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Careers are always changing & we all need to adapt, to be competitive. It pays to know where job demand is high and what areas are in growth, now and into the future...

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For your job search, you'll need a resume, cover letter... and possibly a LinkedIn profile, too. The resources below take you through what you need to know...

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Tips on launching and building a career in the Australian market...

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How to find a job in Australia - SEEK Career Advice

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Your destination for career advice and guidance

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Looking for work in Australia - how to approach it

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Have you gone through a redundancy, been stood down, furloughed, let go, or fired? Whatever the reason, finding a new job is crucial. This can be a stressful time, and you may feel confused and overwhelmed about what to do next.

Many people tackle their job search process by relying on the easiest option. They make online applications to advertised roles and then wait to be selected for an interview. If they are called for a screening interview, they attend the interview and hope to be selected for the job.

Some applicants may be lucky, however, many more are not. And if you are one of the unsuccessful ones, that's when your confidence may take a beating.

But the easy option is not a professional approach to secure one of the most important things in your life - a fulfilling career. Abraham Lincoln once said, "If I had eight hours to chop down a tree, I'd spend six sharpening my axe."

The key to an effective job search is to build your confidence by gaining clarity about what you really want and then: preparation, preparation, preparation.

RELATED: How to gain career clarity and focus

Do you know specifically what you have to offer and what you want in your career? If not, you won't be able to market yourself effectively when you start your job search efforts.

Treat your job search like a professional marketing campaign. This is a marketing exercise in which you are the product and the prospective employers are your customers.

This self-assessment process enables you to analyse what you have to offer before you begin the search process and helps you to articulate what you want during your search.

Here are the key areas in order to market "You":

Define the Product - "You"

Analyse the Market - "What Jobs?"

Develop Marketing Strategies

Implement the Strategies

Know your product

In order to understand yourself and what type of roles, industries and environments suit you, take time to conduct self-assessment exercises that will provide valuable insights into:

Your technical skills, knowledge and career accomplishments

Your personal values and interests. What is most important to you?

What satisfies you in a job, your motivators and de-motivators

The qualities you possess that are desirable to employers

What are your functional and transferable skills? Analyse your self-management skills and your personality traits. Consider your ability to handle yourself in varying situations, your work content skills and the technical, specialised skills you have acquired through formal education and training.

By identifying your accomplishments, you can include them in your updated resume - an essential tool in the job search process. The self-assessment process again provides you with more confidence and clarity when you are communicating during networking or job interviews.

The big plus of gaining career clarity is that it will also help you to manage your career and stay true to your goals after your search is concluded. Because once you know what you have to offer and you have created a strong resume and LinkedIn profile, there are a number of strategies you can employ to go to market.

The easiest option is to apply for advertised roles, however, statistically they only account for about 20% of job openings. About 80% of jobs are 'hidden' - that is, they haven't even reached the Human Resources department of the companies yet.

A hiring manager may be in the process of deciding exactly what resources are required for a specific project, someone may be thinking about resigning, someone may be promoted soon and an opening will be become available shortly or there may be budget for additional headcount. In order to get your foot in the door in these cases, networking and target marketing will be the best way to go.

The pros and cons of each job search method:

Search firms and recruitment agencies

Benefits: They know the market and what is available now, including jobs that are not yet advertised on job boards. They understand the hiring process and can provide interview practice and feedback. They can identify and realign unrealistic expectations.

Challenges: They work for the employer, not for you. They make money on placements and many will not spend time on you unless they can suitably match you with a current assignment. They may recommend several candidates, not just you, for the role you desire.

Advertised roles online

Benefits: An excellent source of company information, some job opportunities are posted on company websites and job boards. The internet will provide a flavour for industry trends and movements within organisations.

Challenges: Not all information on company websites is up to date and sometimes advertised roles will already be filled; also not all job openings are listed. Emailed resumes may get lost amongst the large number of resumes received and almost always, the resumes go straight to Human Resources and not the hiring manager. If you aren't careful you can spend an extraordinary amount of time in front of the computer rather than effectively networking face-to-face or using a more effective channel.
Tips for responding to advertised roles online

Read the advertisement carefully and highlight the core requirements of the role

Analyse the requirements to get a clear idea of the most important aspects of the job

Try to contact the decision maker or advertiser to gain as much additional information as possible about the role before you apply

Write a strong cover letter drawing the closest possible match between your accomplishments and the job requirements

Analyse and customise your resume to the role, truthfully and effectively

Mirror keywords from the job ad in both your resume and cover letter

Target marketing directly to companies

Benefits: You decide what company you want to work for, in which area and for whom through effective research. You make the initial contact when you are ready. You could be on the radar of your desired hiring manager - creating an awareness of your existence and capabilities and over time, if you nurture this relationship strategically, you may create your own luck.

Challenges: There may not be a role available so it may be a waiting game before they're ready to hire. Also, unless you have a recommendation from someone respected by your target audience, your marketing email or letter may not be given any consideration.

Networking

Benefits: You contact the people you know for information, advice, ideas and support. These people may be able to provide additional contacts to aid you in your job search.

If you have a strong LinkedIn profile and have positioned yourself as a key person of influence in your field through the content you share, you will find networking easier as you will attract your desired audience.

Networking is all about developing and maintaining relationships as there may be mutual benefit in the long run. You may uncover "hidden jobs", develop new contacts in the industries you have targeted and learn who the key people are in a company. Networking also gives you the opportunity to practice your interviewing skills.

Challenges: It is time consuming. Some people feel uncomfortable with the concept of networking, mistakenly thinking they are asking for a favour. Statistically, networking is the most effective way to find a job, even if you do it remotely. And a recommendation helps to cut through the traditional selection process.

When allocating time to your job search ensure you spend about 70% to 80% of your efforts identifying and building your network, and the remainder of your time applying for advertised roles, working with recruitment consultants and target marketing.

As Abraham Lincoln said, by sharpening your axe, and preparing well, you will conduct a more effective job search. I would add that you must leverage each job search strategy for success and never underestimate the power of networking.
Jane Jackson is a Career Management Coach and author of Navigating Career Crossroads. For more information, contact her here.

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Career coach: Job search strategies that work | Michael Page

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The key to an effective job search is to build your confidence by gaining clarity about what you really want. After this self-assessment, you can utilise the four methods for job hunting more successfully. Here are the pros and cons, according to a career coach.

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Government site, with information and tips on looking for work (plus resume and interview advice).

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Get tips to help you succeed at work, including understanding your employer's expectations and your workplace rights and responsibilities. Knowing your rights can build your confidence when dealing with change or when workplace issues arise.

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Weekly summary of the top 10 advertised job titles, by city and suburb.

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Information on industries hiring across different states.

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It can feel pretty tough to look for work or think about your career options in this economic environment. But taking a look at where job ads are on the up could help you shape your search.

COVID-19 is still having far-reaching impacts on employment, but there are positive signs that the job market is making progress. Job ads have slowly been returning on SEEK, even for industries that were hit hardest by the lockdown.

Here you can take a look through the industries and roles that are most in-demand now, so you can see where there could be opportunities for you or think about how to shape your job search.

The roles and industries now in demand

See where job ads are increasing and explore industry and role trends over recent weeks.

Growth continues from September to October

The latest SEEK Employment Report data shows that SEEK job ads are up by 8.5 % month on month. They are down 11.7% year on year, however, this is the smallest year on year decline since the pandemic began. This difference has been reducing each month as Australia continues its recovery, previously measuring at 20.9% and 29.1% in September and August respectively. For the second month running, the top three states contributing to monthly job ads by volume are Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.

Hospitality roles in demand

Thanks to increasingly relaxed restrictions across Australia, hiring for roles in the hospitality industry has increased. Demand for Chefs has risen nationally in the fortnight ending 29 November, with Waitperson and Cook roles also seeing increased demand. More locally, Kitchenhand has seen a 12.8% rise in QLD, and in NSW, both Chef and Waitperson roles have both risen in the last fortnight.

Victoria sees restrictions relax and job ads grow

Victoria's strong rise in job ads posted on seek.com.au comes off the back of a further easing of restrictions across October, and with a much wider relaxation of restrictions in recent weeks, we can expect to see this growth to continue.

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Industries hiring now and roles where job ads are rising - SEEK Career Advice

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It can feel pretty tough to look for work or think about your career options in this economic environment. But taking a look at where job ads are on the up could help you shape your search. COVID-19 is still having far-reaching impacts on employment, but there are positive signs that the job market is making progress.

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Government Resource with information on jobs by state, location and industry.

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Welcome to the 2020 edition of Australian Jobs. This publication provides an overview of trends in the Australian labour market to support job seekers and employment service providers, career advisers, those considering future training and work and people interested in labour market issues.

How to use Australian Jobs

Australians Jobs 2020 is designed to step you through all aspects of the labour market. The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impact on the labour market and there is now more competition for jobs. It is more important than ever to understand what employers are looking for and to understand the labour market that you are moving into.

The first three sections are an overview of Australia's diverse labour market, providing analysis and outlining opportunities across industries, occupations and locations.

The second half of the publication provides a step-by-step process on how to find a job. From where vacancies are located, to what employers are looking for, demonstrating how formal education can help you achieve career goals and outlining what government programs are available to assist you.

It is important to remember that the labour market can change quickly. It isn't easy to forecast future labour market conditions and it isn't recommended to base employment and training decisions solely on predicted shortages. It is far better to train in an area in which you have an interest and aptitude than choosing a career solely based on expectations about future conditions.

