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Purpose: Cellular reproduction for growth and repair.

Key Steps:

1. Interphase – DNA replication occurs.

2. Prophase – Chromosomes condense; spindle fibers form.

3. Metaphase – Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

4. Anaphase – Sister chromatids are pulled apart.

5. Telophase – Nuclear membrane reforms.

6. Cytokinesis – Cytoplasm splits, forming two identical diploid daughter cells.

Reference: britt, becky. (2019, April 5). What Is Mitosis? - Definition, Diagram And Stages Of Mitosis. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/373517362845360597/

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Diagram of meiosis stages (including crossing over in Prophase I).

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Purpose: Production of gametes (sperm/egg cells) for reproduction.

Key Steps (Occurs in two rounds: Meiosis I & II)

Meiosis I (Reductive Division):

1. Prophase I – Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and crossing over occurs.

2. Metaphase I – Homologous pairs align randomly (independent assortment).

3. Anaphase I – Homologous chromosomes separate.

4. Telophase I & Cytokinesis – Two haploid cells form.

Meiosis II (Similar to Mitosis):

1. Prophase II – Chromosomes condense.

2. Metaphase II – Chromosomes align.

3. Anaphase II – Sister chromatids separate.

4. Telophase II & Cytokinesis – Four genetically unique haploid cells are formed.

Reference: Simple Meiosis Diagram. (2024, April 24). Manual and Engine Fix Library. https://waldumbauzscschematic.z14.web.core.windows.net/simple-meiosis-diagram.html

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Diagram of meiosis stages (including crossing over in Prophase I).

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Reference: Cell growth - wikidoc. (n.d.). Www.wikidoc.org. https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cell_growth

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normal cell and a dividing cell in mitosis.

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Illustration of independent assortment in Metaphase I.

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Illustration of independent assortment in Metaphase I.

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Reference: Biology Online. (2019, October 7). Independent assortment Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary. Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online. https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/independent-assortment

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Illustration of independent assortment in Metaphase I.

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 Key Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

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 Key Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

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Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

This law states that genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.

It happens due to the random alignment of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase I.

Reference: Sex-Linked Traits. (2024). Libretexts.org. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/12%3A_Mendel

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Key Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

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Crossing Over (Prophase I): Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Independent Assortment (Metaphase I): Random orientation of chromosome pairs leads to different genetic combinations.

Random Fertilization: Any sperm can fertilize any egg, adding to variation.

Reference: Blocked. (2025). Dreamstime.com. https://www.dreamstime.com/meiosis-variations-vector-illustration-educational-genetic-cell-division-scheme-synapsis-non-sister-chromatids-diagram-image181738240

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How Meiosis Generates Variation crossover