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Title: Dish of Apples Artist: Paul Cézanne Year: ca. 1876–77               Size: 18 ⅛ in.  x 21 ¾ in. Medium: Oil on canvas 

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                The Birth Of Post-Impressionism

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                The Birth Of Post-Impressionism

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Lorena Fabbri
Art 312/ 2022
Post-Impressionism

The Birth Of Post-Impressionism

Commencing with Impressionism during the mid-19th century, which started the artistic movement that dared to challenge the standards of the Academy in Paris, France, Post-Impressionism was born. Of course, they came out kicking and screaming challenging their predecessor's initial movement, and grew mainly in France roughly around  1885 through about 1905. During this “Belle-Epoque”  time in Paris, there was a tremendous amount of development and change that was being expressed through visual art at the time. Paul Cezanne (1839-1906), was one of the oldest along with Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) and  Georges Seurat (1859-1891) that blazed the trail for Post-Impressionism allowing the door to open wide, cementing the future for modern art. With this fresh new vision of art, we saw a strong use of color to create shapes, which married the aesthetics and emotions that were being expressed by the artists onto their canvas. No longer were these artists just repeating what they saw, but were now conveying their emotions of what they were feeling while looking at their subject onto their canvas. These new modern artists expressed themselves with the use of thick, impasto, paint creating geometrical shapes that contained their expression of color and light.

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Writing Post-Impression

Five years before Ethel Carrick painted Flower Market in 1907, Emile Zola died of mysterious circumstances

following some legal battles. He was a French journalist, novelist, and playwright during the “Belle Epoque” era

in France, and used his writing to help liberate the French politically from oppression. He was nominated twice

for the Nobel Peace prize in 1901 and in 1902 the year he died. Zola garnered large attention after writing

“J’Accuse!” In this opinion in the newspaper, he helped defend a Jewish soldier from a court marshal after he was

wrongfully accused by an officer of higher ranking. Because of Zola's article, it was possible for the public to become

aware of the situations since they were not normally reported. Since he was defending a Jew, Zola got a lot of negative responses from the military and government. This defiance was the first of its kind and his article is regarded as the manifestation of power for the intellects in helping to give the public an opinion and voice. In the end, Zola and his wife were eventually found dead in their house due to carbon monoxide poisoning. A chimney cleaner was paid to cover

Zolas chimney, causing the death of him and his wife.

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Title: Flower Market  Artist: Ethel Carrick  Year: 1907                    Medium: Oil on Wood   Size: 11” in. X 13” in. 

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Lorena Fabbri
Art 312/ 2022
Post-Impressionism

Post-Impressionist Woman

This choice of painting may not be the best representation of Post-Impressionism, but I wanted to represent the women who helped shape Post-impressionism. It is evident that there are not a lot of women representing art during this time in general, but that doesn’t mean there weren’t any women painting the Post-Impression style. This oil on wood panel painted by Ethel Carrick was done in 1907 in Paris, France showing a group of women socializing and shopping at the flower market. Since it was painted by a woman, it would be typical that the subject matter is portraying something to do with domestic issues or shopping.  Most modern art classes wouldn’t mention this artist, but after looking at her work, we can see the main characteristics of Post-Impressionism. In the art, we see the impasto use of paint, boldly applying thick brush strokes of color, creating geometrical shapes that form the subject. This artwork was done with minimal detail, only allowing the impression of what you are seeing by thickly applying the color to create the atmosphere. The use of color and light played within the shapes form the painting, creating the artist's interpretation of what they are feeling while painting.

