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COP30: The summit focused on climate finance, with a commitment to at least triple adaptation finance by 2035. It also included a voluntary initiative to transition away from fossil fuels and a plan to halt deforestation. The summit did not adopt a roadmap to phase out fossil fuels but offered one for countries willing to join on a voluntary basis.

COP29: The summit agreed to provide at least $300 billion annually to the global fight against climate change, with an overall climate financing target to reach "at least $1.3 trillion by 2035". It also established rules for a UN-backed global carbon market to facilitate the trading of carbon credits.

These decisions reflect the ongoing efforts of countries to combat climate change and ensure sustainable development. The outcomes are expected to guide future negotiations and actions to address the climate crisis.

The recent COP 28 summit, held in Dubai from November to December 2023, made several significant decisions:

It marked the first Global Stocktake, assessing progress towards the Paris Agreement's climate goals.

Countries were urged to transition away from fossil fuels in a just and equitable manner, aiming for net zero by 2050.

Avani, Urja, Jheel

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Q.2

1. India's latest climate policy focuses on achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 and includes several targets for 2030, such as reducing its carbon intensity by 45% from 2005 levels, meeting 50% of its energy demand from renewable sources, and increasing non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 GW. Key initiatives include establishing a domestic carbon market through the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022, launching the National Green Hydrogen Mission, and promoting a mass movement called 'Lifestyle for Environment' (LiFE).

2.  India uses several alternative energy sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biomass energy. Solar and wind power are the fastest-growing due to India’s climate and geography. Hydropower, nuclear energy, and emerging options like geothermal and tidal energy also contribute to cleaner energy production.

3. Advantages:

1. They are environment-friendly and produce very low pollution.

2. They are renewable and will not run out like coal or petroleum.

3. They reduce India’s dependence on imported fossil fuels and improve energy security.

4. They can help provide electricity in rural and remote areas.

Disadvantages:

1. They require high initial investment for setting up solar panels, wind turbines, or hydro projects.

2. They depend on weather conditions such as sunlight and wind.

3. They need large areas of land, especially solar and wind farms.

4. Energy storage is expensive and limited.

5. Some projects like hydropower can impact rivers, forests, and local people

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Global greenhouse gas emissions come mainly from the energy sector, which contributes about 75% of total emissions, making it the largest driver of climate change. When looking specifically at CO₂ from fossil fuels, coal accounts for around 46%, oil for about 32%, and natural gas for roughly 22% of emissions. These percentages show how heavily the world still relies on carbon-intensive energy sources, highlighting why transitioning to cleaner alternatives is essential for reducing overall climate impact

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class assignment write names of your students group and qt and add ur research

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class assignment write names of your students group and qt and add ur research

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list the possible ways that countries could reduce their carbon emissions.

France has cut its emissions in a bunch of different ways. One of the biggest reasons is that most of the country’s electricity comes from nuclear power, which doesn’t release carbon. They’ve also been expanding renewables like wind, solar, and hydropower. On the transport side, France invests heavily in trains, metros, and trams, and gives people subsidies to buy electric cars while restricting older, more polluting vehicles in cities.

They’ve also put taxes on carbon-heavy fuels and introduced stricter rules for industries, pushing factories to use cleaner technologies. Buildings are becoming greener too, thanks to government programmes that help people insulate their homes or switch to heat pumps. In agriculture and waste, France has been reducing landfill use, increasing recycling, and trying to cut methane and fertilizer emissions.

All of this is tied together by national climate laws, including bans on short domestic flights where trains work just as well and a plan to phase out coal completely. Overall, it's a mix of cleaner energy, smarter transport, stricter rules, and big lifestyle and infrastructure shifts.

The UK has also reduced its emissions through a mix of energy changes, laws, and lifestyle shifts. One of the biggest reasons is that the country moved away from coal much faster than most others — coal used to dominate the UK’s electricity, but now it’s almost completely gone. Instead, the UK relies more on renewables like offshore wind, which is one of the strongest sectors in the world, plus solar and some nuclear.

Transport has been another big area. The UK encourages electric cars with subsidies, tax benefits, and lots of charging stations popping up everywhere. They’ve also been improving public transport in major cities and trying to push people away from fossil-fuelled cars by announcing a future ban on new petrol and diesel vehicles.

On top of that, industries face strict rules on emissions, partly because the UK participates in carbon pricing systems that make polluting more expensive. Homes and buildings are also slowly becoming greener, with insulation schemes, energy-efficiency standards, and a move toward heat pumps instead of gas boilers.

The UK has also changed how it handles waste, increasing recycling and cutting down on landfill emissions. Farming practices are being reformed too, especially around methane and fertilizer use. All of this sits under the UK’s climate laws, including a legal commitment to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. It’s basically a mix of phasing out coal, boosting renewables, cleaning up transport, tightening regulations, and making buildings and industries more efficient.

A country that hasn’t done nearly as much as France or the UK — while still keeping this neutral and factual is Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Arabia hasn’t reduced emissions anywhere close to the level of France or the UK. The country’s economy is extremely dependent on oil, so most of its energy still comes from fossil fuels, and renewable energy makes up only a tiny fraction of its total power. While there have been announcements about future solar farms and diversification plans, the actual emission cuts on the ground have been minimal so far.

Transport hasn’t shifted much either electric vehicles are not widespread, public transport is limited outside a few major projects, and most people still rely on petrol cars. There also aren’t strong carbon taxes or strict emissions rules like in European countries. Industries, especially oil and petrochemicals, continue to operate with high emissions, and there hasn’t been major pressure to change.

Saudi Arabia does talk about big climate goals and long-term visions, but compared to what France and the UK have already done phasing out coal, switching to nuclear/renewables, pushing EVs, adding carbon pricing Saudi Arabia’s actual progress has been quite small. It’s mostly still in the planning or early project stage rather than real, large-scale emission cuts.

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Q. Find out what the latest COP summits have decided. - Urja, Avani, Jheel

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Q. Find out what the latest COP summits have decided. - Urja, Avani, Jheel

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In a pivotal outcome at COP30 in Belém, Brazil, countries agreed on a sweeping package to scale up climate finance and accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement – but without a clear commitment to move away from fossil fuels.

“A new economy is rising, while the old polluting one is running out of road.”

That was the message from UN climate chief Simon Stiell as COP30 wrapped up following marathon talks on Friday night which stretched into sunrise Saturday – signaling a turning point for climate ambition and global solidarity.

What was decided:

Finance at scale: Mobilise $1.3 trillion annually by 2035 for climate action.

Adaptation boost: Double adaptation finance by 2025 and triple by 2035.

Loss and damage fund: Operationalisation and replenishment cycles confirmed.

New initiatives: Launch of the Global Implementation Accelerator and Belém Mission to 1.5°C to drive ambition and implementation.

Climate disinformation: Commitment to promote information integrity and counter false narratives.

The final decision emphasises solidarity and investment, setting ambitious financial targets while leaving energy transition for later discussion. The burning of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases that are by far the largest contributors to global warming, making this omission a point of concern for many nations, including negotiators from South America and the EU, as well as civil society groups.

Expectations were high that COP30's final decision would include explicit reference to phasing out fossil fuels. More than 80 countries backed Brazil’s proposal for a formal ‘roadmap.’

A draft text had included it – until the final hours of talks. The adopted outcome refers only to the ‘UAE Consensus’, the COP28 decision calling for “transitioning away from fossil fuels.”

Before the final plenary, Brazilian scientist Carlos Nobre issued a stark warning: fossil fuel use must fall to zero by 2040 – 2045 at the latest to avoid catastrophic temperature rises of up to 2.5°C by mid-century. That trajectory, he said, would spell the near-total loss of coral reefs, the collapse of the Amazon rainforest and an accelerated melt of the Greenland ice sheet.

The Brazilian Presidency underscored that COP30’s success extends beyond negotiated agreements, highlighting a wave of voluntary commitments under the Action Agenda.

Among them:

Tropical Forests Forever Fund: Raised $5.5 billion and now includes 53 participating countries; at least 20 per cent of resources go directly to Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

Belém Health Action Plan: The first global initiative targeting climate-related health threats, launched with $300 million from 35 philanthropic organizations.

UNEZA Alliance: Public utility companies pledged $66 billion annually for renewable energy and $82 billion for transmission and storage.

Cities, regions and companies: A coalition spanning 25,000 buildings reported cutting over 850,000 tons of CO₂ in 2024.

Climate justice at the forefront

Countries also agreed to develop a just transition mechanism, enhancing cooperation, technical support and capacity-building.

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Over-extraction of groundwater
One of the major reasons for water scarcity in Yavatmal is the excessive dependence on groundwater for agriculture and domestic use. Farmers rely heavily on borewells and wells to irrigate their crops, leading to a sharp decline in groundwater levels—around four metres according to government data. Since the water is being withdrawn much faster than it is replenished through rainfall, wells and hand pumps often run dry. The situation is further worsened by the district’s hard rock geology, which restricts how much rainwater can percolate underground to recharge the aquifers.

Poor design and maintenance of water-harvesting structures
Yavatmal has hundreds of water-harvesting and recharge structures such as check dams, percolation tanks, and ponds. However, the India Water Portal article points out that many of these are either poorly located, damaged, or not maintained. About 40% of the check dams were constructed in discharge zones instead of recharge zones, which prevents effective groundwater recharge. Moreover, many of these structures are encroached upon or broken, which reduces their ability to hold or channel water efficiently.