While occupations can be in high demand, job seekers can still face significant competition for positions, and employers sometimes have difficulty recruiting for occupations which are not growing very much or are even in decline.

More detailed information is available

The analysis in this publication gives an overview of some of the factors to consider in understanding employment conditions and the changes which are occurring in the labour market.

Links to websites that offer additional information, include:

There is a range of Government assistance available to help you get workplace experience, gain skills through education and training, and find the right job. More information about this assistance is in the Government Programs section and on the Department of Education, Skills and Employment's website at dese.gov.au.

Please send all inquiries about this publication to australianjobs@skillscommission.gov.au
The contents of Australian Jobs 2020 are based on information available at the time of publication. Over time, the reliability of the data and analysis may diminish. The Commonwealth, its officers, employees and agents do not accept responsibility for any inaccuracies contained in the report or for any negligence in the compilation of the report and disclaim liability for any loss suffered by any person arising from the use of this report. Labour market information must be used cautiously as employment prospects can change over time and vary by region. It is important in making and assessing career choices to consider all factors, including interest and aptitudes, remuneration and expectations, and the requirements of occupations.

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Welcome to the 2020 edition of Australian Jobs. This publication provides an overview of trends in the Australian labour market to support job seekers and employment service providers, career advisers, those considering future training and work and people interested in labour market issues.

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Statistics and information on different jobs and careers, with data on pathways, training and prospects.

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ALERT The future growth information does not take account of the impact of COVID-19. If you are affected by COVID-19 there is a range of support available.

Employment prospects

Employment prospects can change over time and vary by region. Consider your personal interests and skills as well as job tasks, pay and conditions.

Job Outlook does not provide professional advice. While we aim to provide material that is accurate and up-to-date, use your skill and judgement, and seek advice suited to your circumstances.

Links to other websites are provided for convenience. We do not endorse material on those websites, or any associated organisation, product or services.

Job Outlook is an initiative of the Australian Government National Skills Commission. Job Outlook provides information about Australian careers, labour market trends and employment projections.

Contact Us

Email joboutlook@dese.gov.au, with your query. We will contact you as soon as possible.

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ALERT The future growth information does not take account of the impact of COVID-19. If you are affected by COVID-19 there is a range of support available. Employment prospects Employment prospects can change over time and vary by region. Consider your personal interests and skills as well as job tasks, pay and conditions.

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Tips for writing resumes for Applicant Tracking Systems (online systems that scan your docs)

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Did you know that many recruitment agencies rely on automated computer software to pre-filter resumes? Known as Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS), the software uses what can essentially be thought of as robots to scan through job applications. Resumes uploaded to an ATS are only viewed by a human if the system matches the resume to the job ad. The others get dumped into an electronic black hole.

If you want to ensure your resume doesn't disappear into cyber-world and actually makes its way into the hands of a human, you need to know how to outsmart an ATS.

If you want to ensure your resume doesn't disappear into cyber world and actually makes its way into the hands of a human, you need to know how to outsmart an ATS.

First, it's worth understanding that an ATS is programmed to scan for keywords as well as other information such as former employers, experience, universities, and qualifications. They categorise candidates automatically in order of potential interest for the recruiter. An ATS may reject more than half the resumes they scan.

Many a great candidate misses out when an ATS is used, says Karl Smart, State Manager, Staffing Services Queensland at Chandler Macleod Group. He recommends asking old colleagues and other contacts at organisations to put in personal recommendations for you as a way of cutting through the automated grading system.

Sprinkle keywords from the advertisement throughout your resume.
Each organisation has its own terminology, which you should repeat back in your resume says Smart to ensure it passes thelitmus test. To do that, familiarise yourself with the language the company uses in all its publications and communications with the outside world.

Spell out acronyms. AFA may be the acronym you use in your industry. But the ATS may be programmed to look for "Authorised Financial Adviser". Likewise, include both Bachelor of Commerce and BCom, so that the machine understands.

Include an elevator pitch.
Replace your "career objective" with anelevator pitch that includes the key criteria for the role as well as your skills and achievements. This will also be a great read if it makes its way to the hiring manager.

Make spelling mistakes or typos.
Computers are smart. But they can be dumb too. They won't necessarily understand what you're saying if you say "tow years expreince" or "peple persn".

Once you've scanned your resume to ensure that it's set up to get past the robots, head over to your SEEK Profile and make the same updates. Recruiters and employers are increasingly relying on technology and keywords to help them scan resumes and SEEK Profiles, so make sure that you're set up to stand out.

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How to get your resume past the robots - SEEK Career Advice

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Did you know that many recruitment agencies rely on automated computer software to pre-filter resumes? Known as Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS), the software uses what can essentially be thought of as robots to scan through job applications. Resumes uploaded to an ATS are only viewed by a human if the system matches the resume to the job ad.

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This program is a NESt Migrants (Networking for Employment and Settlement) initiative, supported by the Brisbane City Council and TAFE Queensland.

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- with highs & lows, like any job! Plan for this, actively manage your energy levels and mind-set - and reach out for support as you need it. The NESt team are there for you.

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To plan a good job search, you first need to know what knowledge, skills, strengths and experience you have to offer, so you can showcase this to employers...

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At some stage, you'll be called to interview - and to showcase what makes you the best candidate. Many people find this challenging, and the better prepared you are, the better you're likely to do!

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How setting a routine can help, with advice from international coaches.

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Finding a new job can take time, and there's nothing like a few knock backs to cause motivation to wane.

That's why experts suggest embracing a weekly routine. It's a framework to make sure job finders are doing all they can to search listings, connect with their network and look after themselves along the way.

As leadership influencer expert Toni Courtney says, "It takes resilience to keep on going, effort to plan, and commitment to keep putting yourself forward enthusiastically, especially when you've been knocked back."

"Ultimately, like with anything, it's the things you're prepared to do consistently, especially the things that take you outside your comfort zone, like calling up someone in your network that you haven't been in touch with for ages that might be able to help, that will create possibility and opportunity."

So, where do you start? We asked career coaches to share their best tips.

Start in the morning

Samia Pego Keating says: "Focus first on well being and mental health, doing something right in the morning to increase your energy and mood, for example, exercise, meditation, dancing, something that you like that will put you in a better state."

Don't spend too long staring at a computer

Fiona Maybery says: "I recommend job seekers to only commit two to three hours a day at a regular time each day to complete your job search. Anything more than this is unproductive."

Think broadly before you narrow down

Helen Froling says: "Have a good understanding of your strengths, skill set and adaptability. Remembering you don't need to fit 100% of the selection criteria. Then list the types of companies and industries you wish to work in.

"Research these companies to develop a good understanding of how they operate and the clients they serve."

I've got a job, and it's hard to find the time out of hours

Kate Richardson says: "I'm a big fan of a 'one thing a day' rule. Whether it's an email to set up a coffee, or researching a new career possibility, one thing a day equals 30 actions per month. After a few months, that's 90 small steps you've taken towards your next role. And there's no excuse as you can always find time to do #onethingaday."

Iain Calvert says: "When I was looking to move from an office-based role to remote in 2017 there were very few job options (hard to believe in these COVID times).

"Every Tuesday night after work I'd go to the library for a change of scene, and spend three hours looking for remote roles. It took three months, but I found one. It made a significant difference in my life and was well worth it."

Make yourself accountable

Katherine Miller says: "20% of your job search time needs to be spent on follow up and tracking your efforts. Only 3% of job seekers follow up on their efforts. Be in the top 3% and watch doors open."

Gavin Lister says: "Set a time every Friday morning to review progress and refresh your goals and action plan for the week ahead. That saves wasting half of Monday 'planning' and gives you Friday afternoon to make a few more calls to set up networking meetings for the coming week or two."

Choose when you apply for jobs

Joanne Esposito says: "Understand how your body clock works so that you feel energised when you're applying, and do a confidence booster exercise (such as the wonder woman pose) before interviewing so that you know your worth."

Stay connected

Catherine Middleton says: "Time spent on research is an investment in their future, so keeping abreast of local issues, who is hiring, what roles are in demand will form the basis of any job applications."

Make networking a goal

Eric Googe says: "I really recommend networking with every person and business in the areas that you wish to be employed. Get your name out there and make an impression with all who you meet."

Understand what you want

Rex Alexander says: "Actively looking for work doesn't just mean applying for every opportunity by sending out 100 copies of your resume."

"The most important part of your job search is discovering who you are. What skills, abilities and talents do you have, and what problems do you solve? This way you will know what value you have to offer."

Look after yourself

Doug McKay says: "They say looking for a job is a full time job but I completely disagree! When looking for work, if you try to control every element, you'll be frustrated and disappointed. Proactively managing your physical and mental health by managing a physical or virtual calendar and then reflecting on your progress is the key for job search planning."

Carmel Catanuto says: "Three hours a day is a good balance for job search and if you go over that time it's a bonus, the time can be constructive and include volunteer research in the field that you'd like to be in and interview preparation."

But it's coming up to Christmas

Renata Bernarde says: "There is no reason to stop job hunting during the festive season. You can if you want or need to, but others either don't celebrate the holidays or can't afford to stop the search. I've been in that situation myself a couple of times.

"I believe that if you have time on your hands, or if you are in a hurry to find your next job, then this is, in fact, a great opportunity to step ahead of the game and get an advantage."

Bernarde is offering free weekly job search schedules here.

LinkedIn has launched free access to learning paths for in-demand jobs. Here's the learning path to master in-demand professional soft skills, including this course on persuading others with Dorie Clark.

We'll share a free LinkedIn Learning course each week. Be sure to sign up by hitting the 'subscribe' button up the top right.

