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Vegetative reproduction in strawberry stem runners 

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Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in plants.

some plants that use vegetative reproduction are Tulips, Daffodils, Hyacinth bulbs, Strawberry stem runners, and potato sprouts.

It occurs when cells divide repeatedly in order to form structures identical to the parent plant.

Some advantages include faster food production, and not using energy or resources to find a partner to reproduce.

Some disadvantages are that the plants grow too close together, and they compete for soil, nutrients, and sun, resulting in not as healthy plants. There is also a negative mutation that can make asexually produced organisms vulnerable to diseases.

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Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single organism divides into two identical offspring. This process is common in prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and some unicellular eukaryotes, such as amoebas.

Bacteria reproduce through a process called binary fission. First, the bacterial DNA is copied, and the two copies move to opposite ends of the cell. The cell then grows, allowing the DNA to separate, and a septum forms in the middle. Once the septum is fully developed, the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing the same genetic information as the original. This process allows bacteria to multiply quickly.

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1. Species that can reproduce this way

Budding is an asexual reproductive process. A new organism develops through a "bud" that grows on the boy of the singular parent organism; eventually detaching to become it's own individual. It occurs in multicellular organisms such as Jellyfish, yeast, bacteria and coral.

2. How does it occur?

Budding occurs when cells multiply by repeated division at a specific place. The new cell is called the bud or daughter cell which develops into a small organism.

3. Advantage

Fast population growth

Fast process

Only one parent needed

Positive genetic influence

Can happen in several environments

4. Disadvantages

Limited diversity

Unable to adapt to environment change

One change in environment can kill off the entire species

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Definition of Fragmentation:

Fragmentation refers to the process of breaking into smaller parts, called fragments, which can refer to the process of reproductive fragmentation as a form of asexual reproduction, such as apoptosis and DNA cloning.

Process:

1. Forming fragments by loss of body parts.

2. Growing and regenerating fragments

3. Forming new body.

Specific animal example:

Animals and many plants go through fragmentation, like molds, flatworms, and fungi, but today we will focus on the starfish. A starfish may lose its limb from an injury or when purposely dropping it when running from a predator. The process of fragmentation only starts if the chopped limb, which will be considered the fragment, holds a bit of the central disk of the starfish, where the organs lay. This is because it needs the DNA of its organs in order to duplicate and recreate the starfish’s body and functions. When the process of fragmentation is done, and the organs and DNA of the starfish are replicated, the starfish will appear as a direct copy of its original body.

Disadvantage of this process of reproduction:

As this process is a form of asexual reproduction, does not produce genetic diversity in the offspring. So, these are more vulnerable to change environment, parasites, and diseases.

Advantages of this process if reproduction:

fragmentation also has the advantage of being able to complete its reproductive cycle in a shorter length of time

The main feature:

The main characteristic of the fragmentation process is that this process can occur both intentionally and unintentionally. For example, environmental changes can cause the organism to fragment and eventually develop into complete, mature organisms that are similar to the parents.

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The Spore Formation reproduces asexually by forming single-celled spores. They are very light in weight and produce by the help of water or wind, away from the parent. Spores have a tough outer coat that helps them survive harsh conditions.

The advantages of Spore Formation is that many can be dispersed at once and travel long distances with the help of wind, water, or even animals. Furthermore, they germinate quickly and produce a large amount of offsprings with thick walls to protect. Spores can wait until conditions are favorable to start growing into a new organism. Also, they have reproductive cells that are released into the environment contains the chromosomes they need to develop into new plants.

Spore Formations have disadvantages like lack of genetic diversity, making offspring weaker to diseases parents possess. Moreover, shortage of genetic diversity means spores are unable to adapt. Mold spores have a high risk of reproducing quickly for food if it's at the right condition and temperature.

An example for a Spore Formation in fungi are Aspergillus and Penicillium which is the main asexual reproduction method used by these fungi is the formation of mitospores. In plants, there are tumbleweeds and ferns that are both reproduced by forming spores. Bacteria has the bacillus cereus that produces endospores that cause food poisoning.

The stages:

1. Formation of sporangium - the parent organism develops a special structure called sporangium, a sporcase, which holds the sport

2. Development of spores- inside the sporanguium, tiny reproductive cells called spores begin to form each spore has a protective covering to survive harsh conditions

3. Maturation of spores - the spores grow and mature inside the sporangium, preparing to be released

4. Bursting of sporengium - when spores are fully developed, the sperangan breaks open, releasing the spores into the spores then land in a suitable environment and grow.