Erratic and declining rainfall
Rainfall in Yavatmal has become increasingly irregular and below average over the years. Between 2000 and 2020, around 81% of the years recorded less rainfall than the district’s long-term average. This inconsistency in rainfall severely affects both surface water availability and groundwater recharge. Because the region’s soil and rock layers have limited water-holding capacity, even a small reduction in rainfall quickly leads to dry wells and reservoirs.

Rising demand for water
The growing population and expansion of agricultural activities have increased the overall demand for water in the district. Farmers use large quantities of water for irrigation, while households depend on the same groundwater sources for daily needs. This puts enormous pressure on already depleting water reserves. In many villages, people—especially women—are forced to walk several kilometres each day just to fetch water for domestic use.

Weak governance and poor management
Institutional inefficiency has also contributed to the crisis. Many of the existing water projects suffer from poor planning, delays in funding, and weak implementation. For instance, some check dams were built without considering hydrogeological conditions, and maintenance work on old structures is often neglected. As a result, even well-intentioned government projects fail to provide lasting relief to water-scarce areas.

Water quality issues
Apart from quantity, the quality of water in Yavatmal is also a concern. Studies have found high fluoride levels in both shallow and deep aquifers, making the water unsafe for drinking. When groundwater becomes contaminated, it further reduces the amount of usable water available to communities, worsening the perception and impact of scarcity.

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https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/no-end-in-sight-for-dharavis-water-issues-8253181

Reasons :
-The city’s water management focuses on human benefits, especially for the more affluent and industrial sectors, rather than ecological balance or equal access. The government often allocates resources based on economic productivity rather than social welfare — neglecting informal settlements like Dharavi.

-Authorities rely heavily on technological solutions (like centralized reservoirs, pipelines, and large-scale water projects) rather than community-based or sustainable systems such as local rainwater harvesting or decentralized supply systems. This creates dependency on fragile, overburdened infrastructure.

-The natural water cycle and local ecosystems are overlooked. Groundwater recharge, pollution from waste, and ecological restoration are rarely prioritized in the area’s redevelopment plans — worsening water quality and availability.

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Over-extraction of groundwater for irrgation

1. – Intensive drilling of borewells and heavy use of submersible pumps for water-intensive crops like sugarcane depleted aquifers  .

Shift to water-intensive agriculture (especially sugarcane)

– Cropping pattern moved from rain-fed millets to sugarcane, increasing groundwater demand in a drought-prone region  .

Low and inconsistent rainfall

– Several years of below-normal rainfall worsened groundwater depletion  .

Poor planning in post-earthquake rehabilitation

– Relocation to upland sites without considering water availability; water resources not prioritized in rebuilding plans  .

Failure and non-maintenance of water infrastructure

– Most pre-existing piped systems and handpumps became non-functional as groundwater levels fell  .

Political and policy failures

– Weak enforcement of groundwater rules; state policies favored resource-rich groups and sugar industry interests  .

Tanker-based supply dependence

– Emergence of “tanker villages” due to dried local sources; inefficient, exploitative, and contamination-prone system  .

Contamination & infrastructure issues

– Poor handpump platform design and leakage led to water contamination, limiting safe available water  .

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Gurgaon / Gurugram (Haryana)

Why:

Rapid urbanisation with very limited surface water supply.

Heavy dependence on borewells — groundwater table has fallen 2–3 m per year in many sectors.

Only about 40% of households get reliable piped supply.

Status: Classified as “over-exploited” by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB).

Sources: CGWB 2023 report, Times of India, 2023

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Kolkata faces water scarcity despite being near a river due to poor infrastructure, high water loss from leaky pipes, inadequate supply systems, and dwindling groundwater, which is exacerbated by factors like climate change and a growing population. The city's water supply system suffers from high leakage, inadequate maintenance, and intermittent supply, while pollution contaminates some of the groundwater. Additionally, a large amount of the produced water is wasted due to leakage and inefficiency

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water scarcity in haryana

Why water is scarce

The village has seen a large increase in population (officially ~40,000 but in reality over 100,000) which has put heavy pressure on water supply infrastructure.

The groundwater (aquifer) under the village is heavily polluted due to industrial waste, chemical discharge from factories, and unregulated growth of industrial units.

Drinking-water supply projects (worth ~₹100 crore) meant to bring treated water via pipelines have been delayed (court cases, clearances, approvals pending). This means piped supply is inadequate.

Waste‐water / sewage infrastructure is poor: large tanks/ponds hold untreated wastewater, and sewage-line projects are also stuck. This leads to contamination and further loss of usable water.

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हरियाणा के इस जिले में 1 लाख आबादी बोतलबंद पर निर्भर, 100 करोड़ की परियोजना अदालत में अटकी! - kundli water crisis haryana village grapples with scarcity and pollution

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what in the last 5 years had happened in Rajasthan to create the water scarcity?

Natural causes (the 40%)

Desert vibes: Rajasthan’s always been dry , the Thar Desert covers a huge part, so low rainfall’s just how it rolls.

Climate change punching hard: the monsoon’s gotten super unpredictable lately , floods one year, drought the next. That wrecks recharge cycles.

Rising temps: hotter air = more evaporation, less water staying in lakes or soil. Basically nature’s been turning the heat up nonstop.

However, Human causes (the 60%)

Overpumping groundwater: people have been draining aquifers faster than nature can refill them. Wells are going deeper and drier every year.

Water-hungry crops: stuff like sugarcane or paddy being grown in desert-zones? yeah… not smart. those crops guzzle water like crazy.

Neglecting traditional systems: old-school rainwater harvesting structures , johads, baoris, stepwells , were low-key genius. but most got ignored or encroached on.

Urban expansion: cities like Jaipur expanding fast = paving over recharge zones + hogging water for construction + higher demand overall.

Bad water governance: groundwater use barely regulated; people just bore more wells instead of managing as a collective resource.

Now the question is if the government done anything about this issue?

They launched the campaign Vande Ganga: Jal Sanrakshan Jan Abhiyan in June 2025 to revive traditional water sources and involve the public in water-conservation efforts.

They committed to building/leverage water-harvesting structures (ponds, johads, etc), recharging groundwater, repairing dams/canals.

A legislation move: The Rajasthan Ground Water (Conservation & Management) Authority Bill, 2024 was introduced to regulate groundwater extraction, set tariffs, create district-level committees.

They have national-and-state schemes such as Mukhyamantri Jal Swavalamban Abhiyan (MJSA) that built hundreds of thousands of water harvesting structures, planted trees, made measurable difference in groundwater levels.

Citation:

https://phedwater.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/doitassets/water/Public-Health-Engineering-Department/PDF2025/Water%20%284%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com

https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3a70dc40477bc2adceef4d2c90f47eb82/uploads/2023/02/2023020954.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com

https://phedwater.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/doitassets/water/Public-Health-Engineering-Department/PDF2025/Water%20%284%29.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com

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Over the last five years, Rajasthan has faced serious water shortages mainly due to groundwater over-extraction. The state uses far more groundwater than it can naturally recharge, with about 71% of its blocks classified as over-exploited. Agriculture is the main driver since around 85% of the water drawn is used for irrigation, which has led to wells drying up and groundwater levels falling by nearly a meter each year.

Erratic and insufficient rainfall has worsened the problem. Rajasthan receives very little rainfall, and changing monsoon patterns have made it unreliable. Many traditional water bodies such as lakes and ponds have been neglected, silted up, or encroached upon, reducing their ability to store water.

Rising population, urbanization, and agricultural expansion have increased water demand. Cities like Jaipur now require more water for domestic and industrial use, and farmers continue to depend on heavy irrigation, further straining limited resources.

Climate change has intensified the crisis with more frequent heatwaves and droughts. Higher temperatures cause greater evaporation, drying up surface water and increasing water demand. Several regions have faced recurring drought-like conditions that prevent groundwater recharge.

Governance and infrastructure challenges have also played a major role. Many water supply projects are delayed, traditional recharge systems are not fully revived, and groundwater dependency continues despite policies to shift toward surface water. Canal systems face issues with maintenance and interstate water sharing, reducing irrigation supply.

Water quality issues add another layer to the crisis. In many areas, groundwater is contaminated with fluoride, salinity, or nitrates, making it unsafe for drinking or irrigation. This reduces the amount of usable water, forcing people to rely on costly tanker supplies and worsening the overall shortage.

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Consecutive Years of Deficient Monsoon Rainfall: The city experienced significantly failed monsoon seasons for two to three years preceding the crisis (2016, 2017, and 2018), leading to extreme drought conditions. The 2018 monsoon season, in particular, had a 55% rainfall deficit compared to the average.

Depletion of Groundwater Levels: Due to the lack of rain, the city became heavily reliant on groundwater, which was over-extracted through millions of unregulated borewells, causing a rapid decline in the water table.

Rapid and Unplanned Urbanization: Extensive infrastructure development and the conversion of natural water bodies (lakes and tanks) into residential and commercial areas significantly reduced the city's capacity to store rainwater and recharge its aquifers.

Poor Water Management and Infrastructure: The city lacked proactive water planning and management. Existing water bodies were often polluted with untreated sewage, and mandatory rooftop rainwater harvesting systems were poorly maintained and enforced.

Heatwave Conditions: A major heatwave in May and June 2019 exacerbated the problem by increasing the rate of water evaporation from the remaining surface water sources.

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How Chennai, one of the world’s wettest major cities, ran out of water

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The ancient south Indian port has become a case study in what can go wrong when factors like industrialization, urbanization and extreme weather converge and a booming metropolis paves over its flood plain to satisfy demand for new homes, factories and offices.

