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Safe and readily available water is important for:

public health:

-drinking,

-domestic use,

-food production

-recreational purposes.

Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries' economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction

More than 1 million people die each year from a lack of access to safe water and sanitation due to health impacts alone. In some cases women and children can have there physical-well being damaged due to the fact that they need to walk long distances to get water

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In some places water stress and scarcity is a true yet rough reality where people sometimes need to walk miles and miles to get at least a gallon of water. And sometimes a gallon of water is worth large quantity of money which is Lebanons case in Lebanon. Studies with UNICEF show that more than 71% of Lebanon’s population faced critical water shortages. . This is due to the fact of the ongoing drought in the Middle East combined with Lebanon's economic crisis and the country’s poorly-managed water systems. The economic crisis has caused prices to skyrocket, and made water an even harder commodity to access: in 2019 it is shown that to be able to buy a gallon of bottle water you need to pay up to 1,000 and now a days the prices are closer to the 8,000. The most vulnerable residents face the greatest impacts of this water scarcity, especially Lebanon’s large refugee communities, who lack reliable access to basic sanitation services. Health centres around the country, including the capital of Beirut, are also faced with life-threatening water shortages.

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How to implement Clean water supply well

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How to implement Clean water supply well

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World Health Organization produces a series of water quality guidelines, including on drinking-water, safe use of wastewater, and recreational water quality. The water quality guidelines are based on managing risks, and since 2004 the Guidelines for drinking-water quality promote the Framework for safe drinking-water. The Framework recommends establishment of health-based targets, the development and implementation of water safety plans by water suppliers to most effectively identify and manage risks from catchment to consumer, and independent surveillance to ensure that water safety plans are effective and health-based targets are being met.

Since 2014, WHO has been testing household water treatment products against WHO health-based performance criteria through the WHO International Scheme to Evaluate Household Water Treatment Technologies. The aim of the scheme is to ensure that products protect users from the pathogens that cause diarrhoeal disease and to strengthen policy, regulatory and monitoring mechanisms at the national level to support appropriate targeting and consistent and correct use of such products.

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In the 2022 Environmental Performance Index, the United Kingdom is among just six countries worldwide that have achieved the highest achievable score.

Despite being one of those known for having the cleanest water in the world, many ask about whether you can drink the water in London and why London drinking water tastes different, though it’s key to note that Thames Water asserts that 65% of its water is derived from surface water, while 35% originates from groundwater supplies. As such, due to the location, London’s tap water is classified as hard to very hard, giving it a different taste. However, Visit London rates it as among the world’s finest. Interestingly, hard water, with its elevated mineral content, is actually considered beneficial for your health.

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Niger, the country to be considered the one who lacks most in personal hygiene

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Niger, the country to be considered the one who lacks most in personal hygiene

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The country is not very developed. Because of that, there is a lack to access to basic facilities, like clean water, and sanitation spaces. Poverty, connecting with that, makes it difficult for people to buy hygiene products like soap, alcohol gel, etc.

There are statistics that prove that 65% of people in Niger defecate on the open, 56% of people have a source of drinking water and only 13% of the population has access to sanitation services. There is little menstrual hygiene, and also, cultural practices impede the woman from breastfeeding their baby immediately, which is very prejudicial because newborn babies don't have their immune system developed, so, breastmilk is like "the first vaccine" of a newborn baby. In the first days of breastmilk, it has colostrum, a substance which is rich in antibodies, it recognizes pathogens and kills them straight away and offers temporary protection (passive immunity).

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Good personal hygiene is a powerful tool to prevent disease, if many take care of it, it creates a chain of people who kill diseases and therefore, preventing mass spreading. Hygiene includes, washing or sanitizing hands, using hair nets when doing things like food preparation, using masks when you are sick, showering every day, really removing bacteria from your body. There are illnesses like infections, colds, flu and even gastrointestinal infections.

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How to implement each practice  of good hygiene well

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How to implement each practice  of good hygiene well

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Niger is in fact a very poor country, so sanitation facilities are unrealistic if the country is by itself. A good ideia, would be to create social projects which the purpose is to collect hygiene materials and send to Niger and to other less privileged countries. It could include, disposable gloves, face masks, soap, toothbrushes, menstrual pads, toothpaste, hair nets etc. It could also include clean water in gallons.

to solve the issue with sanitation, there should be more demand in a change of government. Also, there should be more promoting of hygienic behavior, with campaigns or projects.

