# data[].attributes.body
Birth & Death Dates
- Born: December 14, 1631 (In London)
- Died: February 23, 1679

Background
Social Status
- She was born into a politically influential family
- She became well known for bearing her headaches which started from a young age and always trying to find a cure with the help of leading physicians
Education
- Her early education was likely from her brother, John Finch, tutoring her
- Later in life she learned Latin, Greek, and Hebrew to be bale to read the Kabbalah
Occupation
- Conway was an important philosopher
Important Achievments
- The known author of a single treatise of philosophy which was written at the end of her life
- Convway influenced the work of german philosopher and mathmetician, Gottfried Leibniz

Obstacles/Opportunities
- Her severe headaches allowed her meet Henry More and have an intellectual friendship with him
- Her severe ill health prohibited her from participating in intellectual debates at the time
- She was not allowed to attend university because she was a woman

Sources:
https://projectvox.org/conway-1631-1679/
https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/conway-anne

# data[].attributes.body
Sophie Germain

Birth & Death Dates
- Birth: April 1, 1776
- Born in Paris, France
- Death: June, 27 1831
- Died in Paris, France
- She lived for 55 years

Background
Social Status
- The house Sophie grew up in was only feet away from violent protests and marches that happened during the Revolution.
- At age 13, Germain was confined to her home because of the dangers of the war.
- Came from the liberal-educated middle class
- Was financially dependent on her family until the end of her life

- Worked with the German mathematician, Carl Friedrich Gauss
- Sophie was intrigued by his work in number theory

Occupation
- Germain was a French mathematician
- She contributed to the study of:
1) Acoustics
2) Number theory
3) Elasticity

Education
- Studied at her father's library from the age of 13 with a candle as a light source
- Applied for college as a man with the name Monsieur Antoine-Auguste Le Blanc or M. Le Blanc
- Got lecture notes from École Polytechnique (college)

Important Achievements
- Was awarded the Paris Academy of Sciences prize on January 8, 1816, the first prize to be won by a woman.
- Germain's theorem is significant in proving Fermat's Last theorem (for the case where n equals 5)
- First woman to make big discoveries in mathematics without formal education
- Also won a 1-kilogram gold medal
- Published a paper on Elastic Surfaces

Obstacles & Opportunities
- Gender (Obstacle)
- Father (Obstacle)
- Ridiculing Professors (Obstacle)
- Mom (Opportunity)
- Carl Friedrich Gauss and Joseph Louis Lagrange (Opportunity)
--------------------------------------------------------------
- She was banned from the École Polytechnique college for being a woman.
- Her father did not want her to be educated as most women weren't at the time period.
- Sophie's father tried to lock her out of his library
- Professors that ridiculed and doubted Germain for her gender became a mental obstacle.
- Germain's mom was the daughter of a goldsmith.
- Her mom was also friends with enlightened thinkers.
- This gave Sophie the opportunity to share her ideas and talk amongst the thinkers.
- People like Carl Friedrich Gauss and Joseph Louis Lagrange helped create opportunities for Germain as Lagrange helped her get lecture notes from the prestigious École Polytechnique, while Gauss worked with her to make many significant discoveries.

Sources:
Britannica.com - Sophie Germain Biography
MathHistory - Marie Sophie Germain
FamousScientists.org - Sophie Germain Facts

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Ishita G, Varshini V, Denise V, Skanda BK

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Ishita G, Varshini V, Denise V, Skanda BK

# data[].attributes.body
Maria Sybilla Merian

Place of Birth:

Born - April 2, 1647 in Frankfurt, Germany

Died - January 13, 1717 in Amsterdam, Netherlands

Backround:

Social Status

She was born into a family of publishers and artists

Education

Did not go to school

Learned how to make color engravings from her father

Later went on to learn Latin and entomology

Occupation

Her first job was about creating flower-painted fabrics and selling them

She then became a naturalist, studying animals and their life cycles.