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Rajasthan, India’s largest state by area, receives less than 100 mm of rainfall annually in its western desert regions. Nearly 60% of the land is classified as arid or semi-arid, with high temperatures, sandy soils, and poor water retention. The state’s per capita water availability is less than one-third of the national average, making it one of India’s most water-stressed regions. Chronic scarcity arises from low rainfall, high evaporation, over-extraction of groundwater, and inefficient irrigation practices.

Promotes large-scale technological solutions and infrastructure development.

The Indira Gandhi Canal Project supplies water from Punjab’s rivers to the arid Thar region, enabling irrigation and urban supply.

The Mukhyamantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan (MJSA) integrates remote sensing, GIS mapping, and watershed modelling for planning.

The Jal Jeevan Mission aims for universal rural tap connections by using modern distribution networks.

Emphasises policy, management, and governance for sustainable resource use.

The Rajasthan State Water Policy (2010) encourages integrated water resource management and demand-side regulation.

Public awareness campaigns promote water conservation and equitable access.

Initiatives like Smart Cities (Jaipur) include wastewater reuse and rainwater harvesting regulations.

Each EVS offers distinct benefits and limitations:

Ecocentric methods are sustainable and culturally rooted but difficult to scale.

Technocentric interventions increase access but risk ecological harm.

Anthropocentric strategies provide governance but depend on public participation.

The most resilient approach integrates all three — combining community-based conservation, modern technology, and policy frameworks to achieve long-term water security.

Rajasthan’s water crisis demonstrates the need for integrated and value-based water governance. Lasting solutions emerge where traditional ecological wisdom, technological advancement, and institutional policy converge. Viewing the issue through multiple EVS lenses provides a balanced understanding of sustainability that aligns with ESS principles of systems thinking and equitable resource management.

Citation (APA 7th Style)

Government of Rajasthan. (2023). Rajasthan Water Resources Department Annual Report 2022–23. Jaipur: Water Resources Department.
World Bank. (2019). Rajasthan Water Sector Restructuring Project: Implementation Completion Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Tarun Bharat Sangh. (2022). Water Harvesting and River Rejuvenation Projects in Rajasthan. Retrieved from https://tarunbharatsangh.in
Ministry of Jal Shakti. (2023). Jal Jeevan Mission Dashboard. Government of India.

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Water scarcity in Rajasthan over the last five years (2020-2025) has been caused by a combination of severe groundwater over-extraction, erratic monsoon patterns due to climate change, and insufficient water management practices.

Key Causes

Groundwater Over-extraction: This is the most significant human-induced cause. Rajasthan is one of India's top users of groundwater for irrigation, accounting for 80% of its annual extraction. The rate of extraction (17.05 billion cubic meters in 2024) is significantly higher than the natural recharge rate (11.37 billion cubic meters in 2024), leading to rapidly declining water tables. In 2020, 203 out of 295 blocks were already classified as "over-exploited".

Climate Change and Erratic Rainfall: Climate change has resulted in unpredictable and scanty rainfall patterns, as noted in the 2020 Monsoon Report by the India Meteorological Department. The state experiences frequent and prolonged droughts, coupled with occasional extreme rainfall events that lead to runoff rather than groundwater recharge. Higher temperatures also increase evapotranspiration rates, depleting surface water faster.

Water-Intensive Agriculture: Despite the arid conditions, farmers have continued to grow water-intensive crops like wheat due to existing policies and a lack of alternatives, further straining limited water resources. Inefficient irrigation methods, primarily flood irrigation, exacerbate water wastage.

Contamination of Water Sources: Over-extraction has led to the natural occurrence of contaminants like fluoride, nitrate, and uranium from aquifer rocks, making the remaining groundwater unsafe for drinking without treatment. Man-made pollutants from industrial effluents and untreated sewage also pollute freshwater sources, reducing the amount of usable water.

Neglect of Traditional Water Harvesting Systems: Traditional rainwater harvesting structures like johads, taankas, and baoris have fallen into neglect in many areas, meaning monsoon rain is not effectively captured and conserved for later use.

Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization: Increased demand for water from growing urban populations and industries, along with associated deforestation for development, adds immense pressure to the existing water infrastructure and resources.

These factors have intensified the pre-existing water crisis in Rajasthan, leading to economic distress for farmers, increased debt, and migration to cities for alternative livelihoods.

citations: http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/new/publish-journal.php?editID=6307#:~:text=Rajasthan%20suffers%20from%20severe%20water,present%20in%20ponds%20and%20lakes.

https://india.mongabay.com/2025/04/farming-families-in-indias-largest-state-are-being-pushed-into-debt-distress-and-migration/

https://rajras.in/ras/pre/rajasthan/geography/major-environmental-issues/#:~:text=In%20Rajasthan%20Geography%2C%20major%20environmental,Desert%20to%20Udaipur's%20Aravalli%20hills.

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1. Topography of the state 2. Climate change 3. Natural calamities such as droughts and floods 4. Increased human consumption of overuse and wastage of water 5. A global rise in fresh water demand 6. Overuse of aquifiers and it's consequent slow recharge.

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https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/KB_Sustainable_Water_Management_Practices_-_Jaipur_Rajasthan_FINAL.pdf

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Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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ase Study: Water Conservation and Coastal Restoration at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Versova Beach, located in suburban Mumbai, was once heavily polluted due to decades of waste dumping, plastic litter, and untreated drainage flowing into the sea. The coastal ecosystem — including mangroves and tidal creeks — was severely degraded, affecting marine biodiversity and local fishing communities.

In 2015, lawyer and environmentalist Afroz Shah began a volunteer-driven clean-up movement after witnessing the beach buried under layers of plastic waste. What started as a small neighbourhood effort soon became the world’s largest beach clean-up initiative. Over 85 consecutive weeks, thousands of volunteers — including residents, students, fisherfolk, and civic officials — joined to remove more than 5 million kilograms of garbage from the 2.5-km stretch of beach.

The clean-up extended beyond the shoreline to the mangrove belts and tidal channels, clearing blockages and restoring natural water flow between the sea and the land. This rejuvenation of the coastal ecosystem improved the water quality index from around 37 to 47 within a year and allowed marine life such as crabs, small fish, and even sea turtles to return after decades.

The initiative demonstrated the power of community-led water conservation, showing that protecting coastal waters and restoring natural drainage systems directly supports cleaner, healthier aquatic environments. It also encouraged the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) to install waste barriers at drains and plan long-term waste management and desalination projects in the area.

Afroz Shah’s efforts earned international recognition, including the UNEP “Champion of the Earth” Award (2016), and inspired similar coastal clean-ups across India and abroad.

The Versova Beach case redefines water conservation — showing it’s not only about saving freshwater but also about protecting the quality and resilience of marine and coastal ecosystems, which are essential for biodiversity, recreation, and sustainable living.

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Jaipur case study – Problems and prospects

Solution

Using urbanisation and industrialization to the advantage of Jaipur to help the people of Jaipur to be able not to suffer water problems, the solution is,

Rainwater Harvesting

Drip irrigation

Ground recharge

Well building and storing of water

Rerouting of rivers into covered underground water wells.

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Meghalaya Water Shortage and Scarcity

Meghalaya’s unique terrain also contributes to water scarcity as run-off is one of the major causes resulting in low water retention. Deforestation is another contributing factor to water scarcity, and livelihoods of the people are climate dependent. Mawsynram in Meghalaya is honoured with the status of being the wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,871 mm according to the IBDLP

The Meghalaya State Water Policy 2019 includes the provision of water harvesting on the roof of every building including groundwater recharge mechanisms. Whether this provision has been adapted by the contractors is yet to be seen. However, in Mawjrong village of East Khasi Hills, residents have been facing water scarcity for a very long time. This led to innovative ideas by the residents of the village. To harvest rainwater the villagers attached pipes to the drainage on their roofs which led to a barrel where the rainwater is stored for future use. One individual of the village came up with an ingenious idea whereby the individual made the house in such a way where the rainwater captured on the roof followed a drainage system that leads the water into a tank built under the foundation of the house. Perhaps ideas such as these can be implemented elsewhere to ease the problems of water scarcity.

The most likely solution for Meghalaya would be to adopt water recycling in the urban cities of Shillong and Tura to ensure sufficient water supply. As the residents of Shillong would compare its traffic woes with that of Bangalore city in Karnataka, which is known for its traffic.

Other Solution:

Bamboo Drip Irrigation

https://blogs.isb.edu/bhartiinstitute/2024/09/18/water-crisis-hits-meghalaya-is-meghalaya-ready-to-fight-climate-

change/

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/meghalaya-how-the-abode-of-clouds-ran-out-of-water-89932

https://timesofagriculture.in/bamboo-drip-irrigation-system-meghalaya/

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Sunehra and Niharika- Cause of Water Scarcity

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Sunehra and Niharika- Cause of Water Scarcity

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Ecological factors are not the only reason for the scarcity of water in the state. Research by local scholar Bankerlang Kharmylliem at the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, points to many operational concerns within the Public Health Engineering department as well.

As per the report, a water loss of 20.5 per cent takes place pre-consumption in the process of water getting treated and then transmitted to the main reservoir. Following that, the measure of unaccounted-for water — or water that has been produced and is wasted even before it reaches the consumer — is steep where losses are more than 50 per cent.

This means that in most situations, leakages and siphoning go largely untraced.

The Power Department has now officially stated that Shillong’s main source of power, the Umiam Hydroelectric Project, is now at risk of being shut down due to an alarming drop in water levels.

While certain steps have been taken to address the water crisis in Meghalaya, enforceability has been a problem.

