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Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. It's a crucial foundational skill that helps students understand that words are made up of individual sounds that can be blended together or taken apart.

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Phonics is the relationship between letters (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes). It helps students understand that there is a predictable pattern to much of our written language. This skill is essential for both reading and spelling.

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As a teacher, I've found that systematic phonics instruction works best when:
- Teaching letter-sound relationships explicitly
- Moving from simple to complex patterns
- Providing plenty of practice opportunities
- Using decodable texts
- Incorporating multisensory approaches

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Vocabulary knowledge is crucial for reading comprehension. Students need both breadth (knowing many words) and depth (knowing words well) of vocabulary. I recommend teaching vocabulary both directly and indirectly through rich reading experiences.

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My favorite vocabulary teaching strategies:
- Word walls with visual supports
- Teaching word families and relationships
- Using context clues
- Creating semantic maps
- Regular word play and games
- Reading aloud with discussion

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Reading fluency is the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. Fluent readers can focus on understanding the text because they don't have to concentrate on decoding words.

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Try these proven fluency builders:
- Repeated readings
- Partner reading
- Reader's theater
- Choral reading
- Echo reading
- Recording and self-assessment

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Comprehension is the ultimate goal of reading. I teach my students these key strategies:
- Making predictions
- Asking questions
- Making connections
- Visualizing
- Summarizing
- Monitoring understanding

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To support comprehension in my classroom, I:
- Model think-alouds
- Use graphic organizers
- Encourage discussion and questioning
- Teach text structures
- Provide opportunities for both fiction and nonfiction reading
- Use before, during, and after reading activities

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Try these engaging activities in your classroom:
- Sound isolation: 'What's the first sound in 'cat'?'
- Sound blending: '/c/-/a/-/t/ makes what word?'
- Sound segmentation: 'Clap the sounds in 'dog''
- Sound manipulation: 'Change the /m/ in 'mat' to /r/'

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Institute of Educational Sciences (2016) Foundational Skills to Support Reading for Understanding in Kindergarten Through 3rd Grade. U.S. Department of Education. https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/Docs/PracticeGuide/wwc_foundationalreading_040717.pdf

Serravallo, J. (2019) The Science of Reading: What Every Teacher Should Know. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HGS9EG0HgU

International Literacy Association. (n.d.). Phonological awareness: The key to literacy development. Retrieved from https://www.literacyworldwide.org/docs/default-source/where-we-stand/ila-phonological-awareness-early-childhood-literacy-development.pdf

Literacy at Home | Reading Rockets. (n.d.). Www.readingrockets.org. https://www.readingrockets.org/literacy-home

Rasinski, T. (n.d.). A study Guide for The Fluent Reader ©2006 scholastic A Study Guide for The Fluent Reader. https://teacher.scholastic.com/products/scholasticprofessional/authors/pdfs/SG_Fluent_Reader.pdf