# data[].attributes.body
https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/europe-europeans-and-world/ports-tools-european-expansion/european-migrants%27-crossings-united-states-1880-1925#:~:text=From%201880%20to%201914%2C%20the,half%20of%20trans%2DAtlantic%20migrations.

https://www.cruiseinsider.dk/post/cruise-chronicle-1843-1880

https://www.cruisenation.com/blog/a-history-of-cruise-ships-from-past-to-present/

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/steamboat/277219#:~:text=Perhaps%20the%20most%20important%20use,to%20New%20Orleans%3B%20from%20St.

https://www.cruisedialysis.co.uk/history-of-cruising/

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In the 1800s, the start of cruising began with grand cruise liners offering luxury travel options for people which meant that cruising was mainly for the wealthy people.

During the late 1880s, 20 million Europeans crossed the ocean to reach the United States which alone drew in over half of transatlantic migration. This led to an increase in passenger ships as at the time, the sea was the only way to get from one country to another. This then helped later influence modern cruising.

The introduction of steamships in 1839 helped improve the efficiency and reducing the travel time across the Atlantic. Industrial Growth and economic prosperity in Europe and the US increased the demand for luxury cruise liners.

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In 1839, steamships had been introduced and replaced sailing ships. This was due to steamships being more advanced than a sailing ship. Steamships reduced travel time as they were a lot faster than sailing ships and they also made passenger cruises more more viable. The use of these steamboats on the Mississippi River made land settlements possible. It also made sea travel more reliable as steamboats didn't rely on wind like sailing ships would.

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Throughout the 1800s - 1900s, cruising was exclusively for the wealthy elite - limited market which focused mainly on luxury cruising and transatlantic crossings. 1837 P&O was founded and focused on transporting mail and passengers. This created the foundation for transatlantic cruising and the demand for cruising began to increase.

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https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/titanic-disaster-led-to-stricter-maritime-safety-standards-1.1289979#:~:text=In%20the%20months%20and%20years,the%20International%20Convention%20for%20the

https://archive.curbed.com/2017/6/29/15892518/gilded-age-ocean-liner-history-first-class

https://www.cruisedialysis.co.uk/history-of-cruising/#:~:text=1800s%3A%20Paving%20the%20way%20for%20Transatlantic%20cruising&text=P%26O%20then%20made%20the%20decision,cruising%20as%20we%20know%20it.

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In 1912 the Titanic also known as the 'unsinkable ship' set sail from the port in Southampton for the first time, however half way through its journey it collided with an iceberg which sunk the ship. There weren't enough lifeboats on-board and there were a lot of safety concerns that came out of it. This changed the industry forever and led to the introduction of stricter maritime safety regulations to make sure this doesn't occur again.

In 1950, the post-war economic recovery began and helped increase peoples disposable incomes. This began reviving the interest in leisure cruising and cruise companies began to see an increase in travellers again.

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Between the 1950s - 1960s, there was a shift in the type of fuel cruise ships would use. Most companies shifted from using coal to diesel-powered ships which helped increase efficiency and reduce the operational costs for cruise line companies. This shift also meant that cruise ships could travel further, enabling longer routes. This then increase cruise ship travel as people could travel to more/further destinations than they could before.

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In the 1920s-1930s the rise of middle-class travel began. Due to economic prosperity, more people started travelling on cruise ships as leisure travel became a lot more affordable. This also led to a wider customer base as people with less of a disposable income were able to afford a cruise.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age

How Stabilisers Reduce A Ship's Roll

www.youtube.com › watch

'The Love Boat': How a TV show transformed the cruise ...

CNN

https://www.cnn.com › travel › the-love-boat-how-a-tv-...

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In the 1970s, the TV show "The Love Boat" was introduced and was a show about cruises and peoples falling in love on the cruise. This helped popularise cruising even more as there weren't many TV shows to watch so many people watched this. This show gave cruising a romantic and family-friendly holiday look which encouraged more people to travel on a cruise, ultimately increasing the number of customers.

In the 1960s, the Jet Age reduced the need for ocean liners as the introduction of improved air travel meant that people could travel much faster to countries which reduced the need for cruise travel and ocean liners. This made many cruise companies turn towards vacation cruising to attract more people and continue the need for cruises.

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In the 1960s - 1970s, there was an introduction of stabilisers on cruise ships. Stabilisers were a mechanism on cruise ships which helped prevent the ship from rocking and moving while sailing through the ocean. This improved passenger comfort due to the reduction in motion sickness and increased the number of people travelling on a cruise and help prevent decrease in the cruise industry from the Jet Age.