When the state became the country’s first to have a water policy in 2019, it mandated all buildings to have rooftop rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge mechanisms, which would be enforced by concerned authorities.

However, few noted contractors of the city stated that many of their constructions — mostly residential — have received clearance certificates without checks for rainwater harvesting.

Awareness has been another major problem, with most national education boards having removed environmental education as a separate subject at secondary school education.

Hence, we can see an anthropocentric lens as the water scarcity’s contributing factor was government negligence in favour of economic welfare which stemmed from factory production leading to water leakages and wastages going unnoticed.

Shillong, today, is the second-largest urban centre in India’s northeastern region and is grappling with a deepening water crisis driven by rapid urbanisation, deforestation, poor planning, and erratic rainfall. Meghalaya lost over 84 square kilometres of forest cover between 2021 and 2023, severely disrupting the natural recharge of springs and rainfall cycles. These forests, critical for maintaining water sources, are being cleared for roads, housing, and construction, particularly in fast-developing areas like New Shillong.

The city’s growing status as a major urban hub has intensified water demand. In response to dwindling supplies, many households and businesses have resorted to drilling deep borewells—a practice that only worsens the crisis. Shillong’s population has further intensified pressure on water resources. Unplanned urban sprawl continues to outpace infrastructure development, compounding the crisis.

War warns that excessive drilling disrupts the water table, yet people feel compelled to dig due to a lack of alternatives. Local Dorbar Shnongs have attempted to regulate borewell use and restrict activities like washing clothes in water bodies, but inconsistent enforcement allows the problem to persist, creating a dangerous cycle of over-extraction that depletes groundwater reserves even faster.

https://www.indiawaterportal.org/groundwater/tankers-in-the-abode-of-clouds-shillongs-growing-water-crisis

https://www.insightsonindia.com/2023/06/10/water-crisis-in-meghalaya/

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/meghalaya-how-the-abode-of-clouds-ran-out-of-water-89932

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Tankers in the Abode of Clouds: Shillong’s Growing Water Crisis

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Perched in the rolling hills of Meghalaya in the North-east of India is the capital city of Shillong, which is known for its cool climate and postcard-perfect c

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Local Case Study: Water Issues in Rajasthan, India

Rajasthan is India’s driest state, with very low rainfall (around 400–500 mm per year). Most people rely on groundwater for drinking and farming, which has led to serious depletion. Many wells have dried up because of overuse, and groundwater in some areas has fluoride and nitrate contamination. Droughts happen often, and climate change is making rainfall more unpredictable. Rural communities, especially women, spend hours fetching water, showing big inequalities in access.

A good local example is from Alwar District, where villagers supported by the NGO Tarun Bharat Sangh built hundreds of johads (small earthen dams). These helped collect rainwater, recharge wells, and even revived the Arvari River. It’s a simple and low-cost community method that worked well.

The government has also launched programs like Jal Jeevan Mission (to give tap water to every home), Atal Bhujal Yojana (for groundwater management), and MJSA (for watershed development). These schemes help, but many still face problems like poor maintenance or over-dependence on groundwater.

Solutions include promoting drip irrigation, growing less water-demanding crops, building more rainwater structures, and stricter control on borewells. Public awareness and education are also key to long-term success.

In short, combining local rainwater harvesting with efficient irrigation and government support offers the best chance for sustainable water use in Rajasthan.

References:

1. Central Ground Water Board (2023). Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Rajasthan.

2. Tarun Bharat Sangh (2022). The Revival of the Arvari River.

3. Jal Jeevan Mission (2024). Rajasthan Rural Water Supply Dashboard.

4. The Hindu (2024). Rajasthan’s Water Woes Deepen Despite Jal Jeevan Progress.

5. Mongabay India (2023). Groundwater Crisis in Rajasthan.

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Case Study-Water Problems in Marathawada (Maharashtra)

Utilize Deep Draw Handpumps: Many borewells with dysfunctional Mark II handpumps, which have a lower head capacity ($\approx$ 35 m), can be made operational again by using deep draw handpumps ($\approx$ 50 m)¹¹¹¹.

Prevent Groundwater Pollution:

Properly repair borewell platforms and improve drainage around handpumps and other borewells to prevent surface water leakage and contamination²²²²²²²²².

Test alternative water treatment systems like UV sterilization

Relocate Water Sources: Any future water supply systems should source their water from places farther off from the settlements (at least 500 m) to prevent both pollution and the drying up of existing sources⁴⁴⁴.

📝 Policy and Management Solutions

Prioritize Drinking Water: Drinking water must be given priority over irrigation ⁵.

Control Groundwater Extraction: Strict control of over-exploitation of groundwater is needed in areas of deficit⁶⁶⁶.

Strict enforcement of groundwater rules (like maintaining safe distances) is necessary before any further drilling of government borewells.

An area of at least 300 m radius around drinking water borewells needs to be freed of irrigation borewells ⁸.

Develop Water Resources Simultaneously: Surface and groundwater resources must be developed simultaneously, and this should include percolation tanks around drinking water borewells⁹.

Promote Decongestion and Smaller Settlements: Large settlements need to be decongested, and the formation of small hamlets of less than 600 population size should be promoted to reduce unsustainable population pressure on water sources¹⁰¹⁰¹⁰.

Protect Drinking Water Borewells: Shift drinking water borewells into marginal land on the higher terrain of the villages and take over at least 2 ha of surrounding land for afforestation and percolation tanks ¹¹.

🌾 Cropping and Agriculture Solutions

Restrict Sugarcane Cultivation: Sugarcane cultivation has to be controlled and restricted to areas with sufficient surface water resources¹².

Implement disincentives for sugarcane cultivation in areas where groundwater must be used for irrigation¹³.

Promote Alternative Crops:

Promote less water intensive fodder crops like maize to substitute for the loss of fodder from sugarcane¹⁴.

Promote low water-consuming and high-return cash crops like oilseeds and grapes in areas where groundwater is available, but this should not be a blanket encouragement¹⁵.

Provide for Cattle: Make special arrangements for cattle during droughts for both water and fodder, potentially through cattle camps ¹⁶

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the "day zero" water crisis in chennai, tamil nadu occurred on june 19, 2019, when all four of the city's main reservoirs ran dry. five years before this date (around mid-2014 to mid-2015), the major event that contributed significantly to the future crisis was the 2015 chennai floods, a major extreme weather event that highlighted severe underlying water management problems in the city. ultimately, the 2015 floods were a major event that showcased the environmental vulnerability which, when combined with failed monsoons in the subsequent years and poor governance, led to "day zero" in 2019.

https://www.preventionweb.net/news/india-how-does-flood-prone-city-run-out-water-inside-chennais-day-zero-crisis

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India: How does a flood-prone city run out of water? Inside Chennai’s “Day Zero” crisis

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Chennai’s flood in 2015 killed hundreds of people, but unplanned urbanization and increased consumption have now triggered a water scarcity.

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Water scarcity in Marathwada is caused by being in a rain-shadow region with low, inconsistent rainfall, high demand from water-intensive agriculture like sugarcane, and extensive groundwater over-extraction. Additionally, poor water management, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of effective rainwater harvesting and conservation practices contribute significantly to the problem, exacerbating natural climatic factors.

Rain-shadow region: Marathwada receives less rain as moisture-laden winds from the Arabian Sea lose their moisture over the Western Ghats.

Intensive agriculture: A shift to water-intensive crops like sugarcane, along with high demand for irrigation, puts immense pressure on groundwater resources.

Groundwater over-extraction: Unsustainable and often unregulated withdrawal of groundwater for both agriculture and industry has led to the drying up of many local sources.

Poor management and infrastructure: Ineffective water management, a lack of adequate infrastructure for water storage and conservation, and poor implementation of policies have worsened the situation.

Lack of conservation: Insufficient efforts in rainwater harvesting and other water conservation structures have failed to replenish groundwater tables.

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The pollution causes in the Yamuna River is primarily caused by untreated municipal sewage and industrial waste being dumped into the river without treatment.

The solution could be spreading awareness and the government could hold campaigns. Industries that are dumping the waste into the river should start using advanced technology like wastewater treatment which only costs a few lakhs and they could even recycle the waste.

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The state of the Yamuna River: a detailed review of water quality assessment across the entire course in India - Applied Water Science

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The Yamuna River, a vital water source in India, poses a profound challenge concerning water purity across its entire stretch. The comprehensive review aims to thoroughly examine the river’s water quality, shedding light on the sources of pollution and their consequences for both ecological systems and public health. The primary objective of this review is to examine the published research papers concerning the Yamuna River water quality stretching from Yamunotri to Prayagraj and its resulting impact on human health. This paper also comprises a wide range of pollutants mainly caused by human activity; during the strange period of COVID-19 lockdown, when all industries were closed, resulting in changes in water quality, signifies the destructive effects of human activity on the river. Studies uncover that the most contaminated areas are Nizamuddin of Delhi region and D/S of Agra in Uttar Pradesh, which includes the foremost level of faecal coliforms to be around 210000–11000000 and 450–6100000, respectively. The total coliforms were found to be between 700000–28000000 and 2200–32000000, respectively. Biochemical oxygen demands, industrial discharge, urban waste and agriculture are identified as the most responsible factors for this contamination. After the COVID-19 lockdown, all industries were open, and now, the conditions are the same as before COVID-19. The primary insight to be assembled is that the ecological balance of the Yamuna River and public health depend on the immediate requirement for effective wastewater treatment solutions. Besides offering valuable data by compiling findings from multiple studies, this review underscores the importance of implementing stringent regulations on industrial emissions, upgrading sewage treatment plants, and promoting eco-friendly farming methods to tackle pollution in the Yamuna River and also manage the rural and urban areas of the sewage pipeline plan. It stresses the importance of safeguarding the Yamuna River ecosystem’s inherent socioeconomic benefits while alleviating the environmental harm caused by pervasive pollution. Essentially, the study calls for prompt and comprehensive measures to ensure the sustainable health of this crucial water resource in India.

