules』 『Principles of Neural Science』 『Essentials of Neural Science and Behavior』등이 있다.『기억을 찾아서』는 캔델의 저서 중 최초로 한국에 소개되는 작품이다.

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1929~. 세계적 신경과학자. 과학적 분석이 불가능하다고 여겨져 온 기억의 메커니즘을 밝힌 공로로 노벨 생리의학상을 수상했다. 그의 연구 성과는 치매나 기억상실 등의 질환을 규명하고 치료할 수 있는 길을 열었다는 점에서 중요하게 손꼽힌다. 현재 컬럼비아 대학교 교수이자 하워드 휴스 의학연구소의 선임연구원, 컬럼비아 대학교 의대 부속 신경생물학 및 행동 센터의 초대 소장을 맡고 있다. 지은 책으로 무의식의 세계를 과학, 예술, 인문학을 넘나들며 파헤치는 『통찰의 시대(The Age of Insight)』와 신경과학 분야 최고의 교과서로 꼽히는 『신경과학의 원리(Principles of Neural Science)』(공저) 등이 있다. 컬럼비아 대학교 사회의료학 교수인 아내 데니스와 함께 뉴욕에서 살고 있다.

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뇌과학의 살아있는 역사 에릭 캔델 자서전

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기억을 찾아서 - 교보문고

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뇌과학의 살아있는 역사 에릭 캔델 자서전 | 참혹한 홀로코스트에서 탈출해 노벨상을 수상하기까지한 과학자의 격동적 삶과 정신과학의 발전사가 어우러진 역작!뇌에 기억이 저장되는 신경학적 메커니즘을 밝혀내 2000년 노벨 생리의학상을 수상한 우리 시대 가장 위대한 과학자 에릭 캔델의 자서전 『기억을 찾아서』가 새로... | 『기억을 찾아서』는 뇌에 기억이 저장되는 신경학적 메커니즘을 밝혀내 2000년 노벨 생리의학상을 수상한 우리 시대 가장 위대한 과학자 에릭 캔델의 자서전이다.

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뇌과학이 밝혀내는 예술과 무의식의 비밀

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정신부터 분자까지

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2019어쩐지 미술에서 뇌과학이 보인다 

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2019어쩐지 미술에서 뇌과학이 보인다 

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환원주의의 매혹과 두 문화의 만남

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고장난 뇌가 인간 본성에 관해 말해주는 것들

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마음의 오류들 - 교보문고

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고장난 뇌가 인간 본성에 관해 말해주는 것들 | ★ 노벨생리의학상 수상자★ 올리버 색스, 하워드 가드너 추천 저자★ 〈뉴욕 타임스〉, 〈허핑턴 포스트〉 극찬★ 장동선 박사, 하지현 교수 강력 추천"우리는 단지 신경세포 덩어리에 불과한가?"우울증, 조현병, 불안장애가 드러내는 기억, 행동, 창의성의 비밀뇌는 컴퓨터... | 노벨문학상을 수상하며 대중의 사랑을 한몸에 받은 어니스트 헤밍웨이나 윈스턴 처칠은 평생 지독한 우울증에 시달렸다.

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신경시스템의 신호전달 메커니즘 규명

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신경시스템의 신호전달 메커니즘 규명

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EK) 기억 저장의 분자생물학적 메커니즘

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- 포유류의 LM 연구에서 시작 --> 너무 복잡해서 기억 저장에 대한 basic 이해 불가
- 단순한 모델 생명체 연구(군소)

뉴런의 수가 적다(2만개)

뉴런의 크기가 크다

단순한 protective reflex --> study basic learning mecha

- 특정 자극은 반사를 amplify [학습]

==> 학습은 시냅스의 강화에 의해 일어난다 (sensory-motor강화-->protective reflex)

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역사/문학 전공

BF Skinner(심리/뇌과학 엄격 구분)연구 통해 LM관심 가짐

Anna Kris 만나 정신분석 흥미

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<1> Harry Grundfest의 실험실

H.G: 오실로스코프를 이용해 "AP전도 속도는 axon직경에 의해 결됨"을 밝힌 것으로 유명한 신경과전문의

척추동물뇌가 가지는 상대적으로 작은 뉴런들의 전기적 활동을 세포 내 기록법으로 측정하는 연구원들과 교류

대뇌피질의 전기생리학적 연구 진행

<2> Stephen Kuffler

S.K: 실험적으로 접근성 높은 시스템 구축(해양무척추동물에서 뉴런을 꺼내 연구)