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Between 1970s - 1980s TV and media began to grow and become increasingly popular. TV shows like 'The Love Boat' began popularising cruising and cruise holidays started become an aspiration for lots of people, especially middle-class passengers. The cruise industry then began to see an increase in travellers.

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During the 1960s - 1970s cruise lines began partnering with travel agencies like Lunn Poly. This allowed cruises to become more accessible to travellers as they are a lot easier to book as travel agencies were in most high streets. Travel agencies began selling cruises as part of package holidays, giving cruises the family-friendly holiday look.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Cruise_Line#:~:text=On%20July%2030%2C%201998%2C%20with,Canaveral%20for%20its%20home%20terminal.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis-class_cruise_ship

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The 1990s - 2000s saw the rise in themed cruises like adventure, music and family-orientated cruises. The major cruise operator 'Disney Cruises' began and created the Disney Magic and Disney Wonder cruises which were disney themed, perfect for families. This change in cruises opened up a larger target market and more families began cruising.

In the 2000s the cruise industry continued to develop further with the development and rise of mega-ships like the Royal Caribbean's Oasis-class which could hold up to 6,360 passengers and also allowed economies of scale. This made cruising even more affordable meaning the popularity of cruising increased even further.

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During the 1990s - 2000s we saw the start of satellite communication and internet on-board cruise ships. This benefitted the industry heavily as it enabled real-time navigation, customer bookings, and improved passenger connection. This meant that travel agencies and cruise liners like Disney Cruises were able to connect with their customers and gather reviews in which they could use to develop their cruises further and enhance the customer experience.

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As we saw the introduction of themed cruises being offered like adventure cruises, singles cruises, music cruises and wellness cruises, market segmentation attracted a broad variety of new customers as travellers started turning towards cruising as there was a type of cruise for everyone. Music cruises became very popular with bands like KISS, Weezer and Motorhead performing concerts on cruise ships.

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Large cruise companies began emerging with tour operators and airlines. Thomas Cook began offering cruise package holidays with other cruise companies. They offered seamless travel packages like fly-cruise deals which made it easier for travellers as they are able to book their cruise holiday all in one go and won't have to worry about finding flights and hotels etc.

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https://www.leading.uk.com/what-caused-the-2008-financial-crisis-in-the-united-kingdom/#:~:text=The%20impact%20on%20the%20UK,RBS)%20and%20Lloyds%20Banking%20Group.

https://www.responsibletravel.com/copy/overtourism-in-venice#:~:text=In%20response%20to%20local%20anger,t%20have%20pre%2Dbooked%20parking.

https://www.cruisebay.com/blog/lng-powered-cruise-ships-2022

https://www.tui.co.uk/destinations/info/royal-caribbean

https://www.tuigroup.com/en/investors/financial-news/2020-02-07-tui-cruises-to-acquire-hapag-lloyd-cruises-for-an-enterprise-value-of-euro12-billion

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In 2008, the UK experienced a financial crisis which meant that the was a reduction in the demand for cruises because people didn't have a disposable income like they did previously to spend on holidays. This lead to cruise companies like Carnival and Royal Caribbean offering discounted packages and flexible booking policies in an attempt to boost bookings.

In 2018 there were growing concerns of over-tourism with destinations like Venice restricting cruise access due to the affects its having on the city. With local residents protesting about how cruises are eroding their city, this impacted the way people thought about cruising and are less likely to go on a cruise due to this.

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The introduction of liquefied natural gas (LNG) being used on cruise ships began and saw the likes of Disney Cruises using LNG on the Disney Wish and many other cruise companies also turning towards LNG. This has helped reduce the environmental impact cruises have and meet the stricter emissions regulations set out by the International Maritime Organisation. This overall gave cruise companies a better reputation as they were focusing on being more environmentally friendly.

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In the 2010s the industry saw an increase in solo travel and adventure tourism. This increase in solo travels lead to an increase in single-occupant rooms and more diverse onboard activities. This meant cruise lines would lose out on money and needed to invest money into activities. This would then reflect on the price customers have to pay. The increase in adventure tourism lead to an increase in demand for expedition cruises.

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In 2008 Royal Caribbean and TUI started a partnership with TUI selling cruise holiday packages. TUI cruises served the German-speaking European market. In 2015 TUI then finished their partner ship with Royal Caribbean and took full control of Hapaq-Lloyd cruises.