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Title: Landscape with Figures in the Woods  Year: c. 1911-12           Artist: Katherine Dreier      Medium: Oil on Canvas 

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                         From Paris to America

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                         From Paris to America

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Lorena Fabbri
Art 312/ 2022
Post-Impressionism

From Paris to America

As Post-Impressism continued to influence Western Europe, even after the death of the founding fathers, women in Paris and around the world were also influenced by this evolution in art. As Ethel Carrick was inspired by these masters in Paris, so too did this inspiration travel to Katherine Dreier in America. Eventually, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism made their way to the Americas, and one painting that was inspired by the Post-Impressionism style is Drier’s Landscape with Figures in Woods painted in c. 1911-12. Here Dreier demonstrates a less objective approach to what she is painting while showing more expression of feelings within the painting. The use of color forming geometrical shapes is evident along with the expressive use of brush strokes creating abstraction within the subject matter. In this painting, we can see the direct influence of Van Gogh and Cezanne, capturing the essence of the scene along with the emotional feeling being conveyed on canvas. Having been painted by an American woman during this time period is evidence of the lasting influence the early Post-Impressionist eventually would have around the world. Even 25 years after the first Post-Impressionist art was introduced, artists still continue this influence with their creative imagination.

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Lorena Fabbri
Art 312/ 2022
Post-Impressionism

Driving Post-Impressionism

While Post-Impressionism was at the forefront of abstraction in France, by creating an illusion using shapes and

forms with color, across the pond in America Henry Ford was making cars. In 1907 Henry Ford created the Model T, and by making this car he invented the very first assembly line. With this assembly line, he was able to mass produce these cars making it possible to sell them at a cheaper price allowing more lower-income people the affordability of owning a car. Now all this was going on while modern art was making its moves, and now we see that the modernization movement has been coinciding with the industrial and capitalist movements. There are many ways in which this historical event shaped the art movements afterward, for example, it would change the way art is transported in the future. Besides using cars to move art around the country, it also started many subject matters for many artists that followed. A big industrial revolution around art happened early in the 20th century, with murals showcasing the evolution of the machine. Cars have also evolved into an art form of their own and created a movement that eventually inspired and shaped the way art evolved.

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Art Nouveau was an artistic movement that started in 1890 and ended shortly after in 1905. The main goal of the artists of this era was to emphasize good workmanship as well as departing from the long tradition of paintings and sculpture being the most highly regarded form of art. These artists aspired to create modern designs that reflected the utility of the items they were creating in the crafts such as furniture design and ironwork. This movement of decorative arts sought to lessen the divide between the fine and the applied arts. In breaking tradition of design, the art nouveau artists felt that the function of the object should dictate its form rather than the other way around. The movement achieved modernity through its reconceptualizing of what is popular art and how the title of “art” can be applied to things other than paintings and sculptures. Art Nouveau came to fruition after the british arts and crafts movement and also drew inspiration from the japanese art of the time. Artists such as Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Gustav Klimt, and Alphonse Mucha, tend to be the faces of this movement and the impact of their work remains in the world today.

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Around the time of Klimt's painting, The Kiss (1907-1908), American painter Frederic Remington produced the work of art, Ridden Down (1905-1906). His painting is a western image of a Native American standing with his horse in an open field. Frederic Remington's paintings were classified as being a part of the impressionist movement. His modern use of color alongside his subject matter being scenes of everyday life is indicative of the impressionist influences. The artist uses unexpected colors such as greens and yellows when painting the native american as well as light pastel blues for the skies alongside bright pale yellows for the earth. Remington focuses all the detail and depth on the main character and his horse. The flatness of the background makes the focal point stand out with its high contrast in darks and lights. The style of painting was extremely different from the works of art happening in eastern europe at the time. With the subject matter being very American, this painting also stands out from European art because of the tone in his pictures. It seems as though the art nouveau movement has yet to make its way to the United states at that time, or quite possibly just Texas.