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Local Case Study : No End In Sight For Dharavi's Water Issues https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/no-end-in-sight-for-dharavis-water-issues-8253181

-Dharavi receives a daily water supply from the reservoir in Bhandup, but only once a day and for a limited time (somewhere between ~6 am and ~10 pm). -Many residents report going 3–4 days without any supply in certain pockets.

-Water pressure is extremely low: described as “just drips” by residents.

-Illegal or unauthorised water connections are widespread—~50% of connections in Dharavi reportedly are illegal, which further reduces supply and pressure for legal users.

-Private water tanker dependency is increasing: When supply fails, residents resort to tankers which are expensive (₹ 800-₹2,000 for 10,000 litres, spiking to ₹ 5,000 in emergencies).

-Water contamination risk is high: due to leaking pipelines, drinking and sewage lines running close together in narrow lanes, and observations of bacteria like E. coli in tested water.

Possible solutions to the issues

-Stronger enforcement & regularisation of connections to reduce illegal tapping and ensure better equity of supply.

-Infrastructure upgrades: better pipelines, higher pressure, separation of sewage & drinking lines, improved access points.

-Alternative/resilient water sources: Rainwater harvesting, community tanks, treated wastewater reuse (especially for industrial usage) could ease demand/pressure.

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Name of Case Study: Scaling Up Indigenous Rainwater Harvesting: A Preliminary Assessment in Rajasthan, India

Citation: https://doi.org/10.3390/w15112042

Problem Faced:
In the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, rainfall is highly variable and limited. Traditional water-harvesting systems were declining or underused, groundwater was being over-exploited, and many areas were facing water scarcity for domestic use and agriculture.

Solution:
The study looked at how to make traditional rainwater harvesting methods, like the “chauka” system, work on a bigger scale. Using maps and data, the researchers checked things like rainfall, soil type, land slope, and drainage to see where these systems would work best. They found that only a small part of the land (about 3.6%) was perfect for it, some areas (8.2%) were okay, and quite a lot (27.3%) weren’t really suitable.

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Scaling Up Indigenous Rainwater Harvesting: A Preliminary Assessment in Rajasthan, India

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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has the potential to enhance the sustainability of ground and surface water to meet increasing water demands and constrained supplies, even under a changing climate. Since arid and semi-arid regions frequently experience highly variable spatiotemporal rainfall patterns, rural communities have developed indigenous RWH techniques to capture and store rainwater for multiple uses. However, selecting appropriate sites for RWH, especially across large regions, remains challenging since the data required to evaluate suitability using critical criteria are often lacking. This study aimed to identify the essential criteria and develop a methodology to select potential RWH sites in Rajasthan (India). We combined GIS modeling (multicriteria decision analysis) with applied remote sensing techniques as it has the potential to assess land suitability for RWH. As assessment criteria, spatial datasets relating to land use/cover, rainfall, slope, soil texture, NDVI, and drainage density were considered. Later, weights were assigned to each criterion based on their relative importance to the RWH system, evidence from published literature, local expert advice, and field visits. GIS analyses were used to create RWH suitability maps (high, moderate, and unsuited maps). The sensitivity analysis was also carried out for identified weights to check the inadequacy and inconsistency among preferences. It was estimated that 3.6%, 8.2%, and 27.3% of the study area were highly, moderately, and unsuitable, respectively, for Chauka implementation. Further, sensitivity analysis results show that LULC is highly sensitive and NDVI is the least sensitive parameter in the selected study region, which suggests that changing the weight of these parameters is more likely to decide the outcome. Overall, this study shows the applicability of the GIS-based MCDA approach for up-scaling the traditional RWH systems and its suitability in other regions with similar field conditions, where RWH offers the potential to increase water resource availability and reliability to support rural communities and livelihoods.

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A case study of Powai Lake illustrates water quality issues caused by pollution from untreated sewage and waste, which have led to reduced water levels and ecological damage. combination of infrastructure upgrades, such as sewage pumping systems, and environmental management, including bioremediation, desilting, and community-led cleanup drives.

Problems

Pollution: The lake suffers from high pollution levels due to untreated sewage and garbage from nearby residential areas, as well as commercial and industrial waste. Studies show low dissolved oxygen levels, which are detrimental to aquatic life.

Reduced water volume: The lake's area has decreased significantly due to siltation (buildup of sediment) and encroachment from development.

Ecological degradation: Pollution and habitat loss have impacted the lake's ecosystem, leading to a decline in fish diversity and the overall health of the environment.

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Reviving Powai Lake: A Comprehensive Blueprint for Sustainable Urban Water Management in Mumbai - Earth5R

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Powai Lake sustainable management focuses on restoring Mumbai’s urban water through community action, tech, and eco-friendly solutions.

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IN 2020; due to heavy rainfall powai lake overflowed

In 2021 ; birds displaced from habitat due to contaminated water

in 2022 ; The national Green tribunal ordered bmc to stop sewage flow

in 2023 ; invasive plants hyacinth increase lower oxygen levels

in 2024,2025; due to rapid degredation of pollution and untreated sewage the powai lake water was misfit to drink from

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Case Study: Water supply issue solutions

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Case Study: Water supply issue solutions

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Urja, Miraya

Case Study of India’s Water Supply Challenges and the Puri ‘Drink-from-Tap’ Solution

Puri — problem (before ‘Drink-from-Tap’):

Like most Indian cities running on intermittent supply, Puri faced high losses and health risks: non-revenue water (NRW) in such systems sits around 45–55% and contamination can enter pipelines during non-supply hours. In Urban Odisha (including Puri), the pattern showed up as poor coverage and quality, intermittent timings, and high water losses—made tougher in Puri’s case by the city’s role as a major pilgrimage centre with ~2.5 lakh residents and large tourist inflows (nearly 2 crore annually). In practice, Puri’s own NRW exceeded 50%, threatening service reliability and sustainability.

Puri — solution (what was done):

Under the Odisha government’s Drink-from-Tap mission, Puri converted its network to pressurised 24×7 supply, expanded household connections with 100% metering, created DMAs and a dedicated NRW cell, and fixed leak-prone ferrule joints (switching to saddle/compression fittings). Quality assurance was strengthened through third-party monitoring and mobile labs, and customer service/billing was supported by women’s SHGs (“Jalsaathis”). The citywide rollout now covers the full urban area, and NRW has been cut from >50% to ~15% while water at the tap meets BIS IS:10500—safe to drink without further treatment.

Citation:

1. https://www.pppinindia.gov.in/bestpractices/storage/assets/case-study/624eb41e1f6e6Drink-from-Tap-Mission-A-case-study-of-24x7-Water-Supply-in-Puri-city.pdf

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Water scarcity and public health concerns in rural India: a case study of Nongpok Sekmai and surrounding villages - Discover Water

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This study examines the critical issue of water scarcity and its impact on public health in Nongpok Sekmai and surrounding villages in India. Despite government initiatives to provide universal tap water access by 2024, these villages lack safe drinking water. Traditional sources like open wells are contaminated, and the primary river is drying up due to illegal sand mining and gravel extraction activities upstream. This situation results in a significant public health burden, with villagers facing financial strain due to waterborne diseases and the need to purchase water for basic needs. The study also examines the negative link between on-premise access to safe water and mothers’ time spent on water collection. The study highlights the need for a multi-pronged approach. Renewed government efforts to implement the tap water initiative or provide alternative clean water sources like filtration plants or community wells are crucial. Additionally, stricter enforcement is needed to curb illegal mining activities and ensure river sustainability. Furthermore, exploring community-based solutions like rainwater harvesting and raising awareness about waterborne diseases and sanitation practices can empower the population. Addressing this water crisis demands a collaborative effort from the government, local communities, and environmental agencies. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing visual photographic analysis and community engagement to investigate water contamination in Nongpok Sekmai river, Manipur. The findings highlight key contamination indicators such as turbidity, algae blooms, and floating debris, while also addressing the health and social impacts perceived by the local population.

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the day zero crisis in tamil nadu (2019) occurred when severe drought and failed monsoons caused reservoirs and groundwater levels to drop dramatically, especially in chennai. the city faced extreme water shortages, with major lakes drying up and residents depending on water tankers and trains for basic supply. the crisis highlighted the urgent need for sustainable water management, rainwater harvesting, and long-term conservation measures.

case study:

https://nexteel.in/why-chennai-ran-out-of-water-in-2019-a-case-study-on-urban-water-mismanagement/

solutions:

1. improve and diversify water sources

expand desalination plants.

increase wastewater recycling.

enforce rainwater harvesting in all buildings.

2. restore natural water systems

rejuvenate lakes, ponds, and wetlands.

protect reservoir catchment areas from encroachment.

build recharge wells and permeable pavements.

3. strengthen water governance

smart water metering and leak-detection systems.

strict control on illegal borewells and construction.

regular maintenance of pipelines and reservoirs.

4. promote public conservation

awareness campaigns for water-saving habits.

incentives for low-flow fixtures and water-efficient appliances.

household greywater reuse (gardens, flushing, cleaning).