Is there a way of resigning gracefully? Human resources director Mark Lindley says yes. He writes, "Strongly resist the opportunity to celebrate your new career future with too much enthusiasm, in front of team members, colleagues and your manager. You will only estrange your soon to be former business relationships." Read more here.

Be aware of the minimum wage when you apply for a job, especially if English is your second language. A union analysis of more than 3,000 foreign-language job ads revealed 88% offered below minimum wage, The Sydney Morning Herald reports. Read more here.

Next week brings us to Christmas, and we'll be recapping the career advice that struck a cord with Australians in 2020.

Missed last week's #GetHiredAustralia? Here's two questions to ask yourself before the end of the year.

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Should you commit to a job-seeking routine?

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Finding a new job can take time, and there's nothing like a few knock backs to cause motivation to wane. That's why experts suggest embracing a weekly routine.

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... or the importance of focusing on small, sustained steps, in reaching any goal. It takes time!

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Excerpts from Good to Great

Picture a huge, heavy flywheel-a massive metal disk mounted horizontally on an axle, about 30 feet in diameter, 2 feet thick, and weighing about 5,000 pounds. Now imagine that your task is to get the flywheel rotating on the axle as fast and long as possible. Pushing with great effort, you get the flywheel to inch forward, moving almost imperceptibly at first. You keep pushing and, after two or three hours of persistent effort, you get the flywheel to complete one entire turn. You keep pushing, and the flywheel begins to move a bit faster, and with continued great effort, you move it around a second rotation. You keep pushing in a consistent direction. Three turns ... four ... five ... six ... the flywheel builds up speed ... seven ... eight ... you keep pushing ... nine ... ten ... it builds momentum ... eleven ... twelve ... moving faster with each turn ... twenty ... thirty ... fifty ... a hundred.

Then, at some point-breakthrough! The momentum of the thing kicks in in your favor, hurling the flywheel forward, turn after turn ... whoosh! ... its own heavy weight working for you. You're pushing no harder than during the first rotation, but the flywheel goes faster and faster. Each turn of the flywheel builds upon work done earlier, compounding your investment of effort. A thousand times faster, then ten thousand, then a hundred thousand. The huge heavy disk flies forward, with almost unstoppable momentum.

Now suppose someone came along and asked, "What was the one big push that caused this thing to go so fast?" You wouldn't be able to answer; it's just a nonsensical question. Was it the first push? The second? The fifth? The hundredth? No! It was all of them added together in an overall accumulation of effort applied in a consistent direction. Some pushes may have been bigger than others, but any single heave-no matter how large-reflects a small fraction of the entire cumulative effect upon the flywheel. ... Here's what's important. We've allowed the way transitions look from the outside to drive our perception of what they must feel like to those going through them on the inside. From the outside, they look like dramatic, almost revolutionary breakthroughs. But from the inside, they feel completely different, more like an organic development process.

Picture an egg just sitting there. No one pays it much attention until, one day, the egg cracks open and out jumps a chicken! All the major magazines and newspapers jump on the event, writing feature stories-"The Transformation of Egg to Chicken!" "The Remarkable Revolution of the Egg!" "Stunning Turnaround at Egg!"-as if the egg had undergone some overnight metamorphosis, radically altering itself into a chicken. But what does it look like from the chicken's point of view? It's a completely different story. While the world ignored this dormant-looking egg, the chicken was evolving, growing, developing, incubating. From the chicken's point of view, cracking the egg is simply one more step in a long chain of steps leading up to that moment-a big step, to be sure, but hardly the radical, single-step transformation it looks like to those watching from outside the egg. It's a silly analogy, granted. But I'm using it to highlight a very important finding from our research. We kept thinking that we'd find "the one big thing," the miracle moment that defined breakthrough. We even pushed for it in our interviews. But the good-to-great executives simply could not pinpoint a single key event or moment in time that exemplified the transition.

We found a very different pattern at the comparison companies. Instead of a quiet, deliberate process of figuring out what needed to be done and then simply doing it, the comparison companies frequently launched new programs-often with great fanfare and hoopla aimed at "motivating the troops"-only to see the programs fail to produce sustained results. They sought the single defining action, the grand program, the one killer innovation, the miracle moment that would allow them to skip the arduous buildup stage and jump right to breakthrough. They would push the flywheel in one direction, then stop, change course, and throw it in a new direction-and then they would stop, change course, and throw it into yet another direction. After years of lurching back and forth, the comparison companies failed to build sustained momentum and fell instead into what we came to call the doom loop.

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Excerpts from Good to Great Picture a huge, heavy flywheel-a massive metal disk mounted horizontally on an axle, about 30 feet in diameter, 2 feet thick, and weighing about 5,000 pounds. Now imagine that your task is to get the flywheel rotating on the axle as fast and long as possible.

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You've developed transferable skills from past roles, and these could help take you in a range of different directions...

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ALERT The future growth information does not take account of the impact of COVID-19. If you are affected by COVID-19 there is a range of support available.

Employment prospects

Employment prospects can change over time and vary by region. Consider your personal interests and skills as well as job tasks, pay and conditions.

Job Outlook does not provide professional advice. While we aim to provide material that is accurate and up-to-date, use your skill and judgement, and seek advice suited to your circumstances.

Links to other websites are provided for convenience. We do not endorse material on those websites, or any associated organisation, product or services.

Job Outlook is an initiative of the Australian Government National Skills Commission. Job Outlook provides information about Australian careers, labour market trends and employment projections.

Contact Us

Email joboutlook@dese.gov.au, with your query. We will contact you as soon as possible.

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ALERT The future growth information does not take account of the impact of COVID-19. If you are affected by COVID-19 there is a range of support available. Employment prospects Employment prospects can change over time and vary by region. Consider your personal interests and skills as well as job tasks, pay and conditions.

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Type in past job titles to identify the kinds of skills you've developed, which could be of value to other employers - and within other jobs.

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What are your key character strengths? What motivates you, and matters to you? These free resources can help you to identify and articulate what you can offer to a future employer...

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Find Your 24 Character Strengths | Personal Strengths List | VIA Institute | VIA Institute

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Everyone possesses all 24 character strengths in different degrees. See the full character strengths list here & learn about your unique personal strengths.

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... from a professional recruitment firm in Australia.

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Job interview tips and preparation | Robert Half

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From pre-interview prep to post-interview follow up, our interview tips hub will help you to prepare for job interviews. Read our interview tips today.

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As a professional career, learning and networking site, being on LinkedIn gives you a number of benefits...

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Why Use LinkedIn? Here Are 7 Benefits | FlexJobs

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LinkedIn is a great place to connect with recruiters and other professionals in your field, join groups that provide support, research companies, and so much more.

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Often requested - and a great way to personalise your application, showcase your motivation and specific fit for the job.

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What is a cover letter?

A cover letter serves as an introduction to your résumé and is written with a specific job in mind.

The main role of a cover letter is to introduce yourself to the employer and encourage them to read your résumé. It also aims to show them that you are the right person for their business.

Your cover letter should outline your qualifications, experience, and positive work traits that are relevant to the job.

A well-written cover letter also shows that you have strong written communication skills.

Below is an example over letter:

Kim Nickel

0412345678

Kim.nickel@gmail.com

Dear Mr Homunculus,

I am applying for the position of Ride Attendant at Homunculus Park. I have recently completed a Cert IV in Health & Safety and understand the importance of attention to detail and diligence when helping young people onto rides.

I have experience working in fashion retail. In this role, I have demonstrated a range of relevant skills, including customer service, problem-solving and reliability. I have also volunteered at the Folk Festival and have experience handling ticket systems. I am able to work a range of shifts, including night and weekends, and am able to get to work early in the morning for opening.

Please find attached my résumé which further outlines my relevant skills and experience. I welcome the chance to talk with you about this opportunity as I think I am a good match for this position.

Thank you for your consideration.

Regards,

Kim Nickel

Tips to writing a cover letter

Some tips to remember when writing your cover letter:

Your cover letter should be short (about 2-3 paragraphs). Explain how your skills, experience and personal traits make you a good match for the job.

Always tailor your cover letter to each employer. Sending out a generic letter when you are applying for a specific role can give the impression that you aren't serious about the job. If you are meeting an employer at a jobs fair or networking event and don't know much about them, you could consider giving them a one page pitch.

Always address your cover letter to a specific person. Never put 'To whom it may concern' or 'Dear sir/madam'. If you don't know who to address it to, call the business and find out who handles their recruitment.

Don't forget to proofread your cover letter. Spelling and other errors can make a very bad impression.

Need more information?

For more information to help you write a killer cover letter, check our our article 'Avoid these four cover letter mistakes'.

You can also complete our workbook 'How to write a cover letter'.

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What is a cover letter and why do I need one?

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A cover letter serves as an introduction to your résumé and is written with a specific job in mind. The main role of a cover letter is to introduce yourself to the employer and encourage them to read your résumé. It also aims to show them that you are the right person for their business.

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... not just in Job Search, but across your career. Prioritise self care, and look at ways to practice flexibility.

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It's probably no surprise that resilience can help steer your career in the direction of success. You might end up the best in your profession, but if the stress of your job is taking its toll, you're not working at 100%. Without resilience, you're at risk of burning out. Build your professional resilience and you'll set yourself up to succeed.

Resilience is flexibility

We tend to think of resilience as being tough - that being resilient means you can stick out a hard situation. But, although resilience gives you strength, it's not about being tough. The key is flexibility.