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https://nypost.com/2023/10/10/cruise-prices-surge-43-amid-post-pandemic-travel-boom/#:~:text=Cruises%20are%20making%20a%20major%20comeback%20since,continue%20to%20climb%2C%20according%20to%20industry%20experts.

https://cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/2025/01/royal-caribbean-group-using-ai-to-drive-bookings/

https://www.virginvoyages.com/dam/jcr:5fc31980-63ac-4522-af8f-a9cb1512d200/Virgin%20Voyages%20Full%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf?pdfInline=true

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In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a worldwide complete shutdown of the cruise industry with cruise companies suffering with billions of losses due to the pandemic restrictions set out by governments. With this the introduction of enhanced health protocols like required testing, vaccine mandates and quarantine measures made it harder for the industry to bounce back.

After 2020, inflation and the rising fuel costs have increased the operational costs for cruise lines which has reflected on to the price travellers pay, leading to increased ticket prices. Ticket prices have risen by over 40% since pre-pandemic levels

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In 2024, the start of ongoing investment in AI-driven cruise technology begun and Royal Caribbean has started using AI to drive their bookings and cut the time to book a cruise in half, making it easier for travellers to book their cruises. This has helped create smoother operations and enhance passenger experiences.

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Travellers are starting to become more and more aware of the environmental impact travelling has in general so the demand for eco-friendly cruises have increases. There has also been an increase in demand for experiential cruises and and growth in expedition cruises to remote locations like Antarctica and Galapagos.

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Virgin Holidays have began evolving in the cruise industry and launched it's very own cruise line called 'Virgin Voyages'. 2020 marked Virgins very first cruise ship called Scarlet Lady and began cruising in 2021 in Miami. In 2022 they expanded their fleet further and the Valiant Lady and Resilient Lady joined their fleet operating in Europe. They recently announced that they are looking to expand to the UK market and sail from Portsmouth and other ports.

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In the 1800s, luxury cruise liners like P&O and White Star Line began offering luxury travel options for people which meant that cruising were often only for the wealthy and only the richest could afford to travel on a cruise. Cruise ships weren't very large during these times and P&O ships like 'The Lady Mary Wood' had only 60 first class and 50 second class cabins.

However during the start of the 20th century, bigger ships like the Titanic (1912) were created and had 416 first class cabins on-board which shows that the industry was growing and cruising is becoming increasingly more popular. Cruise ships are still focusing mainly on the luxury of cruising with the Titanic offering many different luxuries on the ship.

In the 1970s, the TV show 'The Love Boat' gave cruising a different image to customers and turned away from the luxury focus of cruising. The TV show gave cruising a romantic and family-friendly look which encouraged more people to travel on a cruise. The industry is still continuing to see an increase in customers.

In the 1990s-2000s there was a rise in themed/family-orientated cruises. This is similar to the 1970s where cruising became more family-friendly and now cruise liners are acting towards this change. Disney Cruises created the Disney Magic which was Disney themed, perfect for families and opened up a large target market.

Many years later in 2018, the growth in popularity in cruising caused concerns for over-tourism in destinations like Venice, causing protests and Venice restricting cruise access. This decreased the popularity of cruising as the affects caused by cruising on Venice and other destinations put many travelers off cruising.

Similarly in 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak caused the industry to experience a major decrease in customers due to restrictions set out by governments and the enhanced health protocols you would have to do in order to go on a cruise caused travelers to not want to go on a cruise.

# data[].attributes.body
During the 1800s, industrial growth and economic prosperity in Europe and the US helped increase the demand for luxury cruises as more people had a disposable income in. With that the investment into steamships helped improve the efficiency of cruising and reducing the travel time across the Atlantic. Therefore more people were spending money to travel by cruise as it was the fastest way to cross the Atlantic.

Similarly in 1950, economies began growing again from the post-war economic recovery which helped increase peoples disposable incomes. This began reviving the interest in leisure cruising. This is similar to the 1800s as both economic growths helped boost the demand for cruising.

Contrasting from the 1800s, the start of the Jet Age reduced the need for ocean liners as they we more efficient and quicker than ocean liners, which meant travelers switched from cruising to flying as it was the quicker option. This caused cruise companies to turn towards vacation cruising which changed the industry.

Similarly to the 1800s and early 1900s, the cruise industry continued to develop further in 2000s with the development of mega-ships like Royal Caribbean's Oasis-class. This allowed for economies of scale and made cruising even more affordable. This is similar to the 1800s and early 1900s because they also developed their cruise ships which ultimately benefited the economy.