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Why Chennai Ran Out of Water in 2019: A Case Study on Urban Water Mismanagement

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In 2019, Chennai, one of India’s largest cities, faced an unprecedented water crisis that left millions of residents struggling for access to clean water. This crisis, often referred to as “Day Zero,” was a stark reminder of the consequences of urban water mismanagement and the urgent need for sustainable water practices. The Perfect Storm: Factors

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construct a newrok of percolation tanks and anicuts on streams like the Kantli as the water will spend more time on land, maximise infiltration, and raises local groundwater tables

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Rajasthan Drought Crisis: State Faces Lowest Rainfall in 50 Years | Bharat Aawaz - The Voice Of India! News, Updates, Politics and More!

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Rajasthan Drought Crisis: State Faces Lowest Rainfall in 50 Years | Bharat Aawaz - The Voice Of India! News, Updates, Politics and More! |

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Problems based of the case study-

Filthy overflowing ponds, water logged streets and improper disposal of waste water.

Solutions-

1. for overflowing ponds regular cleaning drivers by the panchayat and villagers. Bleaching powder could also be used as it can be used as a cheap disinfectant.

2. To deal with water logged streets- rainwater harvesting pits can be built. Slope correction could be done aswell.

3. Improper disposal of water can be decreased by spreading awareness.

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Waste Water Governance : Dream becomes reality - A case study of Baindi village of District Yamunanagar, Haryana | Department of Economic and Social Affairs

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Ecocentric View:

Restores reef ecosystem function, structure, and biodiversity.

Preserves endangered coral populations and overall reef genetic diversity.

Supports coral reef resilience to climate change impacts.

Helps reefs recover from acute disturbances like storms and predator outbreaks.

Integrates ecological processes beyond just coral planting for ecosystem health.

Anthropocentric View:

Protects reefs for the economic benefits to local communities.

Maintains fisheries and tourism industries that depend on healthy reefs.

Provides storm protection and reduces coastal flooding risks.

Engages local stakeholders to ensure sustainability and economic livelihoods.

Focuses on reef restoration as a tool for human well-being and development.

Technocentric View:

Uses coral nurseries and transplantation to accelerate reef recovery.

Applies scientific monitoring methods like photomosaics and genetic analysis.

Employs technology to optimize coral growth and survival rates.

Integrates adaptive management with the latest research and innovations.

Views human intervention and technological innovation as key to solving reef decline.

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Case study 2: Deforestation in Amazon Rainforest 

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Case study 2: Deforestation in Amazon Rainforest 

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Mahi Shanbhag DP1

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Case Study 2: Deforestation in Amazon Rainforest

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Case Study 2: Deforestation in Amazon Rainforest

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Niharika Singhal Case Study 2

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ESS Niharika Singhal Case Study on Amazon Rainforest

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Case Study 4 – The Narmada Dam Project (India)

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Case Study 4 – The Narmada Dam Project (India)

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Narmada is the longest west flowing river in India with a catchment area of 97,410 square kilometers. Resolution of water-sharing conflicts between the riparian states through the Narmada Water Tribunal in 1979 led to the formation of the Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA), which in turn, prepared a master plan to construct 30 major, 135 medium and 3000 minor dams on Narmada and its tributaries for irrigation and power generation. One million people were to be displaced due to these dams (WII Citation1994). As of 2019, 12 major and 21 medium dams were completed, and work is in progress on another 3 major dams

out come

Graphic Organizer / Debate Chart:

The three worldviews (technocentric, ecocentric, anthropocentric).

Their approach to biodiversity issues.

Evaluation of strengths & weaknesses.

A proposed integrated strategy for biodiversity conservation

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The Narmada Valley Project (NVP) is made up of plans for 30 major, 136 medium and 3,000 minor dams in India. In Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) in the state of Gujarat and the Narmada Sagar Project (NSP) in the state of Madhya Pradesh are, at present, the NVP’s major constituents. Estimates show that the cost of the whole project would be around US $19 billion over the next 25 years. The present estimate for the NSP and the SSP is US $3 billion and $9 billion, respectively.

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1. Causes and consequences of coral reef decline, globally highlighting impacts from human activities like over-tourism, pollution as well as natural stressors

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Case Study 1: Coral Reef Degradation student examines the causes and consequences of coral reef decline globally, highlighting impacts from human activities like over-tourism, pollution, and ship groundings, as well as natural stressors such as climate change-induced bleaching and disease. Specific examples include the damage to Belize's Elkhorn coral from hurricanes and bleaching, the extensive destruction caused by a ship grounding in Indonesian waters, and the impacts of recreational diving on reefs in India. These case studies emphasize the critical need for comprehensive conservation efforts, sustainable management practices, and community-based restoration initiatives to protect these vital ecosystems, which support coastal protection, food security, and tourism.

out come

Graphic Organizer / Debate Chart:

The three worldviews (technocentric, ecocentric, anthropocentric).

Their approach to biodiversity issues.

Evaluation of strengths & weaknesses.

A proposed integrated strategy for biodiversity conservation

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Case Study: Fragments of Hope – Community-Led Coral Reef Restoration, Laughing Bird Caye National Park, Belize (on-going)

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The Commonwealth Blue Charter is highlighting case studies from the Commonwealth and beyond, as part of a series to spotlight best practice successes and experiences.

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Case Study 2: Amazon Rainforest Deforestation

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Case Study 2: Amazon Rainforest Deforestation

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Brief overview of the Amazon Rainforest

The Amazon Rainforest, the largest rainforest in the world, is a lush and vibrant ecosystem spanning across nine countries in South America, covering an area of over 5.5 million square kilometres, of which almost 60% is in Brazil. It is famously known as the 'lungs of the world,' producing 20% of the Earth's oxygen and playing a crucial role in regulating the planet's climate.

But it's not just the ecological importance that makes the Amazon Rainforest a wondrous place. The rainforest is home to over one million Indigenous people and millions of species of plants and animals, many of which are found nowhere else in the world. From jaguars and macaws to medicinal plants and exotic fruits, the Amazon Rainforest is a treasure trove of biodiversity.

out come

Graphic Organizer / Debate Chart:

The three worldviews (technocentric, ecocentric, anthropocentric).

Their approach to biodiversity issues.

Evaluation of strengths & weaknesses.

A proposed integrated strategy for biodiversity conservation

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Deforestation in the Amazon is an environmental issue that continues to be a major concern across Latin America and beyond. Tropical forests play a critical role in both local and global ecosystems. They provide habitat for wildlife, sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, protect biodiversity, and provide valuable resources for nearby communities. It is estimated that over 20% of global rainforests have already been destroyed due to land clearing for agricultural production, logging, mining, and other human activities. In addition to its devastation of the natural environment, deforestation also contributes significantly to changing climates by releasing tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Tropical Amazon Rainforest, Brazil.
This article will examine the large-scale destruction of the forest cover in the Amazon for cattle pastures and other human activities, as well as the resulting impacts on air quality, climate, biodiversity loss, and Indigenous rights. It will also discuss strategies for reducing deforestation and protecting the Amazon's delicate ecosystems.

What is deforestation?
Read more: Top 10 causes of deforestation
Deforestation , as the name suggests, is the process of clearing a forest or a large area of trees to make space for other land uses, such as agriculture, commercial development, or urbanisation. While deforestation can occur in any part of the world, the rate of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil is one of the most severe worldwide.
Read more: What are the effects of deforestation?
Deforestation can happen naturally, for example, when forests are destroyed by wildfires, disease, or insect infestations. However, human activities like logging, mining, and agriculture are the main drivers of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest and globally.
Saimiri (Squirrel monkeys) sitting and eating fruits on a tree branch. Amazon Rainforest, Brazil.
Tropical deforestation is a significant concern because tropical rainforests play a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate, supporting biodiversity , and providing essential resources for human survival. The Amazon Rainforest alone is home to millions of plant and animal species and produces around 20% of the world's oxygen.

Deforestation has harmful effects on the environment and the economy. The loss of forests contributes to climate change by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and reducing the planet's ability to absorb it. Deforestation also leads to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and potential water shortages.
Read more: Impact of forests on biodiversity
Thus, deforestation is a complex issue with significant implications for our planet's health and the wellbeing of all living things. By understanding the causes and consequences of deforestation, we can work towards implementing solutions for a more sustainable future.

Brief overview of the Amazon Rainforest
Native tribal man swimming in the Amazonian rainforest in a handmade boat.
The Amazon Rainforest, the largest rainforest in the world, is a lush and vibrant ecosystem spanning across nine countries in South America, covering an area of over 5.5 million square kilometres, of which almost 60% is in Brazil. It is famously known as the 'lungs of the world,' producing 20% of the Earth's oxygen and playing a crucial role in regulating the planet's climate.

But it's not just the ecological importance that makes the Amazon Rainforest a wondrous place. The rainforest is home to over one million Indigenous people and millions of species of plants and animals, many of which are found nowhere else in the world. From jaguars and macaws to medicinal plants and exotic fruits, the Amazon Rainforest is a treasure trove of biodiversity.

However, the Amazon Rainforest is facing significant threats given the rates of deforestation, mainly from human activities like deforestation, mining, and agriculture, but also from natural events like forest fires. These activities have devastating impacts on the ecosystem and the people who depend on it, including Indigenous communities who have called the rainforest home for thousands of years.
Read more: Why should endangered species be protected?
Despite these challenges, the Amazon Rainforest can be restored with collective support. Many organisations and individuals are working to protect the rainforest through sustainable practices, conservation efforts, and education initiatives. And we can all do our part, whether it's reducing our consumption of products linked to deforestation or supporting eco-friendly practices.

The Amazon Rainforest is undoubtedly one of our planet's most incredible and important ecosystems . It's up to us to protect it, so future generations can enjoy its beauty and benefits for years to come.