Associate Professor Marcus O'Donnell, Director of Digital Learning at Deakin University, compares resilience to a rubber ball. 'The reason it bounces is because it's flexible. It's pliant. And it's also incredibly strong. Because of this, it regains its shape very quickly.' Assoc. Prof. O'Donnell says that while resilience is more complex than the ability to 'bounce back' from adversity, the bouncing back metaphor helps keep in mind the idea of flexibility.

Resilience is often associated with recovery from a bad situation. But it's not just for the bad times, according to Assoc. Prof. O'Donnell. 'Resilience is usually described as the ability to bounce back in times of stress, but I like to think of it as a quality we draw on in our everyday activities, not just when we're under stress,' he says.

Resilience is your personal toolkit to keep you humming along in life. Assoc. Prof. O'Donnell says resilience isn't one single skill. 'It emerges at the intersection of a range of skills and attitudes.' Assoc. Prof. O'Donnell suggests professional resilience can be a combination of:

capabilities such as critical thinking and problem solving

specific skills like communication and project management

self-care practices: exercise, sleep and mindfulness

engagement through prioritising collaboration and collegiality

values such as altruism.

How resilience can improve your career prospects

We all need to become more resilient to prepare us for workplace pressure and so you don't buckle under it. Assoc. Prof. O'Donnell says contemporary workplaces are often inherently stressful. 'Not only can the demands placed on us be high - both in terms of the time we have to complete tasks and the level of task complexity - but workplaces are about teamwork and teamwork is all about balancing often tricky relationships.'

Difficult workmates can be a real challenge to deal with. 'The resilience skill set helps us manage both ourselves and others,' Assoc. Prof. O'Donnell says. 'In all these situations, we need the cluster of resilience skills that help us plan our work, manage our emotions and reactions, and look after our own energy and health.'

Self-management is a key part of anyone's resilience toolkit, and is a highly-prized skill in employees. Assoc. Prof. O'Donnell points to a DeakinCo. Deloitte White Paper that found self-management one of the top five capabilities in demand by employers. 'The big gain career-wise is in the confidence that comes from self-reflection and keener self-awareness,' Assoc. Prof. O'Donnell says. 'Often we tend to think of resilience as some kind of private, secret power but actually resilience is something we learn by carefully analysing what's happening to us and actively crafting a response.'

Self-awareness can also lead to better long-term career choices. For example, next time you're job hunting, you might stop to consider whether the culture of a workplace will suit you before applying.

The daily niggles of a high-pressure job can add up to a bigger picture of serious stress. This can eat away at your energy and productivity. Harvard Business Review's look at research on resilience highlights a marked difference in productivity between stressed and resilient workers. If you prioritise resilience and practise self-care, you're better placed to manage stress and maintain energy at work.

Learn to be resilient

Anyone can improve their resilience with a bit of effort, according to Assoc. Prof. O'Donnell. 'The good news is that most contemporary research agrees that resilience can be learned, it's not just something we're born with.'

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How resilience can lead to more career success | this.

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It's probably no surprise that resilience can help steer your career in the direction of success. You might end up the best in your profession, but if the stress of your job is taking its toll, you're not working at 100%. Without resilience, you're at risk of burning out.

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NESt is a grass roots movement, a multicultural, supportive network of former and current AMEP and SEE students who cooperate together ethically, transparently and sustainably to have a positive impact in the social, emotional and professional life of its participants. 

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NESt is a grass roots movement, a multicultural, supportive network of former and current AMEP and SEE students who cooperate together ethically, transparently and sustainably to have a positive impact in the social, emotional and professional life of its participants. 

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Whilst you're looking for work, it's really important that you continue to build your employability - increasing your value and chancing of finding work - for the future. Some ideas to explore here...

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Read about the benefits of volunteering, and look for strategic opportunities...

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Volunteering is of great benefit to volunteers, nonprofits & the community at large

Benefits for volunteers

Volunteering is all about making a difference in your community; it also benefits you personally as it offers the chance to:

act on your values, passions and interests

make new friendships and create professional networks

gain work experience and learn new skills

enjoy new social and cultural experiences

develop personally and build confidence

enjoy better physical and mental health as studies show volunteering makes us healthier and happier

challenge yourself in a supportive environment

help your community

have fun!

Get involved - Find a volunteer role

Benefits for nonprofits, community groups & causes

Many nonprofits can be comprised entirely of volunteers, and many services wouldn't be able to be provided if it wasn't for the important, vital contribution they provide.

Volunteer efforts help:

enhance and extend the work of a cause

improve the quality of life for clients and recipients of a service

spread the word and increase awareness of important issues

bring new insights, ideas and introduce new ways of working

get people involved in meaningful work

benefit the community at large

change the world!

Get the support you need - Advertise volunteer opportunities

Photo: National Volunteer Week 2015

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Volunteering is of great benefit to volunteers, nonprofits & the community at large Volunteering is all about making a difference in your community; it also benefits you personally as it offers the chance to: act on your values, passions and interests make new friendships and create professional networks gain work experience and learn new skills enjoy new social and cultural experiences develop personally and build confidence enjoy better physical and mental health as studies show volunteering makes us healthier and happier challenge yourself in a supportive environment help your community have fun!

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Opportunities across locations, skill-sets and careers...

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SEEK Volunteer - Australia's largest source of volunteer opportunities

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SEEK Volunteer is a non-profit initiative designed to make volunteering easier. SEEK Volunteer brings Volunteers & Volunteering Organisations Together

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Helping you find your dream role, or perfect candidate

Have you ever wondered what you're worth or been curious how much the person next to you is earning for doing the same job? Or, maybe you need help benchmarking your staff? Since 2013, the Pro Bono Salary Survey report has been helping not-for-profit organisations by providing practical and in-depth information on remuneration. Find out more

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Find Ethical, Not-for-profit, Charity Jobs | Pro Bono Australia

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Helping you find your dream role, or perfect candidate Have you ever wondered what you're worth or been curious how much the person next to you is earning for doing the same job? Or, maybe you need help benchmarking your staff?

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... for job search, research and longer-term career development.

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LinkedIn's professional network allows both active job seekers and passive candidates to promote their capabilities to an audience of international companies and recruiters. Connect with past and present colleagues to grow your network and optimise
your chances of being hired through referrals. Executives from the world's top companies are on LinkedIn, giving members an opportunity-rich environment.

The following are some tips to help you make the most of LinkedIn as a job seeker.

1. Build your network before you need it
Having a strong network is essential. It represents those you know and trust, and you can utilise it for recommendations and to ask for introductions into a job or opportunity in which you are interested. No matter how the economy is situated,
or what your career is doing, having a strong network is a good form of job security. Don't wait until times are tough to nurture your network.

There is a "magic" number of connections to have on LinkedIn, and that number is 50. By connecting to at least 50 trusted contacts (past co-workers, clients, classmates, professors, friends and family) you will increase your chances of getting
in touch with people and companies that will help you get ahead in your job hunt.

2. Ensure your profile is complete and up-to-date
Your LinkedIn profile is your chance to showcase your skills and talents and help the right people and opportunities find their way to you. As your professional representation online, you can set it up to be discoverable through the millions of
searches on leading search engines and on LinkedIn. Members with at least one past position listed on their profile are 12 times more likely to be viewed for potential opportunities through LinkedIn. People with at least one education listed
are seven times more likely to be viewed in general and professionals with a photo on their profile are also seven times more likely to be viewed in general.

3. Get LinkedIn recommendations and endorsements
A strong recommendation from those who have worked with you highlights your strengths and shows that you were a valued employee. You can actively reach out to your past managers and work colleagues to get recommendations from them. If you want
a recommendation that will make you stand out from the pack, hint at why you're asking for the recommendation (to get more clients, to find a new job, etc.) and also at what types of things the recommender can comment on. (eg "Brad, I'd really
appreciate it if you could give me a recommendation in regards to the ABC project that I worked on which resulted in us increasing sales by 120%.")

Endorsements are also a great way to highlight specific skill sets you have. An effective way to gather up some of your own is by going through your trusted connections and endorsing them for skills.

4. Get the word out
Tell your network that you're looking for a new job. Use your LinkedIn status update to let those in your network know you are now looking for a new position.

5. Check whether a company is hiring
LinkedIn Company pages enable you to "follow" companies in which you are interested. When you follow a company on LinkedIn you get updates on new hires, promotions/changes at the company and even job opportunities. Follow companies
that you would love to work for and you will start seeing these updates on your homepage when you login to LinkedIn.

6. Get straight to the people that do the hiring
Build relationships with recruiters and hiring managers in your area so you are top of mind when great job openings come across their desks. You can do this by doing an Advanced People Search (click on the hyperlink that says "Advanced"
next to the search box in the top, right-hand corner of any LinkedIn page) for the title "recruiter" or "HR Manager," or other related titles and narrow the search down to your post code. You can also find people you
have in common and if suitable, ask them to introduce you or, reach out directly using InMail messages.

7. Turn your profile into a portfolio
Instead of using generic words to describe your skills, upload an example of your work to your profile such as a photo, video or presentation that demonstrates your skills and experience. For recruiters this will give them a great, visual display
of your accomplishments to date - and is a great way of standing out from the crowd.

Continue reading more tips to help make your LinkedIn profile stand out.

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How to use LinkedIn to find a job - Hudson Australia

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LinkedIn's professional network allows both active job seekers and passive candidates to promote their capabilities to an audience of international companies and recruiters. Connect with past and present colleagues to grow your network and optimise your chances of being hired through referrals. Executives from the world's top companies are on...

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Video courses across a range of skills, jobs and career fields...