During 2008, the UK experienced a financial crisis which meant there was a reduction in the demand for cruises as people didn't have a disposable income like they did previously when the economy was growing like in 1950. This is different from 1950 because the economy was positively impacting the cruise industry unlike in 2008 where the economy was heavily affecting the cruise industry negatively.

Similarly to 2008, the economy in 2020 negatively affected the cruise industry due to inflation and the rising fuel costs which increased the operational costs for cruise lines and made it more expensive for travelers. This rise in inflation and fuel costs also meant that people had less of a disposable income similar to 2008.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1839 steamships were introduced and replaced sailing ships due to steamships being more advanced and reduced the travel time as they were a lot faster than sailing ships. Steamboats also made sea travel more reliable as they don't have to rely on wind like sailing ships would. Steamships would use coal to fuel the ship.

However during the 1950s-1960s, there was a shift in the type of fuel used on cruise ships with most companies shifting to diesel-powered ships which helped increase efficiency. This was the major difference between 1839 and 1950s as this meant cruise ships could also travel further and enabled longer routes, reducing the need for coal powered steamships. Similarly these technological advancements both increased cruise ship travel and enabled travel to further destinations.

Similarly to the change in fuel used on cruise ships in 1950, in 2000s-2010s the introduction of liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) began being used on cruise ships. This is similar because in 1950 they also changed the type of fuel used to benefit cruise ships. However this time it enabled cruise ships to reduce the environmental impact they had and to also meet the stricter emissions regulations which is different because this changed focused mainly on the environment whereas in 1950 and 1800s, the fuel wasn't environmentally friendly.

Another similarity is that between 1990s and 2020s, there were major technological advancements made towards customer booking systems. Both worked towards making the booking experience for customers better with the 1990s using the internet and 2020s starting to use AI booking systems.

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Changes In Customer Types And Demand - Comparison

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Changes In Customer Types And Demand - Comparison

# data[].attributes.body
Throughout the 1800s-1900s cruising was exclusively for the wealthy elite which is a very limited market which mainly focused on luxury cruising and transatlantic crossing. This began to increase the demand for cruising.

Similarly during the 1920s-1930s, luxury cruising was still high on the target market with ships like the Titanic focusing mainly on providing luxury facilities for First-class passengers. However the rise of middle-class travel began and due to economic prosperity, more people started traveling on cruise ships as it became more affordable than luxury cruises. This increased the demand for leisure cruising.

However, during the 1970s-1980s, the TV show 'The Love Boat' popularised cruising and cruise holidays became an aspiration for middle-class passengers. This is different from 1800s and early 1900s because there is a shift in the types of customers with middle-class cruising becoming more popular than luxury cruising, overall increasing the demand for cruising further.

Cruises became different in the 1990s-2000 as the industry saw the introduction of themed cruises, single cruises, music cruises and more. This is different from the 1970s-1980s because themed cruises attracted a broad variety of new customers as there is a cruise for everyone and not just for first-class and middle-class people. This continued to increase the demand for cruising.

The 2000s-2010s and 2020s are very similar with both centuries seeing an increase in demand for expedition cruises. In the 2000s-2010s, the increase in adventure tourism lead to an increase in demand for expedition cruises which is similar to what happened in the 2020s because the expansion to locations like Antarctica and Galapagos increased the growth of expedition cruises. This shows that both centuries were focusing on improving expedition cruises to meet the change in customer type and demand.

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During the 1960s-1970s, cruise lines began working with travel agencies like Lunn Poly which allowed cruises to become more accessible to travelers as they were a lot easier to book as travel agencies were on most high streets. Travel Agencies also began selling cruises as part of a package holiday, giving cruises a family-friendly look.

Similarly in the 1990s-2000, large cruise companies began emerging with tour operators. However, cruise companies began merging with airlines like Thomas Cook which started offering fly-cruise deals, making it even easier for travelers. This meant that travelers didn't need to worry about booking flights and hotels with their cruise package when booking with Travel Agencies.

Similarly in 2008, there were more cruise liners merging with airlines like Royal Caribbean partnering with TUI and started selling cruise holiday packages. However later on in 2015 airlines started taking full control of cruise companies like TUI taking full control of Hapaq-Lloyd cruises. This is different because airlines have started taking over cruise companies instead of merging with them to create package deals.

Virgin Holidays have similarly evolved in the cruise industry in 2020 by launching their very own cruise line called 'Virgin Voyages' and began creating their very own cruise ships like the 'Scarlet Lady'. This enabled airlines like Virgin Holidays to have full control and expand to loads of different countries.