S.K의 연구에 감명받음

<3> Stanley Crain

미세전극 만드는 법 배움 --> crayfish의 거대뉴런에 세포 내 기록 가능

<4> Karl Lashley

K.L: "기억이 저장되는 뇌 피질의 구조적 위치" 찾는 연구에 실패

<5> H.M.이 해마 제거 후 새로운 기억을 형성할 수 없다는 것 밝혀짐

1947) William Beecher Scoville, Brenda Milner

==> Mind의 생물학적 기작 관심 개발

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<6> 1957, US National Institute of Health: Neurophysiology Lab

Alden Spencer와 함께

해마의 피라미드뉴런을 전기생리학적으로 기록하는 연구

발견1) 해마 뉴런의 dendritic trees에서 발생하는 AP의 전기생리학적 단서 발견

발견2) 해마 뉴런의 자발적 pacemaker-like 활동 발견

발견3) 해마의 강력한 반복적 inhibition 발견

의의) epileptic spike(intracellular paroxysmal depolarizing shift)와 epileptic runs of spikes(intracellular sustained depolarization)의 근간을 이루는 전기적 활동을 처음으로 세포 내에서 기록

한계) 해마가 explicit memory의 저장소라는 것에 대한 아무런 설명 불가함

<7> Kandel의 깨달음

기억 저장은 시냅스 연결 변화에 의해 일어날 것이다

해마는 복잡한 연결성을 띠기 때문에 시냅스의 구체적 기능을 연구하는데 부적합하다

<8> K.Lorenz, N.Tinbergen, K.V.Frisch의 연구를 통해

단순학습의 경우 단순한 동물의 comparative research에서도 연구가 가능함을 알고 있었다.

<9> Kandel의 새로운 연구 방향설정

단순한 동물 모델을 선정해서 "LM저장에 관여하는 시냅스 변화를 전기생리학적으로 분석"하고자

EK의 생각) 인간에게 적용 가능할 것이다

주류 생각) 무척추동물 연구는 인간의 기억에 적용 불가할 것이다

.

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<10> 정신의학 레지던트 마치고 Paris에 가서

Aplysia Californica에 관해 배움

단순학습(habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, operant conditioning)은 Aplysia의 신경절을 분리시켜 충분히 연구가 가능하다는 것을 알게 됨

<11> 1965 <단순학습에 대응하는 것으로 보이는 Presynaptic Potentiation>에 관한 연구 초안 출판

온전한 동물의 세포 하나에 CC학습법을 적용할 경우

While recording the behavior of a single cell in a ganglion, one nerve axon pathway to the ganglion could be stimulated weakly electrically as a conditioned [tactile] stimulus, while another pathway was stimulated as an unconditioned [pain] stimulus, following the exact protocol used for classical conditioning with natural stimuli in intact animals.

==NYU Medical School: Department of Physiology&Psychiatry==
===division of Neurobiology and Behavior 형성===

<12> 온전한 Aplysia로 단순학습 형태 demonstrate하는 프로토콜 개발

Irving Kupferman과 Harold Pinssker과 협업

예) gill-withdrawal reflex(GWR): 군소가 아가미 조직을 위협으로부터 보호하기 위해 보이는 행동 ==> sensitive to both habituation & sensitization

<13> STM에 한정되어 있던 실험을 physiological process가 요구되는 LTM실험으로까지 확장

1971 Tom Carew가 조인

<14> Aplysia system을 CC연구까지 확장시킴

1981) Terry Walters, Tom Abrams, Robert Hawkins와 함께한 EK의 랩의 업적

의의) 척추동물의 복잡학습과 무척추동물의 단순학습 간의 간극을 줄임

<15> EK의 랩에서 병행한 연구

fundamental 행동학적 연구

학습된 행동에 관여하는 신경회로(sensory+inter+motor)

<16> 노벨상

공로) 군소를 이용한 기억저장의 생물학적 기작 연구

의의) provided solid evidence for the mechanistic basis of learning as "a change in the functional effectiveness of previously existing excitatory connections."

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5. 기억의 분자생물학적 접근

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5. 기억의 분자생물학적 접근

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<17> STM과 달리 LTM에 새로운 단백질의 합성이 관여한다는 사실이 알려짐

<18> LM저장에 관여하는 뉴런의 변화에 관한 생화학적 분석

1966) James Schwartz와 함께 연구 시작

결과1972) sensitization에 의해 STM이 형성되는 조건 하에 2차 전달자 cAMP가 군소의 신경절에서 형성된다는 것 발견

===1974 Columbia University: founding director for Neurobiology and Behavior===

<19> 신경전달물질 세로토닌이 2차 전달물질 분비를 촉진하여 GWR sensitization의 분자적 근간을 이룬다는 것 밝혀짐

<20> PKA (cAMP dependent protein kinase)가 cAMP증가에 반응하여 위에서 언급한 생화학적 pathway에 관여한다.

1980 with Paul Greengard

<21> K+채널이 PKA에 의해 조절된다. 세로토닌에 의해 시냅스의 전기생리학적 작용이 변화하는 과정을 매개한다.