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Online Courses, Training and Tutorials on LinkedIn Learning

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Learn business, creative, and technology skills to achieve your personal and professional goals. Join today to get access to thousands of courses.

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Online Courses - a great way to test a new area, learn a new skill and demonstrate self development.

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Another very popular MOOC (mass, open online learning platform), with a huge variety of learning subjects.

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How to sign up and use LinkedIn to research the market, connect with people and build your profile.

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LinkedIn Job Search: Find US Jobs, Internships, Jobs Near Me

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64% of job seekers get hired through a referral. Use LinkedIn Jobs to boost your chances of getting hired through people you know.

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Writing "Strong" resumes and cover letters

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Writing "Strong" resumes and cover letters

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The language we use in our applications can make a big difference to how we come across. Use "strong" verbs wherever you can!

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If you want to make your resume stand out, action verbs are key. Strong, effective action words will paint a vivid picture of your experience and achievements in a potential employer's mind.

In this article, we'll look at the benefits of action verbs, why they're necessary, and how you can use them to ensure that your resume rises to the top of the pile.

We also have a full guide on " How to Write a Resume" that discusses each section of your resume from top to bottom. Plus, you can upload and create your resume on Chegg CareerMatch.

Maximize the Impact of Your Resume with Action Verbs

One of the main benefits of action words is the impact they provide. Your resume is a very brief document to present yourself to an employer. You simply can't fit everything you'd like to tell them-that will happen in the interview.

Since you're working with such limited space, short descriptions are vital. Action words make these descriptions resonate with the reader. They help your resume tell the story of why you're the best fit for the job.

Get Past the Scanning Software

Using action verbs effectively can also help you bypass scanning software that filters out unqualified employees.

Employers are bombarded with resumes. They simply don't have the time or resources to personally review every resume they receive. This is why employers are increasingly turning to scanning software to act as a gatekeeper. Resume scanning software searches for keywords that relate to the job description and the skills required. It also looks for action words that stand out and signal a potential match.

Of course, getting past the scanning software doesn't guarantee you an interview. Once your resume is in front of a recruiter or hiring manager, impactful resume power words will get their attention. When you describe your work experience in bullet points, use action words to amplify your skills and accomplishments, helping you reach the next step: an interview.

If you need help identifying these skills, we'll provide a list of your employable skills when you upload your resume to Chegg CareerMatch.

Examples of Strong Resume Verbs

At this point, you understand that you should include action verbs in your resume. But what are some effective words to use? Below, we'll look at strong replacements for overused resume verbs.

Led

If you "led" a project, you may substitute a verb like:

Increased or Improved

Increasing your company's numbers is always a good thing, but employers get tired of those words. Replace them with:

Saved

If you want to explain that you saved money or time, get creative with action verbs for resumes such as:

Started

Instead of saying that you "started" a new initiative or project, try:

Helped or Supported

Many recent graduates have mostly customer service experience. Describe these jobs with terms like:

Achieved

Achieve greater success with your resume by replacing this verb with the following:

Changed or Improved

If you've improved an existing program or policy at your job, describe this accomplishment with resume power words such as:

These word banks should give you an idea of what makes good action verbs for resumes. Think about the skills and experiences you'd like to convey to an employer, then find a strong verb to describe it.

Once you've selected your action verbs, where exactly should you put them?

Resume action words are best utilized in the bullet points of your resume's "Experience" section. That's where you summarize your responsibilities and accomplishments in previous jobs you've held. You can also employ action words in a "Summary" section when describing yourself and a few key highlights-essentially a summary of top skills that you bring to the job.

Let's look at some examples in both locations. Notice how action words can make your experience and skills jump off the page.

Examples: Action Verbs in Your Resume's Experience Section

Before: Improved inventory management process.

After: Developed and implemented enhancements to inventory management process resulting in 20% reduction of ordering costs.

The second example is better for several reasons. It uses strong verbs that clearly convey what you did on the job. In addition, it gives the results of your actions. When possible, it's important to include concrete results that highlight the value you added. This gives the employer a better understanding of the impact of your contributions-and how you can be expected to contribute in the future.

Examples: Action Verbs in Your Resume's Summary/Skills Section

Before: Worked with team on new customer outreach initiative.

After: Effectively collaborated with team to assess and analyze customer needs for new outreach initiative directly resulting in increasing customer satisfaction rates by 15%.

The "after" version in this example provides a much more impactful description of your communication skills. Instead of simply saying that you worked with a team, it conveys that you excel in this area and would bring beneficial communication skills to the job.

The more you use strong verbs to describe your experiences in your resume, the more likely it is that the employer will want to discuss them further in an interview. This approach adds impact and depth to your descriptions, giving the employer substantial information. Review each description on your current resume. Do these descriptions actually convey what you did?

Remember to add results as often as possible. The combination of action words and specific results indicates that you know how to take initiative and get results.

Focus on Areas That Are a Match

To maximize the effectiveness of your action verbs, customize them to the position to which you're applying.

Start by carefully reviewing the job description. If you're applying to a position that emphasizes critical thinking and analytical skills, look for areas on your resume where you can focus on those skills and add keywords.

You may have all the qualifications and skills imaginable for a position, but it's vital that the employer can easily see this on your resume.

When applying for more than one position or to more than one company, you may need to change the wording on your resume. The more you tailor your resume to a specific job or company, the more likely you are to land an interview.

Bonus: Use Your Cover Letter Too!

Keep in mind that your cover letter is another place to utilize keywords and action words. As with your resume, look for areas that can be improved with strong, impactful verbs that better convey your achievements.

Cover letters often get scanned by resume software, so ensure that you're using action words related to the job description. They're also typically the first thing the employer reads when reviewing your application, so make the most of this opportunity to further stand out.

Don't Sell Yourself Short

Job candidates often feel uncomfortable "bragging about themselves," whether in the interview or on the resume. The result is that many people simply list what they did at work, which barely differs from a typical job description.

Don't worry about seeming arrogant. Employers want to know how you've excelled and what sets you apart from other candidates. Be proud of what you've accomplished, and use appropriate action verbs and resume adjectives to convey these achievements in your resume.

Action Verbs for Passive Job Seekers

Here's a final tip to keep in mind about action words:
They can also benefit you when you aren't actively seeking a new job.
Even if you aren't necessarily looking for a new position, it's a good idea to keep your resume updated. Your resume should be featured on your LinkedIn profile and/or posted elsewhere online. You never know when the right recruiter will find your online profile and reach out to you with an opportunity, so use resume verbs to enhance your marketability.

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The Importance of Resume Verbs in Landing a Job | Chegg CareerMatch

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If you want to make your resume stand out, action verbs are key. Strong, effective action words will paint a vivid picture of your experience and achievements in a potential employer's mind. In this article, we'll look at the benefits of action verbs, why they're necessary, and how you can use them to ensure that your resume rises to the top of the pile.

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If you're applying for Government jobs, in addition to a resume, you'll often be asked to submit an extra document that specifically addresses (that is, shows how you fit) the criteria being used to select candidates for interview. This article gives you some good tips on preparing effectively...

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How to respond to key selection criteria

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Understanding the job requirements will help you to demonstrate that you meet the key selection criteria and are the best person for the job.

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This is a popular tool for checking how well your resume (or LinkedIn profile) match a job posting. NB It's a paid service... but you do get one free trial!

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Get your score

See what people are saying about Jobscan

See your skills

Optimize your resume for ATS

Start LinkedIn Optimization

How does Jobscan work?

To try the resume software, just upload your resume above and copy-and-paste a job description you're interested in applying for. Jobscan will then analyze your resume for formatting errors, key qualifications, hard skills, best practices, word count, tone, and more. Use Jobscan for each and every job application to increase your chances of getting a job interview.

Jobscan also features a potent lineup of other job search tools, such as the free resume builder, Power Edit real-time resume editor, and LinkedIn Optimization.

What is resume optimization?

Resume optimization is the process of tailoring your resume each time you apply for a job based on the job description and recruiting software. The two major tenets of resume optimization are identifying the most critical skills in the job description and naturally including them on your resume, and formatting your resume in a way that avoids parsing errors and display issues within applicant tracking systems (ATS).

Why do I need to tailor my resume for every job?

Tailoring your resume based on exactly what was written into the job description will ensure that you're checking every box and proving that you're ready to adapt to the unique needs of the company. A general resume will only tell half of the story. Here's a real-life example: A job seeker applied to 300 jobs without getting a single response. Once they found Jobscan and began tailoring their resume, their next 8 applications resulted in 5 job interviews.

Read more: How to Tailor Your Resume to the Job Description

What if I need to create a new resume?

If you're creating a resume for the first time, haven't updated your resume in several years, or just want to start from scratch, Jobscan's free resume builder is what you need. The resume builder makes it easy. Just pick an ATS-friendly template, follow the prompts, and export a new resume that is compatible with any online job application. This is a great way to create a general resume that you optimize for each new job opportunity.

How can I tailor my resume faster?

The fastest way to tailor your resume is by using Power Edit, Jobscan's real-time resume editor. Power Edit imports your resume and makes it editable right on the website. As you make changes to your resume, the skill, keyword, and formatting checks update dynamically and show you the next most important optimization. When you're done tailoring your resume, download it as an ATS-friendly document.

Get power edit

How do I beat Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS)?

You don't need shady tricks to "beat" an ATS because an ATS won't be rejecting your resume. There are real recruiters using the ATS software who make the decision to reject or approve an applicant like you.