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On January 22nd 1905, the bloody sunday massacre of peaceful russian demonstrators at the winter palace in Saint Petersburg is a catalyst for the abortive revolution of 1905. Unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon were shot down by winter palace guards when they only had the intention of presenting a petition to the Tsar Nicholas ii. This event led to a very large revolution which had a great impact on much of europe. The revolution however seems to have separated the art of their country from the rest of europe. With the subject of the majority of the works of art produced in Russia at the time being focused on the revolution, they were not so focused on the art nouveau movement. In times of revolution and unrest in a country, the art surrounding that time period typically is more indicative of that rather than the current trends in the art world. The art of the time was somber and without joy or love which was what majority of the art nouveau artists had chosen to paint. The art of the time seemed to be more impressionistic rather than art nouveau. This revolution will affect the art movement to come.

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Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest United States president at the age of 43 years old after the assassianiton of president Williams Mckinley. No president after Theodore Roosevelt has ever been as young when serving in office. Theodore Roosevelt served our country as commander and chief from 1901-1909. It was the election of 1904 that he was elected by the people of the united states after serving through succession. After his presidency he was succeeded by president William Taft. Theodore Roosevelt was also a distant relative of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Although he won his for elected presidency by a landslide, he failed the second time around in achieving the republican nomination for the presidency. After his shattering loss in running for the presidency, all future political endeavors were destined to fail. Even though he served as president of the United States, when he attempted to run for mayor in New York city, he failed miserably once again and got third place in the mayoral election. Once abandoning the pursuit of politics, President Teddy Roosevelt achieved success in the world of writing in the novel ‘Winning West’. This book was very successful and was a huge seller earning it a large amount of positive reviews

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The work of art that best represents the Art Nouveau movement is The Kiss, painted by Gustav Klimt from 1907-1908. This beautiful painting still remains today as one of the most famous modern works of art in the world. The iconography is extremely recognizable and it is truly representative of the movement in which it was birthed from. In this era of crafts, this painting breaks away from tradition in the way that Klimt uses mixed media such as oil paint and gold leaf. Just looking upon the painting, one can see the influences of Japanese woodblock printing through its graphic appearance and flat composition. The heavy use of patterns is very indicative of the movement and the lack of depth gives the feeling of a graphic print. The use of gold leaf differentiates this painting from the traditional pieces of art in the past. The artist's decision to have a flat gold background is very similar to Japanese woodblock paintings as well. Despite the common trend of art and artists being copied throughout history, it seems that the stylistic choices of Gustav Klimt seem to be unmatched and unreplicated. Fewer works of modern art have had such an impact as that of The Kiss.

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A 20th century art movement that was set to go against traditional techniques familiar with perspective, foreshortening, modeling, etc. These values were then discarded to create art that was flat and two dimensional in order to use multiple vantage points with the creation of geometric forms. Artists who were inspired by cubism were mainly challenging ideas of Renaissance art as it gave artists an opportunity to disclose space and use nonrepresentational art. Cubism was a modern idea of art because it was so experimental giving many ideas to artists who could be more technical with their work, regardless of facing criticism for their different approaches to finding newer styles. With these newer approaches, cubism expanded and became more well known as very well-known artists came out of this movement which included Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and Fernand Leger. Following the idea of cubism becoming more modern, Pablo Picasso was a staple in the art world as he was one of the co-founders of the movement who then inspired sub movements like futurism or dada. His art was said to be the invention of “constructed sculpture and co-inventing the collage art style”. His style helped develop the western art world through further experimental practices such as synthetic cubism.

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Title: Violin and Palette, Georges Braque, Oil on a Canvas, 1909

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An art piece that best represents the early stages of cubism to then became one of the blueprints to shape this movement was by Georges Braque’s, Violin and Palette. This specific art piece was a special selection because it was during the time when Braque and Picasso were collaborating and often being inspired by each other’s work represented onto their own. The general concept of this painting was to include various references of music through music notes, sheets of music, and instruments. One major point that was noticeable in the painting that furthers the idea of cubism would be the way the violin was constructed. The violin was painted to look distorted and torn up into various geometrical shapes that overlap onto one another. However even with the overlaying shapes, you could

still find the form of the violin. The color palette was also consistent with neutral colors of black, grey, and brown in order to make the painting appear more flat which goes against more renaissance styles of using more approaches to perspective. When it comes to understanding cubism, a painting like this especially with Braque’s work allows the viewer to pay attention to more than just the actual subject. His work allows the viewer to see more attention to style and techniques that further inspired the idea of this art movement.