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By statistic, 98.8% of people have access to a public clean water supply, 90% of the population has safely managed sanitation service, 113 million cubic meters of waste water in Estonia received at least a secondary treatment and 52% of the surface water body were at least good in overall evaluations.

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Treatment of sewage and why it is important

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Treatment of sewage and why it is important

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Sewage treatment is important because it helps keep our environment clean and protects people from diseases. If sewage is not treated, it can pollute rivers and oceans, harming fish and other animals. It also contains bacteria and viruses that can make people sick if they drink contaminated water. Bad smells and toxic gases can also come from untreated sewage, making places unpleasant to live in. By treating sewage, we can recycle water for farming and other uses, which helps save freshwater.

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One place that has suffered from bad sewage treatment is the Ganges River in India. Many factories and homes dump untreated waste into the river, making the water dirty and unsafe. People still use the river for drinking, bathing, and washing clothes, which spreads diseases like cholera and diarrhea. Because of too much waste, the river smells bad, and the water looks dark and polluted. Even though the government has tried to clean it, poor sewage treatment continues to be a big problem for both people and nature.

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One place with excellent sewage treatment is Singapore. The country has advanced systems that recycle and purify wastewater to make it safe for reuse. Singapore’s “NEWater” program treats sewage using filtration and ultraviolet light, turning it into clean water that can be used for industries and even drinking. This helps the country save water since it has very few natural water sources. The sewage treatment plants also remove harmful chemicals and bacteria before releasing water back into the environment, keeping rivers and reservoirs clean. Because of these efforts, Singapore has one of the safest and most efficient sewage systems in the world.

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How to implement sewage treatment in India 

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How to implement sewage treatment in India 

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The Indian government should invest in modern sewage treatment plants to properly clean wastewater before it enters the River Ganges. They can use advanced filtration and recycling systems, like Singapore’s NEWater program, to make water safe for reuse. Strict laws should be enforced to stop factories and homes from dumping untreated waste into rivers. More public toilets and proper drainage systems should be built in cities and rural areas to prevent open defecation that ends up going to the river because oof the rain. Educating people about the dangers of water pollution and promoting clean water practices can also help.

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Why is this practice important?

Proper food hygiene prevents foodborne illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Without it, people can suffer from diseases like salmonella, E. coli, and food poisoning. Poor hygiene can lead to contamination through unwashed hands, dirty utensils, or improper cooking temperatures.

Case study: A place where this practice is lacking

In 2018, an outbreak of Listeria in South Africa linked to contaminated processed meats led to over 1,000 cases and 200 deaths. The factory responsible had poor hygiene controls, allowing bacteria to spread through food production.

Advice for implementing this practice well

Wash hands before and after handling food.

Store raw and cooked foods separately.

Cook food at the correct temperature to kill pathogens.

Keep food preparation areas clean and sanitized.

Use clean water for cooking and washing produce.

Case study: A place where this practice is working

Japan has one of the lowest rates of foodborne illnesses due to strict hygiene regulations. Restaurants follow rigorous cleaning protocols, food handlers wear gloves and masks, and raw seafood is carefully stored at proper temperatures.

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Why is this practice important?

Proper waste disposal prevents pollution, reduces disease spread, and protects ecosystems. Poor waste management can attract pests, contaminate water sources, and lead to outbreaks of illnesses like cholera and dysentery.

Case study: A place where this practice is lacking

In 2020, waste mismanagement in parts of India led to overflowing landfills, causing severe air and water pollution. Open waste dumps became breeding grounds for rats and mosquitoes, increasing the spread of diseases like dengue and malaria.

Advice for implementing this practice well

Separate waste into recyclables, organic, and hazardous materials.

Ensure regular collection and disposal of waste.

Promote composting of organic waste to reduce landfill use.

Educate communities on the importance of proper waste management.

Invest in modern waste treatment facilities.

Case study: A place where this practice is working

Sweden has an advanced waste management system where less than 1% of household waste goes to landfills. The country uses waste-to-energy plants to convert trash into electricity and heat, significantly reducing environmental impact.