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Following more than three centuries under Portuguese rule, Brazil gained its independence in 1822.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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The first unification of Germany occurred in 1871 after Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War. In this unification, most of the German-speaking states of Europe united under the crown of Prussia to form the German Empire.

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The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian states, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, were organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, people who desired a liberal government. As Italian nationalists they tried to eliminate reactionary Austrian control.

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Italian 1848 Revolutions | 3 Minute History

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Wilhelm of Prussia - the first German emperor, 1871. In 1871, after waging three wars in seven years, Prussia under the leadership of Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck, succeeded in unifying the states of northern and southern Germany and the creation of the German Empire.

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Dom Pedro convoked a legislative and constituent assembly, and on September 7, on the plain of Piranga, near the city of São Paulo, he proclaimed the independence of Brazil.  Within three months he was crowned emperor on December 1, 1822. Uprisings in 1831 caused him to step down and his son was now the Emperor. Dom Pedro died in 1834.

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Before the leaders who unified Italy in 1861 created a single nation, the land was divided into several smaller states and partly occupied by Austria. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (whose main territory was in fact the region of Piedmont) was the only Italian state that was a liberal constitutional monarchy since 1848. The regions of Lombardy and Veneto were annexed by Austria following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. In North-Central Italy, there were three duchies of Parma, Modena, and Tuscany. They were ruled by branches of Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties and were closely allied with Austria. Most of Central Italy belonged to the Papal State ruled by the Pope of the Catholic Church. Southern Italy formed a single state known as the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Apart from Piedmont-Sardinia, all those states were absolute monarchies with no constitutions. Then, all of them united with the help of Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo di Cavour, and most importantly Giuseppe Garibaldi.