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The PH helmet or gas hood was invented in 1915. It was created to protect soldiers from chlorine, phosgene, and tear gases during WWI. 14 million were made and it remained in service until the end of WW1. The gas hood was uncomfortable to wear, left soldiers gasping for breath, irritated their skin, and offered little visibility.

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The development of the Lewis Light Machine Gun in 1916. The Lewis light machine weighed around 28 pounds and was equipped with a 47-round drum, which could be fired in 4.5 seconds. The goal of Lewis Light was to strengthen Canada's offensive tactics with its ability to dish out a reliable surge of concentrated fire.

Continuity and change: Machines guns used before the Lewis light machine gun were immobile or jammed easily. For example, the Colt machine gun was immobile and often jammed after rapid-fire shots. It was later replaced in 1916 by the Vicker machine gun which was a heavier and immobile but more reliable machine gun. The invention of the Lewis Light Machine Gun allowed many new war tactics as it was light and mobile, and reliably didn’t jam. It greatly helped the allied forces during WW1 and was used in dozens of following wars until the Korean war in 1953.

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The development of Sonar by Robert William Boyle

in 1916 helped immensely during WW1. Sonar was used to detect underwater hazards like submarines using sound waves. Additionally, Sonar was used to detect depth in water, diving safety, and communication at sea. The use of Sonar was incredibly crucial to Canada's sea battles as they could detect threats, reposition or retreat.

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The construction of the Ontario Hydro's Queenston-Chippawa Hydroelectricity in 1917 provided light and power to urban areas and factories. Its creation was in response to increasing urban and industrial demands for more electrical power in Toronto and southwestern Ontario. Furthermore, it stretched 22km and was considered the world's first large-scale hydroelectric project.

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Insulin was discovered in 1921 by Frederick G Banting, JJR Macleod, and Charles H Best at the University of Toronto. Frederick Banting suggested the removal of insulin to solve diabetic issues, they then started experimenting with how to remove insulin from a diabetic dog until they successfully treated a dog with diabetes with their insulin extract for 70 days. Insulin was the first proper way to treat people with diabetes and saved millions of lives.

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Ted Rogers Sr invented the first batteryless radio in 1925. This invention enabled radios to be powered by household currents instead of using the old batteries that caused acid stains on carpets. Additionally, this radio also removed the background humming from old radios. It became available to the public in 1925 and was sold all over Canada.

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The snow blower was invented in 1925 by Arthur Sicard. The original snow blower attached to the front of trucks with a scooper clearing snow by picking it up and throwing it up to 27m in another location. It took Sicard working on his device for 30 years; to finally develop his first machine.

Cause and consequence: Arthur saw a grain thresher at work in a wheat field. That caused him to wonder if there was a way to build something to blow away snow to make his winter deliveries easier. His invention was revolutionary as at the time the rise of automobiles demanded more effective methods of clearing snow in the winter. When Sicard died in 1946, he was renowned as a genius who changed Montreal's relationship with snow and winter. The unintended negative consequences of his invention were that smaller snow blowers have been created causing a lot of pollution to the environment these days.

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The first Quartz clock was described and built-in 1927 by Joseph W Horton and Warren A Harrison. The goal was to make clocks and watches more accurate than mechanical watches using the vibration of quartz crystals. Quartz clocks were initially very bulky and had trouble with overheating, but over time they became the standard timekeeping technology.

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“Canada’s Naval History.” Www.warmuseum.ca, www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/navy/objects_photos_search-e.aspx@section=4-A&id=309& page=12.html. Accessed 12 Sept. 2022.

Diabetes UK. “100 Years of Insulin.” Diabetes UK, www.diabetes.org.uk/research/research-impact/insulin#:~:text=Insulin%20was%20discovered%20by%20Sir .

“Firearms - Lewis Light Machine-Gun.” Canada and the First World War, www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/weapons-and-ammunition/firearms/lewis-light-machine-gun-2/.  Accessed 21 Sept. 2022.

“Quartz Clock.” Wikipedia, 3 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clock.

“Queenston-Chippawa Hydro-Electric Development National Historic Site of Canada.” Www.pc.gc.ca, www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=501#:~:text=The%20site%20consists%20of%20a . Accessed 21 Sept. 2022.

“Snow Blower | the Canadian Encyclopedia.” Www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/snow-blower.

“Standard Quartz Clock.” National Museum of American History, americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1073658. Accessed 20 Sept. 2022.

“Torontoist.” Torontoist, 5 Dec. 2012, torontoist.com/2012/12/toronto-invents-the-batteryless-radio/.

“Uniforms and Personal Gear - Gas Mask Hood.” Canada and the First World War, www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/objects-and-photos/equipment-and-vehicles/uniforms-and-personal-gear/gas-mask-hood/ . Accessed 20 Sept. 2022.