Steven Siegelbaum

===1983 help Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute at Columbia devoted to molecular neural science===

<22> STM을 LTM으로 변환하는데 합성되는 단백질을 밝히고자 함

PKA의 nuclear target은 CREB라는 전사조절단백질이다.

David Glanzman과 Craig Bailey와 함께 CREB가 LTM저장에 관여하는 단백질임을 밝힘

CREB활성화에 의해 시냅스 연결 수가 증가한다.

STM은 기존 기냅스를 기능적으로 변화시킨다.

LTM은 시냅스 갯수를 변화시킨다.

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<24> EK의 실험실에서 연구된 시냅스 변화들은 HEBBIAN THEORY 를 뒷받침한다.
예) 군소의 Siphon-Withdrawal Reflex에서 Hebbian Learning의 역할

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7. <25> Transgenic Mice를 이용해 척추동물 해마에서 기억저장의 분자적 기작을 밝히고자 함

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7. <25> Transgenic Mice를 이용해 척추동물 해마에서 기억저장의 분자적 기작을 밝히고자 함

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논문

1.  "Genetic evidence for a protein-kinase-A-mediated presynaptic component in NMDA-receptor-dependent forms of long-term synaptic potentiation"

2.  "Rescuing impairment of long-term potentiation in fyn-deficient mice by introducing Fyn transgene"

3.   "Hippocampal long-term depression and depotentiation are defective in mice carrying a targeted disruption of the gene encoding the RI beta subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase"

===> 학습 메커니즘은 모든 동물에서 동일하다라는 본인의 가설 증명: 신경전달물질, 2차 전달자 시스템, 단백질 키나아제, 이온채널, 전사요소(CREB등)들은 척추동물과 무척추동물 모두에서 LM저장에 관여한다.

1. "Toward a molecular definition of long-term memory storage"

2. "The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog Between Genes and Synapses"

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===1974 Division of Neurobiology and Behavior at Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University===

<26> 2008) 생쥐를 learned safety에 조건화(특정소리+보호반응)시키면 medication에 맞먹는 행동학적 antidepressant effect가 관찰된다는 것을 발견함

with Daniela Pollak

의의) antidepressants와 behavioral treatments를 매개하는 세포 간 상호작용에 관한 연구에 도움이 된다.

Principles of Neural Science저자 참여

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주목할만한 랩실 전 맴버

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주목할만한 랩실 전 맴버

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James H. Schwartz 1964–1972: Coauthor of the influential textbook Principles of Neural Science.[15]

John H. (Jack) Byrne 1970–1975: Professor and Director of the Neuroscience Research Center at UT Health Science Center (Mcgovern Medical School); founder and editor of the research journal Learning and Memory.[16]

Tom Carew 1970–1983: Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at New York University, Center for Neural Science. Past President of the Society for Neuroscience.[17]

Edgar T. Walters 1974–1980: Professor at the Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.[18]

Kelsey C. Martin 1992-1999: Dean of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Professor in the Departments of Biological Chemistry, Psychiatry, and Biobehavioral Sciences.[19]

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노벨상 시상식에서 Austrian Nobel이 아니라 Jewish-American Nobel이라고 언급하고 오스트리아 대통령으로부터 전화를 받았다.

1. Doktor-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed: Karl Lueger was an anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna, cited by Hitler in Mein Kampf. The street was ultimately renamed in 2012.[20]

2. Jewish intellectual community to be brought back to Vienna, with scholarships for Jewish students and researchers.[21]

3. symposium on the response of Austria to National Socialism.[22]

==> accepted an honorary citizenship of Vienna and participates in the academic and cultural life of his native city,[23] similar to Carl Djerassi. Kandel's 2012 book, The Age of Insight—as expressed in its subtitle, The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present[24]—represents a wide-ranging historical attempt to place Vienna at the root of cultural modernism.

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STM

발생원인) 약한 자극 --> STM(1m~1h)

메커니즘) (PG: 특정 이온채널 단백질 인산화-->)특정 이온채널 영향 받아 --> Ca2+가 뉴런 말단에 더 많이 유입 --> 시냅스에 더 많은 NT 분비 --> 반사 반응 amplify

LTM

강력하고 지속적인 자극 --> LTM(weeks)

1. cAMP많이 생성--> PKA많이 생성

2. 세포핵에 도달해서 시냅스에 있는 단백질 개수 변화(특정 단백질은 형성되고 다른 애들은 줄고 그런다)--> 시냅스 모양이 커져

3. long lasting increase of synaptic function

STM과 다르게 새로운 단백질 생성이 관여 (단백질 block되면 LTMx/STMo)

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쥐 연구를 통해 LM에서 똑같은 시냅스 변화를 확인

"기억은 시냅스에 저장되어 있다"