Achievements:

Discovered and illustrated the life cycle of 168 insects

Created a classification system that is still used today

Has six plants, nine butterflies, and two beetles named after her

Obstacles/Opportunities:

Obstacles

Was female

Did not get a proper education

People were unwilling to work with her

Opportunities

Was able to access a wide rage of books

Was able to learn about art because her father was an artist

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Arjun Reddy, Liana Gambale, Sahithi Pakeeru, Armaan R

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Arjun Reddy, Liana Gambale, Sahithi Pakeeru, Armaan R

# data[].attributes.body
Margaret Cavendish

Birth Days
-  Born in Colchester, UK
- 1623 to Dec. 15 1673
Obstacles/Oppurtunities
- She was married to the Duke of the land and he paid for her books to be published.
- The Duke helped her with many achievements.
- She was a women which meant she was not respected.
Background
- She was intrigued by society and the way it works, and the many creative and imaginative skills.
- She fought against the constraints against women.
- She was a philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction writer, and play-writer.
- She had an oil painting of her.
- She was a royalist and aristocrat.
Important Achievements
- Wrote enlightenment idea like freedom for everyone.
- Wrote about scientific topics such as atomism.
- Wrote many books about many topics but mainly philosophy. - She also debated with many great thinkers.
- She had similar enlightenment ideas to Hobbes.
- She predated and inspired the enlightenment

https://iep.utm.edu/margaret-cavendish/
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/women-in-history/margaret-cavendish/

# data[].attributes.body
Name: Emilie Du Chatelet

Place of Birth and dates lived:
- Born in Paris. Lived from 1706-1749

Background:
- Was born into an aristocratic and influential family from birth.
- Had a lot of education and even knew 6 languages
- Was proficient in math and science

Important achievements:
- One of most important contributions to science was explanations of the concepts of energy and eagerly conservation
-Her biggest project though, was to translate Newtons Principia in French. (Newtons Principia- Principals of time, force, and motion that have guided the development of modern physical science.
-Her translation also had clarifications, notes and examples which helped French scientists understand and build upon Newtons ideas

Barrier or Obstacles/Opportunities faced:
- She was rejected by scholarly institutions and men from higher education in academic schools because she was a woman.
- She was denied many times to sit in the King’s library at the Louvre because she was a female
- She was denied the many educational opportunities men had

TEA:
-  A few years after she was married, she started a long affair with Voltaire.
-She helped Voltaire many times from being jailed.

Additional Links:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gabrielle-Emilie-Le-Tonnelier-de-Breteuil-Marquise-du-Chatelet

https://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/emilieduchat.html#:~:text=Émilie%20was%20rejected%20by%20scholarly,most%20of%20them%20were%20men.

https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200812/physicshistory.cfm

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/five-things-know-about-french-enlightenment-genius-emilie-du-chatelet-180967561/

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Anne Conway

BIRTH & DEATH DATES
- Anne Conway was born in London on the 14th of December, 1631. She died 48 years later on February 23, 1679.

BACKGROUND
- Conway was born into a politically influential family.

- Her early education was by tutors.
- Instructed by her brother.

- Conway was a philosopher.

- She grew up in the house now known as Kensington Palace.
- Husband owned one of the finest libraries.
- Taught by Henry More, by letter.

ACHIEVEMENTS
- She is known to be the author of a single treatise of philosophy.

OBSTACLES/OPPORTUNITIES
- Anne Conway married someone who supported her intellectual interests.
- She was granted multiple opportunities throughout her life due to her family’s position in society.
- She could not attend university because she was a woman.

TEA
Anne Conway's husband was wealthy, but never present. She took advantage of her situation by turning her mansion into a place for thinkers. Over this time, she developed a new lover named Henry More who was a philosopher at Cambridge.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjy3J-O8dmBAxVGmYkEHU3DBXYQFnoECA4QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Freviews%2Fanne-conway-a-woman-philosopher%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAnne%2520Conway%2520(1631%252D1679)%2Cwas%2520published%2520posthumously%252C%2520in%25201690.&usg=AOvVaw3vh6PwmBTUsGTnP9WbaVRc&opi=89978449

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Birth and Death:
-Born January 20th, 1758
-Birth place: Montbrison, France
-Died February 10th, 1836
Born link: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi-nJin69mBAxVZnokEHUHtAtsQFnoECCYQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.sciencemuseum.org.uk%2Fcelebrating-madame-lavoisier%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DMarie%252DAnne%2520Paulze%2520was%2520born%2Cwas%2520just%2520three%2520years%2520old.&usg=AOvVaw3gTjvpGByx4ORrwECIe73T&opi=89978449
Background information:

-Married at 13 to a wealthy French lawyer named Antoine Lavoisier.

-Began to learn English

-Perusaded financiers to invest in her husband's work.