Through resume optimization, you can significantly increase your visibility and interview chances by applying with a resume that is ATS-friendly, or written to be compatible with the way real recruiters use these systems. This includes sticking to formatting guidelines that ensure your resume will display as intended within a digital profile and targeting your resume keywords based on what the recruiter is looking for.

It's true that ATS have search, filter, and ranking features that recruiters can use. For example, Taleo, one of the most-used ATS in the United States, has a feature called ReqRank that automatically compares applicants' resumes to the job description and ranks them based on match rate. In theory, tools like this would save recruiters time and help them focus on top candidates. In reality, these algorithms are unreliable and most recruiters still manually review as many resumes as they can. The idea that ATS "robots" are auto-rejecting thousands of applicants without human input is a myth. The common claim that "75% of applicants are rejected by ATS" is simply not true.

That said, most job seekers do not apply with resumes optimized for the way recruiters use ATS and don't get the consideration they expect as a result. If you're here, you're on the right track.

Can I optimize my LinkedIn profile as well?

Optimized skills and keywords are just as critical on your LinkedIn profile. Recruiters source candidates from LinkedIn every day using search tools to find people with the right experience, hard skills, and qualifications. LinkedIn optimization differs from resume optimization because instead of tailoring to one specific job description, you must optimize for more job types within your industry.

With Jobscan LinkedIn Optimization, you can optimize your LinkedIn profile based on three or more job descriptions. Optimizing your LinkedIn profile results in 3x more search appearances.

Try LinkedIn Optimization

Do cover letters need to be optimized?

An optimized cover letter can help increase your application's visibility. If a recruiter searches their ATS for certain skills and keywords, your cover letter content will help you rank as a top search result. Optimizing your cover letter based on job description keywords also helps you target your message and prove that you're focusing on the most important aspects of the job. Jobscan's cover letter optimization tool checks your letter for keywords, tone, best formatting practices, and more.

See the cover letter tool

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Optimize Your Resume and Boost Interview Chances - Jobscan

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Get your score See what people are saying about Jobscan See your skills Optimize your resume for ATS Start LinkedIn Optimization How does Jobscan work? To try the resume software, just upload your resume above and copy-and-paste a job description you're interested in applying for.

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Before identifying jobs and fields to target, it's often helpful to talk to insiders and learn more about the roles, where they're found, and what employers are looking for (NB This is separate from job search - it's information gathering and research).

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Often the way we get a chance to ask questions about a particular job, field or company is when we sit down for a job interview. But there's a way you can gain insight into a career and even potentially tap into the job market, minus the pressure of going for a particular role. It's called an informational interview. Here's why you might want to do one, and how to make the most of it.

What's an informational interview?

An informational interview is an informal meeting between a person seeking further information about a particular job, career or industry and a person already established in that field of work.

By conducting an informational interview, you can find out if the company or industry you think you want to work in actually aligns with your values, skills and interests before taking the plunge with a formal application.

Why have an informational interview?

Leah Lambart is a career and interview coach at Relaunch Me and founder of The Career Project, which provides job shadowing opportunities to career changers. She says informational interviews can be particularly useful for students contemplating different career paths or job seekers looking for a career change.

Lambart says one of the main benefits of an informational interview is it provides you with inside information about the role or industry that's often not easily obtained via internet searches, career fairs or university open days.

"The informational interview also represents a golden opportunity to develop a network in your area of interest that you may be able to reach out to in the future or when you're looking for a job down the track," she says.

How to organise an informational interview

The first step is to find people willing to meet with you for an informational interview. The best place to start is in your own network, including colleagues or ex-colleagues, friends, family, and acquaintances. "Try asking people you know if they know anyone working in industries or organisations you are curious about and whether they can introduce you," Lambart says.

Another way to find potential contacts for an informational interview is by attending industry events, seminars and meet-ups or reaching out to people through networking sites.

When it comes to requesting an informational interview, be upfront and explain exactly what information you're hoping to obtain, Lambart says. "Make sure you state clearly what you're expecting of the person and how much of their time you'll need," she says.

Once you've secured an informational interview

Lambart says although the informational interview is not a formal job interview, it may lead to future opportunities so it's wise to act professionally and prepare adequately by making a list of questions about the field, role, or company.

She says the questions should aim to gain insight into what the role involves and whether it would be a good fit for you, and could include:

1. Can you tell me what an average day/week in your job is like?

2. What do you like most / least about what you do?

3. What skills and personality traits do you think are most important to being successful in this field?

4. Were there any surprises for you when you started working in this field?

5. What advice would you give to someone considering a career in this field?

When you're at the interview

Although the focus should be on you asking questions so you can find out as much as you can about the company or role you're interested in, it's also a good idea to come prepared to talk about yourself and your ambitions. Make sure you have your 30-second elevator pitch ready so you can give the best impression of yourself, your skills, experience and interests.

It's also worth asking if there is anyone else you could talk to about the company or industry. Having a mutual connection will greatly enhance the likelihood of that person agreeing to meet with you, Lambart says.

After the informational interview

It's always a good idea to send an email or note after the interview to thank the person for their time and insights. "It shows that you appreciate them taking the time to meet with you and will emphasize your interest in working for their company in the future," Lambart says.

Informational interviews are a great way to extend your job search beyond simply responding to ads on job boards. They are also a great way to expand your professional network. Coming prepared, asking the right questions, and making sure you follow up after the interview will all help you to plot out the next step in your career journey.

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The informational interview: what it is and why you should do it - SEEK Career Advice

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Often the way we get a chance to ask questions about a particular job, field or company is when we sit down for a job interview. But there's a way you can gain insight into a career and even potentially tap into the job market, minus the pressure of going for a particular role.

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If you're looking for help with your career planning, job search or interview skills, make sure you're working with a professional. CDAA has a directory of accredited, recognised people in this field...

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CDAA members can help you manage your career, make occupational and study decisions and plan career transitions in a wide variety of ways, including career coaching, professional resume preparation, retirement planning and much more.

All members are in business, they charge a fee for the services they provide. You are encouraged to contact 2-3 members and discuss your needs to make an informed decision about who could help you best.

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CDAA members can help you manage your career, make occupational and study decisions and plan career transitions in a wide variety of ways, including career coaching, professional resume preparation, retirement planning and much more. All members are in business, they charge a fee for the services they provide.

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... from an Australian based Recruitment Agency.

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Getting ready to interview for a new job? We've put together a list of practice job interview questions that you should rehearse ahead of your interview day - and also make sure you're adequately prepared with responses that demonstrate your suitability and potential for that specific role.

In addition to having your interview answers at the ready, remember to prepare a suite of compelling examples to help convince the interviewer - either the hiring manager or recruiter - that you are the best candidate for the job. Preparation, positivity, and proof are your keys to interviewing success.

General interview questions

1. Tell me a bit about yourself.

"Tell me a bit about yourself" is a commonly asked interview question to help break the ice and provide a brief, high-level understanding of who you are and your professional work background. A compelling and succinct answer will help you get the interviewer's attention and allow you to stand out from the crowd.

The key to this is brevity and an overview of who you are, your strengths, skills and qualifications. This will also allow the interviewer to probe more deeply into your areas of strength.

2. Why do you want to work here?

With this question, the interviewer is trying to understand your motivations for applying to the job.

What's key here is to showcase your knowledge of the company and to highlight insights you have discovered during your interview preparation and research phase. Give specific examples and try to match your skills, strengths and values to the job position and company.

3. What do you know about us as a company?

Preparedness and research are, again, crucial to any successful job interview. And this question allows you to showcase the extent of the time you spent really getting to understand the type of business it is, and using this question as an opportunity to align yourself to their value proposition and the services they offer.

Do a Google search on the company and find some recent information such as product launches, events they are involved in, awards or a particular newsworthy article written about them. Look for information that is not on their website, showing that you have gone a little deeper than most people do.

4. What are your strengths?

With this question, the interviewer is looking to understand your professional strengths and how these will tie into the role. Choose a few of your key strengths that fit the role requirements, and wherever possible, give strong examples to back this up. Ultimately, the interviewer wants to understand what benefit you would bring to the business. Strengths include the ability to work under pressure, delegate successfully and to manage various projects and stakeholders.

5. What are your weaknesses?

While this is possibly one of the trickiest interview questions to answer, the interviewer is simply trying to gauge your level of self-awareness. It can be tempting to try and avoid the question, and maybe job candidates panic and end up responding with "I can't think of any" or "I don't have any" because they didn't spend the time to really consider the point of the question.

So, when it comes to the weaknesses discussion, focus on one or two areas that you could improve on or what you find most challenging. What's key here is an ability to both acknowledge and be self-aware, while demonstrating your ability and willingness to learn and grow.

RELATED: How to answer 'What are your weaknesses' in your interview

6. What were the best and worst parts about your last role?

Here, the interviewer is trying to gauge whether there are aspects of the job you may not enjoy. Focus on what you enjoyed in your last role, and when addressing the negative side, be cautious about criticising your previous employer - it doesn't make a good impression.

Include examples that showcase your strengths, as well as the ability to adapt to situations you may have initially found challenging.

7. Why are you looking to make the move from your current company?

This question is also often tricky to answer but reflecting positively on your current employer is important. Highlight the need for change, new challenges and a desire to learn and grow rather than pinpointing things you don't like about your current job.

8. What are your goals for the next year?

Goal setting and having a purpose are important candidate factors to interviewers. This question is also designed to measure your level of ambition and interest in career planning.

Prepare for this ahead of the interview and really think about where you want to be and how it aligns with the role you are applying for. If your answer mentions continuous growth, learning and a willingness to adapt and take on new challenges, you're on the right track.