Causes for deforestation in the Amazon
Read more: Why are tropical rainforests important? Read more: A pair of toucans sitting on a tree branch. Amazon Rainforest. Deforestation in the United States: causes, consequences, and cures Read more: Breathe easy: How trees are nature's air-cleaning machines
Deforestation in the Amazon is one of the biggest ecological crises of our time. The Amazon Rainforest is unmatched in its biodiversity, with millions of plant and animal species that call it home. However, human activities such as agriculture, mining, and logging are causing significant damage to the rainforest. Here are some of the main causes of Amazonian deforestation:

1. Agriculture: Cattle ranches and soybean production are the largest drivers of deforestation in the Amazon. Soybeans are in high demand globally, and the Amazon is a prime location for growing this crop due to its fertile soil. Unfortunately, clearing forests to create new agricultural land is often the easiest and cheapest solution for farmers. Brazil is one of the world's largest beef exporters, and to raise their cattle, ranchers need huge tracts of land.

Read more: How regenerative agriculture is transforming sustainable farming

2. Logging: Logging for commercial purposes is another major cause of deforestation. Trees are cut down for timber used in furniture, paper, and other products.

3. Mining: The demand for minerals like gold and iron ore drives mining in the Amazon. Mining activities are causing widespread destruction to the rainforest, including water pollution and soil degradation.

4. Human activity: The growth of human populations in and around the Amazon is increasing pressure on the rainforest. Infrastructure development, such as roads, dams, and hydropower projects, is also contributing to deforestation.

The negative impact of forest loss in the Amazon is vast. It leads to habitat loss for millions of species, including endangered animals like the jaguar and giant otter. Deforestation also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and climatic instability, as the forest serves as a natural carbon sink, capturing carbon emissions.

To tackle deforestation in the Amazon, it is important to understand its root causes. By reducing demand for products linked to deforestation and supporting sustainable practices, we can all play a role in protecting this vital ecosystem.

The effects of deforestation in the Amazon

When we think about the Amazon forest, we imagine a lush, green forest teeming with wildlife and plants that are unique to this precious ecosystem. However, the reality is that deforestation is severely impacting this natural wonder, and the effects are alarming.

One of the most significant effects of deforestation in the Amazon is the displacement of Indigenous peoples. These communities have a deep connection with the land and depend on it for their survival. When forests are cut down, their homes, livelihoods, and very existence are threatened.

Another impact of deforestation is the loss of biodiversity. The Amazon is home to an incredible array of species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world. When forests are destroyed, these animals lose their habitat, and many cannot survive. This, in turn, affects the balance of the entire ecosystem, and the consequences can be far-reaching.

Deforestation also leads to soil erosion, which affects the quality of the soil and its ability to support plant and animal life. The Amazon is known for its fertile soil. Even so, when forests are removed, the soil can quickly become depleted, leading to a loss of productivity and economic opportunities for local traditional communities.
Read more: From the brink of extinction: 4 endangered species that made a comeback
Perhaps the most significant impact of deforestation in the Amazon is its effect on the climate. Trees are natural carbon sinks, and when they are cut down, large amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. This exacerbates the effects of climate change, contributing to rising temperatures, rising sea levels, and more frequent natural disasters.

It's easy to see why deforestation in the Amazon is a cause for concern. From the loss of biodiversity to the displacement of Indigenous peoples, the effects are far-reaching and devastating. It's up to us to take action to protect this precious ecosystem, whether through supporting conservation efforts or living a more sustainable lifestyle.

Recent trends in deforestation rates

Deforestation has been a hot topic for quite some time now, and it's not going away anytime soon. In fact, in the past years, deforestation rates in the Amazon have been on the rise, and the consequences are dire. In 2022, the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest witnessed a dramatic peak in deforestation: it lost the equivalent of nearly 3,000 soccer fields a day.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), approximately 10 million hectares of global forests are lost every year. Picture an area the size of Iceland but without the icy coolness. Instead, it's a wasteland. According to Brazil's National Institute for Space Research, deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon rose more than 50% in the first three months of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019.

The Amazon Rainforest loses an average of 1.4 billion trees each year. When trees are cut down, they release carbon dioxide, a significant contributor to the climate crisis we're facing. That is why deforestation is responsible for roughly 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions each year. That's on par with the entire transportation sector's emissions worldwide, including cars, planes, and ships.

So, what's driving this increase in deforestation rates?
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Deforestation is often driven by human activity, such as agriculture, human settlements, and infrastructure development. One major driver is agriculture, specifically the production of soybeans and cattle ranching. Cattle ranching and soybean farming are colossal culprits, with cattle ranching accounting for 80% of current deforestation in the Amazon. As demand for these products increases, more and more land is cleared to make room for crops and grazing.

Illegal logging is another significant contributor, with millions of trees lost to this illicit activity every year. Despite efforts by environmental agencies and the Brazilian federal government to crack down on the practice, it continues to happen at an alarming rate. Traditional communities and Indigenous land are often the targets of these illegal activities, displacing people and disrupting their way of life.

The dry season also plays a role in deforestation rates. During this time, it's easier for fires to ignite and spread, making it easier for land to be cleared quickly. Unfortunately, deforestation-related fires can lead to devastating consequences, such as the loss of homes and businesses and even the loss of life.

So, what can be done to combat these trends in deforestation rates? Sustainable development and economic incentives for landowners who preserve forests are a great place to start. Additionally, supporting Indigenous communities and traditional land use practices can help protect valuable ecosystems and promote biodiversity. We discuss these and other solutions in more detail later in this article.
Explore the benefits of green investing
The bottom line is that we can't afford to ignore deforestation's impact on our planet. It's time to take action and take responsibility for our actions. The future of our planet depends on it.

Moreover, it's not just the atmosphere that suffers from deforestation. Forests serve as habitats for a large portion of our planet's wildlife. Can you imagine losing over 80% of the world's terrestrial biodiversity and species due to deforestation?

Although deforestation rates in the Amazon remained high in 2022, the good news is that in April 2023, deforestation rates dropped by 72%. This was due in part to increased enforcement of environmental laws and campaigns to promote sustainable agriculture and forestry practices. However, there is still much more work to be done to protect this vital ecosystem.

The Amazon Rainforest is not just a resource to be exploited. It is a precious and irreplaceable ecosystem that deserves our respect and protection. By educating ourselves on the factors driving deforestation and taking action to promote sustainable practices, we can all contribute to protecting this vital part of our planet.

Solutions to deforestation

Deforestation in the Amazon is a serious problem that threatens our planet's health and biodiversity. The Amazon Rainforest is often referred to as the 'lungs of the planet' because of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. However, it's being destroyed at an alarming rate, which has negative consequences in the form of greenhouse gas emissions, habitat loss for animals, and a reduction in biodiversity. Let's explore four solutions to combat the Amazon deforestation:
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1. Increased government regulations

One of the most practical ways to lessen deforestation in the Amazon is for the government to enforce laws that govern it. For example, the Brazilian government can create laws and regulations prioritising sustainable agricultural activities and forestry practices. The government can also implement measures that penalise individuals and companies that engage in illegal deforestation. This way, there will be a clear message to people that deforestation is impermissible.
Contact us to join our cause and reforest the planet
2. Implementing nature-based solutions

Nature-based solutions are a promising pathway towards mitigating deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest. One such approach involves the restoration of degraded lands through reforestation efforts, which involves planting a diverse range of native tree species and allowing them to grow and regenerate over time. This can help prevent further deforestation by creating a barrier between remaining forests and areas susceptible to land-use change.

New plant in the Amazon forest. Brazil, South America.

Another key method to prevent deforestation is through promoting sustainable development and providing economic incentives for landowners who preserve forests. A sustainable income through forest conservation and sustainable land management practices can provide economic incentives for local traditional communities to protect forests rather than exploit them for short-term gains. Additionally, supporting Indigenous communities and traditional land use practices can help protect valuable ecosystems and promote biodiversity. Implementing and ensuring the success of such solutions requires a concerted effort from various stakeholders, including governments, non-governmental organisations, and private sector actors. By prioritising nature-based solutions, it is possible to address deforestation in the Amazon while also safeguarding the region's biodiversity and supporting local livelihoods and Indigenous peoples.

3. Supporting nonprofit organisations

Supporting non-profit organisations that work towards protecting rainforests and planting trees is another way to combat deforestation. Rainforest Trust, Amazon Watch, and Rainforest Alliance are some of the many nonprofit organisations individuals can donate to. These organisations help reduce deforestation by purchasing land in the Amazon to protect it from logging and cattle ranching.

4. Reduce beef and dairy consumption

Cattle ranches are one of the biggest drivers of deforestation in the Amazon. To reduce deforestation, individuals can reduce their beef and dairy consumption by choosing plant-based alternatives. For example, instead of beef, they can opt for plant-based protein sources such as tofu, tempeh, and beans. Reducing demand for beef and dairy products can indirectly decrease the need for cattle ranches and therefore limit deforestation in the Amazon.

DGB Group's trust in nature-based solutions as an answer to deforestation

With the right combination of government regulations, nature-based solutions, non-profit organisations, and individual action, deforestation in the Amazon can be addressed and reversed. By implementing laws that protect forests, restoring degraded lands with reforestation efforts, supporting rainforest protection projects through nonprofit donations, and reducing beef and dairy product consumption, we can ensure a healthy environment for generations to come.

Through our work in designing and implementing large-scale nature-based solutions, DGB Group is confident that nature-based solutions are one of the surest ways to prevent further deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest and even revert it. With everyone doing their part by making sustainable choices and supporting environmental initiatives, we can make a meaningful difference in protecting our planet.