Obstacles/opportunities:
-She is the assistant and colleague of her husband.
-Family was wealthy, she had a luxurious lifestyle.
Barries/opportunities
-An accomplished artist and worked to fund, negotiate, and promote the discoveries of her husband

https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/marie-paulze-lavoisier

Important achievements:
-Named the element oxygen, but her husband got credit for it instead.
-Hosted visitors at salons like Benjamin Franklin and James Watt.
-Contributed thirteen drawings that showed all the equipment used by the Lavoisiers in their experiments

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Sophia V, Namana D, Bernadette A, Archithaa V

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Sophia V, Namana D, Bernadette A, Archithaa V

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Sophie Germain’s Birth and Death
- Born in Rue Saint Dennis, Paris, France.
- Her dates lived were April 1st, 1776- June 27, 1831.
Background

- Was born into a middle class family.
- Pretended to be a man to go to university.
- Worked with Carl Gauss
Important achievements
- First women mathematician to win a prize in France.
- First women known who managed to make great strides in mathematics with no formal training.
- Best known for proving the first case of Fermat Last theorem
- Became the first woman to win a prize from the Royal Academy

- https://www.gcsu.edu/sites/files/page-assets/node-808/attachments/kagele.pd

Obstacles & Opportunities
- Her father,  (wealthy merchant), was unsupportive of her interest in mathematics at first.
- She was banned from Paris’ Revolutionary Ecole Polytechnique, but continued to sneak in to study there
- Her mother was the daughter of a goldsmith and was friends with enlightened thinkers, this gave her the opportunity to listen to their ideas and talk with them.
- A lot of professors helped in her studies, while several disrespected her for being female

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Matthew S, Samvrit, Rithika L, Nishanth 

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Matthew S, Samvrit, Rithika L, Nishanth 

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Mary Somerville

BIRTH AND EATH DATES
Born-December 26 1780 in Jedburgh United Kingdom
Death-November 29 1872

IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS
-Main figure that helped in the discovery of planet Neptune
-First women member of the royal astronomical society.

BACKGROUND
-Daughter of William George Fairfax and his second wife Margaret charters
-Father naval officer
-5th of 7 children
-wealthy family
-Received little education-thought by her mother then sent to Miss Primrose’s boarding school for girls
-learned skills that were seen appropriate for a young lady
-interests in mathematics
-Married Samuel Crieg who was an naval officer
-later remarried William Somerville
-strong supporter of women’s education and suffrage
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Somerville/

OBSTACLES/OPPORTUNITIES
-Female
-First husband didn’t support her interest in science
-wasn’t accepted of her work
-her uncle encouraged her to science
https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/mary-somerville-scottish-scientist-life

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Caroline Herschel
Background
- 16 march 1750- 9th January 1848. She was born in Hanover, Germany.
- she did not attend school but learned how to read and write. Her father sometimes tutored her with her brothers, when Caroline was 22 she moved to England to live with her brother. He was a music teacher who had an interest astronomy. He thought her mathematics. So she can help him, she helped him with mirrors for his telescope, kept notes etc.
- she suffered from typhus, she was only 4’3 and she lost vision in one eye
- her father was an army musician

Achievements
-Caroline Hershel was the first women to ever discover a comet.
-She was one of the most known persons that even King George III even rewarded her with a scientific salary.
-Hershel actions of performing the calculations needed to convert numbers on a dial into locations on a map, and it caused Britain’s major star catalogue to be brought up to date. -Caroline Herschel turned her scientific passion into a paying job.
- She was still wining award in the 90s.
- Herschel was the first woman to receive the Gold Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society.

Obstacles
-Caroline pushed herself back because she thought she did nothing and as well her mother wanted her to stay home saying that a women’s job is to stay home and wash and clean which made her escape her family and join her brother.

-Since she joined her brother she got the opportunity to collaborate with her brother on astronomical projects. With this she accepted and worked night to night on projects.

Additional links
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/68126/8-stellar-facts-
about-most-accomplished-female-astronomer-youve-never-heard

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiwi-zK7dmBAxUzrYkEHTewC-sQFnoECBIQAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoolsobservatory.org%2Flearn%2Fhistory%2Fbiographies%2Fherschel%23%3A~%3Atext%3DShe%2520learned%2520to%2520read%2520and%2Che%2520gave%2520to%2520her%2520brothers.%26text%3DWhen%2520Caroline%2520was%252022%252C%2520she%2Cwith%2520her%2520older%2520brother%252C%2520William.&usg=AOvVaw0q9hAHOH8V-2ICODB48Ao2&opi=89978449