9. If this role wasn't on offer, what else would you be applying for here?

This is an interesting question as it allows you to showcase your range. So, as part of your interview preparation ensure you have looked at similar and realistic roles or positions. Ensure you have a strong response that highlights your strengths and skills, and demonstrates why you were attracted to the company and similar role attributes.

10. Where do you see yourself in 5 years?

As with general goal setting, having a structure for a five-year plan can be helpful for you and the interviewer. For this question, research the company's vision and mission. Try to set a reasonable target based on your own goals, the company's goals and the position you are applying for.

11. Why should we hire you?

Think of this interview question as an opportunity to summarise your experience, skill set and passion for the job and company.

Your interviewer is essentially asking you to give your personal sales pitch, so take the time to explain why you're qualified to do the work and deliver great results (a combination of skills and achievements), how you can support the interviewer and the broader business in their goals, and why you'll be a great cultural fit.

12. Do you have any questions for us?

While you may be the one being interviewed you also have a chance to ask some key questions to help you determine if you think you are the right fit for the role. Use this opportunity to ask any questions that haven't been covered during the interview. Questions could be about KPIs, what a standard day involves, team size, training opportunities, employee perks, or anything else that will help you determine the role's suitability.

RELATED: What to expect in your second interview

Behavioural interview questions

1. When have you had to overcome a difficult situation at work and how did you manage it?

This question is designed to understand, firstly, what you deem as a difficult situation and then how you solve problems and work with other people or departments. In this case, don't be afraid to select a tough situation that wasn't caused by you and explain the steps and measurements you took to overcome it.

Focus on and highlight the successful outcome and the learnings from the situation, as well as how the process and improvements enhanced overall performance.

2. How do you respond to high-pressure situations?

This question is designed to understand how you stay focused in different, difficult and high-pressure situations. It's a chance to highlight your problem-solving skills and your ability to work well under pressure.

Give an example of when you've succeeded under pressure that demonstrates logical problem-solving and people skills.

3. What have been your greatest achievements to date?

Here, the interviewer is looking to see if you are a high performer and where you have excelled in your previous roles. In this case, select a few recent accomplishments that are directly related to the job position, role and responsibilities wherever possible.

Be precise, and quantify the action, the steps taken and the benefits you provided.

4. Tell me about a successful project and your role in it.

This common interview question is aimed at understanding your interpersonal skills and how you work with a team. Showcase your role, the project, and how you assisted your colleagues. Provide examples of communication, collaboration, teamwork and problem-solving.

5. How do you handle disagreements with your colleagues or your manager?

This question is intended to uncover how you deal with situations of conflict at work. Ideally, you should show that you're able to handle these situations with diplomacy and tact. After all, there will always be differences in opinion, and a team's success depends on employees being able to discuss these differences and come to an agreement.

With this in mind, think of a time where you and a colleague or manager didn't see eye-to-eye but managed to find a compromise. This could be something as simple as you and a colleague discussing the situation and arriving at a solution over a quick catch-up.

RELATED: How to answer competency based interview questions

Culture fit interview questions

1. What do you like to do in your spare time?

This question is designed to uncover your team and culture fit. Whilst it can be tempting to rattle off a laundry list, stick to hobbies that paint a fuller picture of you as a person. Think about what you do in your spare time but remember to keep it professional.

2. Which type of environment do you work best in?

Here, the interviewer wants to find out if you will be comfortable in the company's workplace environment. Be flexible in your answer, for example you can say that while you enjoy working within a team, you're also comfortable working autonomously as needed. This will demonstrate your willingness to adapt to situations and fit into any environment.

RELATED: Is culture fit limiting diversity in the workplace?

3. Describe your ideal manager or supervisor.

Your interviewer might ask this question to find out how you would work with them personally, or how you respond to direction from management. Try to tailor your answer to the role you are interviewing looking for, and show that while you appreciate a manager who provides guidance, you're also comfortable working independently if they prefer a more hands-off approach.
Looking for your next career opportunity? Browse our latest jobs, submit your CV or get in touch with a Michael Page consultant to discuss roles in your field

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20 common interview questions | Michael Page

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Getting ready to interview for a new job? We've put together a list of practice job interview questions that you should rehearse ahead of your interview day - and also make sure you're adequately prepared with responses that demonstrate your suitability and potential for that specific role.

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All the basics, to ensure you go in prepared and ready.

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Whether you've scored yourself an interview already, or are working hard to get it, why not check out our hottest interview prep tips to help you ace that interview?

Research the company you are interviewing with and make sure it's a good fit for you. This is crucial: not only will your knowledge of their company help to impress your interviewers, it will also give you confidence to ask the right questions.

Ask friends and family with careers for their advice. If they have a job, they've probably been interviewed, so they'll understand the nervousness. Heck, you can even ask them to do an interview practice session. Get them to ask you interview questions and rehearse your responses. It's also worth re-reading the job description to make sure that you know what the hiring manager will be looking for.

Here are our top five interview tips to successfully navigate through your job interview:

1. Make sure you have appropriate, clean and pressed clothing to wear on the day. Skillsroad employers tell us that many candidates turn up for interviews looking unkempt. Remember, first impressions really do count!

2. Make sure you have taken care of your personal hygiene - we recommend steering away from the use of strong perfumes as some people find certain scents offensive.

3. Make sure you have organised transport and arrive on time. This will make sure that you have enough time to gather yourself and calm your nerves.

4. Make sure you have two copies of documents required by the employer, such as your resumé, police checks, driver's licence and so forth, preferably in a protective cover to keep them clean and tidy. One copy can be handed to the employer and the other is for you to refer to if necessary.

5. Make sure you rehearse expected interview questions so that you are ready to give your best responses. Practice in front of a mate, your parents or even your computer if no one is around. Simply using your iPhone to record yourself can help give you some insight into how well you are getting your points across and how fast/slow you might be speaking.

Looking for more ideas about how to dress appropriately and affordably?

Once you arrive at your potential employer's office, remember these key tips:

Turn off your mobile phone, or turn it to silent so that it doesn't ring mid-interview.

Establish a rapport. This means to smile and be friendly. Sit up straight, lean forward slightly and always maintain good eye contact with the interviewer or panel.

Don't discuss wages. Generally, this would be addressed in a second interview. Discussion of wages in the first interview can be perceived as inappropriate.

Be a good listener. Listen to what the employer tells you about the organisation and the position - generally they will ask you questions based on this information. Maintain eye contact whenever possible.

Be enthusiastic and confident. Sell yourself! Let the employer know you want the job, but never interrupt and answer only what is asked.

Be gracious. At the end of the interview smile and thank all the people involved for their time.

Here are some typical questions that may be asked of you in an interview:

Which parts of this job interest you the most?

What do you consider your special skills and abilities to be?

What is your experience in this type of work?

What do you know about our company or industry?

What are your leisure activities/hobbies/interests?

Why do you think you would be suitable as an employee?

What are your strengths/ weaknesses?

As an employee, what would you have to offer us?

How would you manage study and work while undertaking an apprenticeship or traineeship?

What are your long-term career plans?

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Whether you've scored yourself an interview already, or are working hard to get it, why not check out our hottest interview prep tips to help you ace that interview? Research the company you are interviewing with and make sure it's a good fit for you.

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An intro to the different approaches to interviewing, and how to prepare

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There is a range of different interview approaches that employers and recruiters use when they're searching for the right talent. Each different interview style comes with its own nuances and it's important you're able to adapt to each specific platform if you want to get the role.

Here's eight different interview types and some suggestions on how to nail them:

1. One-on-one interview. This is one of the most common interview types. In this scenario, it will be you and your interviewer in the room and you will be asked a series of traditionally formal questions that are designed to tease out your skills and personality. More than any other approach, this interview style will give you the best opportunity to build a strong rapport with the interviewer.

2. Informal (casual coffee) interview. A danger with informal interviews is that you let down your guard and treat it like a friendly catch-up. Ordinarily, it will be just you and the interviewer in a relaxed setting, like a café. While the environment is less formal and the tone of these interviews is often more relaxed, it's important that you remain professional. It might be helpful to have a notepad in front of you so that you can write down any important points. "Make sure you also have a hard copy of your CV, cover letter and job description," says Erin Chambers, from Careering Onwards. Having them sitting in front of you can help to keep you focused on the task at hand.

3. Panel interview. With all eyes on you, it's sometimes hard to know where to look when a panel of people are interviewing you. The interview room will usually be configured so that you're sitting in front of a row of people who will take turns to ask you questions. A good rule of thumb is to address your response to the person who asked the question. Look them in the eye, use their name, demonstrate that you've understood their question and provide a succinct answer, citing examples to support your statements when possible.

4. Peer interview. In this scenario, you will be interviewed by someone who you might be working with in the future. Peer interviews are increasingly common and are designed to help determine if you will be a good cultural fit for the company. The peer interview usually happens after successful interviews with the hiring manager and the person you will be reporting to.Not only does this style of interview help your potential employer gauge how you interact with the team, it's also an excellent chance for you gain some important insight into what it's like to work there. You should be looking to ask a lot more questions in a peer interview to help you learn more about the company, culture and how you would fit in.

5. Telephone interview. This method of interviewing is often used in the early stages of the recruitment process to screen and shortlist candidates. It's crucial that you take it seriously because if you don't, you risk not getting through to the next stage, which will traditionally be a more formal face-to-face interview. First and foremost, make sure you have a good, clear line - you don't want to have any trouble hearing the interviewer. It's also easier to refer to your notes in a telephone interview because you don't need to make eye contact with anyone. Write down some key talking points that highlight your suitability for the role and try to work them into the interview.