DGB strongly supports and implements reforestation efforts worldwide, knowing firsthand the devastating impact of deforestation on our planet and its precious biodiversity. Join us on our quest to save the planet! With our innovative carbon projects and collaborations with stakeholders, we're making a tangible difference in preserving healthy ecosystems. Our unwavering commitment to preventing further deforestation and promoting biodiversity is central to our mission and our contribution towards a sustainable, prosperous future.

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Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest: causes, effects, solutions

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Discover the causes, effects and solutions to deforestation in the Amazon rainforest.

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Case Study 3: Mangrove Loss due to metro work

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Case Study 3: Mangrove Loss due to metro work

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Read more at:
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/22129163.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

out come

Graphic Organizer / Debate Chart:

The three worldviews (technocentric, ecocentric, anthropocentric).

Their approach to biodiversity issues.

Evaluation of strengths & weaknesses.

A proposed integrated strategy for biodiversity conservation

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Bombay High Court: In a case concerning construction of a depot for the metro line by Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority ('petitioner') and seeking permission for the same, as there was a complete ban on felling of mangroves in Maharashtra. The Division Bench of Revati Mohite Dere and Dr. Neela Gokhale, JJ., asked AGP to take instructions from the Department concerned, that whether it was possible to constitute a Committee comprising a retired Judge well-versed in environmental matters; a representative of a reputed NGO and any other Government representative concerned with environmental issues, to examine the in-principle approval granted for the entire project, so as to enable the Committee to consider whether there are any viable alternatives to minimize destruction of trees/mangroves. The matter is next listed on 3-9-2025.

Background:

The petitioner sought permission from the Court for the construction of a depot at Kasheli for Mumbai Metro Line 5 along with Extra High Voltage towers and transmission lines for power supply ('Project'), which involved cutting mangroves and mangrove buffer zones. Mangroves (including mangrove buffer zones) were categories as CRZ-IA and were recognised as not only 'environmentally most critical' but were particularly 'ecologically sensitive areas' and 'geomorphological features that played a role in maintaining the integrity of the coast'. The Court had in Bombay Environmental Action Group v. State of Maharashtra, 2018 SCC OnLine Bom 2680 , after noting the large-scale destruction of mangroves imposed a complete freeze on destruction and cutting of mangroves in Maharashtra. The State was required to seek the approval of the Court before any mangroves were destroyed, which would then consider whether the same was necessary for the public good.

The following discrepancies were pointed out by the respondents for the Court to consider while deciding whether to grant the permission to the petitioner to continue his project:

1. CRZ Clearance obtained upon incorrect representation of the mangroves to be cut

It was submitted that the petitioner obtained Coastal Regulation Zone ('CRZ') clearance on 23-12-2024 by representing to the Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority ('MCZMA') and the Ministry of Environment and Forests ('MoEF') that only 10 mangroves would be cut for the project. However, the total mangroves to be cut were numbered 26. Even to the authorities under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, the representation was made that 74 mangroves would be cut as part of the project. However, the petitioner contended that out of the 74 mangroves, only 43 were situated within the CRZ for which it needed CRZ Clearance, and the balance 31 mangroves were located within a designated forest area. But it was argued that knowing about the 43 mangroves, the petitioner had incorrectly stated that only 10 mangroves would be cut.

2. Petitioner had already commenced construction of the Kasheli Depot

Respondent 6, its counsel, and the Deputy Conservation Officer had conducted a site visit on 10-07-2025, pursuant to the Court's order dated 09-07-2025. During this visit, it was observed that at the Kasheli Depot construction was ongoing and no mangrove trees were visible in the entire project site which indicated that the mangroves may have already been cut whilst carrying out work thus, violating the Court's direction of total freeze on mangrove cutting.

3. Piecemeal evaluation of the Metro 5 project by the authorities

In 2023, the petitioner sought the Court's permission to cut 31 mangroves for the Metro 5 project stated to be a metro corridor of 24.9 km with 17 stations, a car shed at Kon Gaon MIDC, Thane. And now the petitioner was seeking the permission to cut 74 additional mangroves for construction of a new depot and extra high voltage electricity transmission lines, which were not part of the project disclosed whilst taking the earlier permission. It was submitted that when permissions for a project were sought in such a piecemeal manner, the statutory authorities were not given the true impact of the project on the environment before they granted permissions. Further, the environment impact assessment studies and assessment of alternative sites were also rendered meaningless.

4. Safeguards required regarding proposed compensatory mangrove afforestation

Specific Condition 6 of the CRZ Clearance stated that the mangrove afforestation must be carried out 3 times the area to be affected in consultation with the Forest Department or the Mangrove Foundation, in proximity of the place where the existing trees were situated. But initially, the compensatory afforestation for the present project was proposed to be carried out only in Dhule Taluka which was not in proximity to the project site and was not even a coastal area and only after the Court's order dated 30-06-2025, Respondent 4 issued a demand notice to the petitioner and had proposed to carry out the compensatory mangrove afforestation in Thane. It was further pointed out that even for the Metro 5 project work which was approved on 10-01-2024, compensatory mangrove afforestation was not yet carried out and was still being planned.

Observations:

The Court vide an order dated 11-07-2025 noted that the respondents sought time to file an affidavit detailing the compensatory plantation of 370 mangroves. The Court was informed that preparatory work for the plantation would begin within the month. Additionally, the respondents sought time to explore the feasibility of creating a dedicated website to monitor mangrove and tree cutting activities, including afforestation efforts.

Thereafter, the Court vide its order dated 16-07-2025, directed that a Court Commissioner be appointed to visit the proposed afforestation site in Village Surai to verify its adequacy for planting 370 mangrove. The Court instructed the Forest Officer, the petitioner, and Respondent 6 to accompany the Commissioner, whose report was to be submitted by the next hearing. The Court also asked for data on afforestation activities and permissions granted over the past two years in the North Konkan Division and sought updates on the launch of a dedicated mangrove website.

In its order dated 22-07-2025, the Court allowed the petitioner to proceed with the project under the conditions set by relevant authorities and acknowledged the Court Commissioner's report confirming adequate land for planting 370 mangrove saplings. Although permission was granted to cut 74 mangroves, the petitioner stated that only 26 would be cut. Additionally, the Court asked the Government to present records, compliance, and photographs of afforestation efforts over the past three years, including those related to this project.

The Court expressed grave concern over the delays and inefficiencies in compensatory mangrove plantations linked to development projects in its order dated 23-07-2025. After reviewing an affidavit detailing various projects and afforestation efforts, the Court found that despite timely deposit of funds, plantations were often delayed, with some scheduled as late as 2026-2027. It was noted that funds deposited in the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority ('CAMPA') accounts were sometimes diverted for other conservation purposes. The Court directed the creation of a comprehensive website within four weeks to track all mangrove-related activities, including permissions, deposits, and afforestation. Additionally, the Court Commissioner and the counsel for Respondent 6, were asked to inspect plantation sites and report on their actual status by the next hearing.

Further, the Court vide its current order, directed the AGP to seek instructions on forming a specialized committee that included a retired judge with environmental expertise, a representative of a reputed NGO, and any other government representative concerned with environmental issues, to review the in-principle approval of the entire project and to assess whether any alternatives could reduce destruction of trees or mangroves. The Court also asked to inform when such a Committe could give its recommendation, to enable the Planning Authority to commence with the project.

The matter is now scheduled for further hearing on 03-09-2025.

[MMRDA v. Union of India, 2025 SCC OnLine Bom 2913, decided on 14-08-2025]

Advocates who appeared in this case:

For the Applicant: Saket Mone a/w Srushti Thorat and Fatema Kothari i/b Vidhii Partners.

For the Respondents: Pavan Patil a/w Shubham Saraf, Jaya Bagwe, Neha Bhide, G.P. a/w O. A. Chandurkar, Addl. G.P., and Pooja Joshi Deshpande, A.G.P., Aditya Mehta a/w Deepali Bagla i/b Bagla and Associates.

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Mangrove clearance; launch of dedicated mangrove website: Read key updates by Bombay High Court on construction of Mumbai Metro line 5

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The petitioner sought Court's permission for the construction of a depot at Kasheli for Mumbai Metro Line 5 along with Extra High...

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Anthropocentric view on the biodiversity issues faced by the amazon- Agastya and Alba

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Anthropocentric view on the biodiversity issues faced by the amazon- Agastya and Alba

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The article on Amazon deforestation can be analyzed from an anthropocentric perspective which focuses on the human costs of biodiversity loss including disrupted lives, displaced communities and climate instability, which can also result in threats to Indigenous communities that reside there, while emphasizing ecosystem services like efficient carbon storage and oxygen production. This approach is effective in mobilizing awareness, offering accessible solutions (carbon offsets, reforestation, sustainable practices), and aligning conservation with human well-being, but it risks oversimplifying biodiversity issues by overlooking the intrinsic value of species, and the primary drivers of deforestation such as industrial agriculture and weak governance. To strengthen biodiversity conservation, an integrated strategy should highlight how species diversity is a cornerstone of ecosystem resilience, and emphasizes both ecological thresholds and long-term risks. This requires combining policy reforms (deforestation-free supply chains, Indigenous land rights, and stronger enforcement) with community-led monitoring, biodiversity credits alongside carbon credits, and educational campaigns that humanize biodiversity through storytelling about iconic species. This ensures a balance between anthropocentric and ecosystem integrity making conservation both actionable for humans and beneficial for the environment.