6. Group interview. In this situation, you'll find yourself being interviewed alongside other candidates. This is often done as a way of screening a large number of candidates efficiently. If it goes well, there will likely be another round of one-on-one interviews, so it's important you prepare carefully for it. One of the things recruiters and hiring managers are looking at is how you interact with others. So, make sure you're always respectful of the other candidates and try and assume a leadership position for tasks when you can. It's all about standing out from the crowd and the group interview allows people to observe you doing that in real-time.

7. Assessment centres. This is a process that usually combines multiple assessment activities, like psychometric testing or situational role-plays, and is generally used to screen large pools of candidates. It's a method often used by large companies that do cyclical recruitment. Employers do want someone who is eager to learn. Show that you're enthusiastic about the opportunity by reading up on recent news about the company you're interviewing for. Check out their social media feeds, find out if they've just launched any new products or are involved in any sponsorship deals. When it comes to the interview, speak about some of these things to demonstrate that you're familiar with their current business dealings.

8. Video interview. This method is often a substitute for a one-on-one interview when it's not possible to meet face-to-face. You might, for example, be applying for a role interstate or overseas. It's vital that you treat it just as formal as you would a face-to-face interview. Whenever technology is involved, make sure it's not going to fail on you when it's time for the interview. It's a good idea to make sure you've tested the software, added the contact prior to the day and have done a test drive with a friend.

Ultimately, whatever the type of interview, the most important thing is that you're well prepared and you project an air of professionalism.

Ultimately, whatever the type of interview, the most important thing is that you're well prepared and you project an air of professionalism.

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8 different interview types and how to nail them - SEEK Career Advice

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There is a range of different interview approaches that employers and recruiters use when they're searching for the right talent. Each different interview style comes with its own nuances and it's important you're able to adapt to each specific platform if you want to get the role.

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During Covid, Video Interviews have become more and more common - from 'live' interviews (like a normal interview, but via Zoom or Skype) to 'recorded' interviews, where you get a question and then are given time to record your answer). It can feel a bit different, so it's worth preparing well, ahead of time!

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Lately we're turning to digital tools even more to help us connect and get things done. There's no doubt facing a job interview via video can be nerve racking - especially if it's something you haven't experienced before.

But there are ways to set yourself up as best you can and boost your confidence for your time on screen.

Here's how you can prepare for a video interview, step by step.

Step 1: Do your research

As soon as you've been selected for an interview - or even before - it's a good idea to jump right into your interview research. Think of this the same way you would for any job interview. Here are the basics to cover:

Read up on the company and how it operates, plus any recent achievements.

Familiarise yourself with the role and its requirements by reviewing the job description again.

Think about your own skills and experience and what you can bring to the company. Look back to your resume or cover letter and think about how you can expand on what you wrote and provide examples in the interview.

Start compiling a list of questions that you might be asked in the interview and plan how you could answer them. This practice interview builder is a good place to start.

Step 2: Sort your technology

Once your video interview is scheduled, focus on preparing the tech you need to use while there's still time to sort any issues that pop up.

Find out which program or app you'll be using. There's a range of video options out there so check with the employer if they haven't told you. If you need to, download the app or program. You may need to set up a profile - remember to opt for a professional username or email. Video calls can be done on most devices - for example a laptop, tablet or smart phone - so if you can, choose whichever you feel most comfortable with. If you're using your phone or a tablet, try to position it in front of you rather than holding it as your hands could be shaky in the interview.

Set up your camera, whether it's a webcam or a camera built into your device. Check out how it works and clean the lens. For your interview you'll want to be roughly in the middle of the screen, facing front on and not too close to it - far enough for at least your head and shoulders to be in view.

Set up the microphone, whether it's built into your device or separate, and test it to see that it's sounding clear.

Do a trial run by calling a friend or family member. Can they hear you easily? Does your internet connection hold up? Identify any issues now while you can fix them.

Step 3: Set up your location

Next, find a suitable spot for your interview and get it ready.

Pick a quiet space where you're unlikely to be interrupted by loud noises or other people. If you can, arrange to have the space to yourself during your interview.

Look at lighting and make sure there's enough light for the interviewer to see you clearly. Try to avoid harsh shadows or sun in your eyes.

Check your background to make sure there'll be nothing distracting behind you during the interview, or anything you wouldn't want an employer to see.

Step 4: Practice presenting yourself

At this point it's a good idea to get as familiar with video calling as you can, and to think about how you can present yourself confidently.

Prepare your outfit for the interview. Choose something professional that you'd wear to an in-person interview.

Do some practice video interviewing. Ideally, you'll have been going over your list of practice questions and answers - now try putting them to the test. You could record yourself answering questions then watch it back. This will give you an idea of how you look on screen, what it's like to speak to camera and whether you can be heard properly. Even better, get a friend or family member to "interview" you through a video call then give you feedback on how it went.

Step 5: Focus on the conversation

On the day of your interview, do one final check of your technology and make sure your battery is charged. Sit down in your chosen location with at least 15 minutes to spare before you start the interview. Have a glass of water at hand, and a notepad and pen. It can be handy to have your resume or other documents there too but it's not a good idea to read from notes. Close any programs that could affect your internet connection or distract you and disable pop-up notifications. Put your phone on silent mode if you're not using it.

Now turn your focus to the interview. Even though you'll be answering questions through a screen, it's important to think of your video interview as a conversation with another person. It can help to:

Slow down and take your time to answer. It might feel strange to hear gaps in the conversation. But pausing a second longer before you answer will help to ensure you don't speak over of the interviewer if there's a delay in the video. Taking deep breaths can help you to stay calm as well.

Look at the camera when you can. Unlike a face-to-face conversation it can be hard to know where to look. If you direct your gaze at the camera, rather than the interviewer's face on screen, it's more likely to appear that you're making eye contact. Try to do this when you're listening.

Think about your body language like you would normally - sit up straight, and nod to show that you're listening and engaged.

If things go wrong, don't panic - you can get back on track.

If your technology fails you may have to close the program, reopen it and start again. If you can't get the program to work, you may have to get in touch with the interviewer via phone.

If you're interrupted by someone or something in your space, apologise, deal with the interruption quickly and quietly, then continue. If there's a loud noise like a siren outside, you may have to mute your microphone for a moment then continue.

Finally, end the interview by thanking your interviewer - and make sure you've closed the program or app before you breathe a sigh of relief! As with any interview, you can send a follow up email later that day or the day after.

It's totally normal to feel anxious or nervous before any job interview - and video interviewing can feel strange if you haven't done it before. But by practicing, preparing and getting familiar with the format, you'll be ready to make a great impression on screen.

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Want the job? How to prepare for a video interview like a pro! - SEEK Career Advice

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Lately we're turning to digital tools even more to help us connect and get things done. There's no doubt facing a job interview via video can be nerve racking - especially if it's something you haven't experienced before. But there are ways to set yourself up as best you can and boost your confidence for your time on screen.

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I've written on areas of interviewing (and also job search) that my clients often ask about - hopefully the content's helpful!

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Key Coaching, Brisbane: Career Advice & Interview Training

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Just recently, I helped a career coaching client with a very varied background... Having left Australia in their teens, they'd travelled extensively, criss-crossing the globe for years. They'd had an amazing work life, spanning not just many different countries, but also different roles and fields, across different industries and sectors.

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Knowing your value in the market is really important - so you don't price yourself out of the market... OR undervalue yourself!

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Money. It's one of the main considerations for people when it comes to accepting, staying or moving into a job, yet it's also one of the most difficult things to talk about. The hardest thing is knowing where to pitch yourself, go too low and you could be underselling yourself and pitch too high and you could be overlooked.

When it comes to your salary range, there are so many factors that can impact how much money you should be asking for. How long you've worked in the industry, your qualifications, your achievements, where you live, the demand for your skills, the company hiring and industry trends can all play a part.

To help provide some guidance, we took a look at the average salaries for jobs advertised on SEEK. Enter a role below to start exploring.

What can I earn as a Role you're interested in... ?

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A guide to salaries in your industry so you know where to pitch yourself - SEEK Career Advice

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Money. It's one of the main considerations for people when it comes to accepting, staying or moving into a job, yet it's also one of the most difficult things to talk about. The hardest thing is knowing where to pitch yourself at, go too low and you could

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For more than 20 years, employers and professionals alike have relied on the Robert Walters Salary Survey to help them make critical decisions for their businesses and careers.

This year, we're bringing you even more insights with our new digital edition of the Robert Walters Salary Survey, giving you easy access to all the salary and market trends you need to know - whether you're in the office, at home or on-the-go.

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Salary Guide 2021 | Salary benchmarking in Australia | Robert Walters

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For more than 20 years, employers and professionals alike have relied on the Robert Walters Salary Survey to help them make critical decisions for their businesses and careers. This year, we're bringing you even more insights with our new digital edition of the Robert Walters Salary Survey, giving you easy access to all the salary and market trends you need to know - whether you're in the office, at home or on-the-go.

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Real Time Australia Salaries in Australia

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The average Real Time Australia salary ranges from approximately $59,352 per year for Customer Service Representative to $170,474 per year for Software Architect. The average Real Time Australia daily wage ranges from approximately $425 per day for Financial Analyst to $748 per day for Software Architect.

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Explore different jobs and careers, their pathways and typical salary ranges (or explore by different fields / industries)

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Discover the right career direction for you. Explore Australia’s most in-demand roles with salary and job trends, common tasks and duties and career pathways.