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Title: Suprematism, Kazimir Malevich, Oil on a Canvas, 1915

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An art movement that was created with the time span of around 5 years would be Suprematism that included elements of cubism and futurism due to its further use of abstraction. This was a movement that had spawned around Russia where representational art was no longer apparent due to artist expanding their styles created from experimental work. This style of art was important for its time because it allowed artists to stray away from having representational art while more non-representational forms where proficient for viewers to discover more feeling in art. An artist that practiced this art style was Kazimir Malevich who uses colors and shapes to create an environment of spirituality. During this time period of art, cubism had helped shape suprematism as it was representative towards different approaches of how an artist wants their viewer to see their artwork and how the viewer interprets it. Thus helping shape the Russian art movement that used art as a form of imagery during times of social and political ideologies as a news outlet for people.

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Getty Images, World War 1, Cubism's Protection of Warships 

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The art movement of cubism had gone through various subtopics through the continuation of abstraction. Many consider this as the second era of cubism where further experimentation, led by Picasso and Braque, helped cubism expand its different styles. It was said that they had “begun to incorporate words into paintings which had then evolved into collages”. However, a historical even that occurred at a global scale, putting a hold on the growth of the cubism movement was World War I. The war played a factor in having artists create much fewer pieces because many cubist artists were drafted to war included Braque, Lhote, de la Fresnaye. Especially de la Fresnaye who was an artist that contributed to the cubism movement, but had died due to his effects of tuberculosis. While Picasso had considered to bring more realism into his work due to the effects of a war in the Spanish Civil War, he eventually was more entitled to continue his experimentation with cubism. The same idea happened when Braque had returned from war where he tried to avoid his rigid techniques due to the perception of needing more realism.

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Title: Endless Rhythm, Robert Delaunay, Oil on a Canvas, 1934

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Throughout the understanding of the cubism movement, there was mentioning about the subtopics that contributed to the first and second eras of cubism. One of these subtopics was orphic cubism where it had endorsed artists to follow the same concept of cubism but use brighter colors and abstraction that was considered augmented. Many of these artists were also influenced by the works of George Seurat with his use of brighter colors rather than neutral colors, especially when depicting and using color in a technical way. An artist that was a great representation of this style is Robert Delaunay who played with various art styles throughout his lifestyle. After studying various artists that included Cezanne and other impressionist artist, he went from portraits and then onto abstraction with using geometric shapes. He had various art pieces that included compositions of color rhythm and circular discs, many artists and viewers in France enjoyed Delaunay’s artwork which then sparked him as an important artist throughout the cubism movement. They even titled him Orphism which was the inspiration of Orphic Cubism.

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Library of Congress / Contributor / Getty Images

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Riley Lopez
Art 312 / 2022
Surrealism
The surrealism movement wouldn’t be what it is today or may not have even existed if it wasn’t for the famous Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud. He was the pioneer of the theories that explored the unconscious and subconscious mind. His studies greatly contributed to that of psychology's advancements well into today. His theories described the human mind as having three levels. The first level was the conscious, which is when we are actively there and able to see and describe what is happening at the moment. The second level would be the subconscious in which we are actively there but as well within our mind, better described in the journal article, Freud’s Model of the Human Mind, “the storage point for any recent memories needed for quick recall”. We are present but not fully conscious due to going into our minds to find recent information. Then, there's the last level, the unconscious mind. This level is usually experienced when we are asleep. Our mind in this state is where memories that are subdued belong, memories that we have but cannot recall. These kind of memories can be found within dreams though which are also created by the unconscious mind. It's no wonder why surrealist artists felt so inspired by Freud’s theories, it gave them a new scape to explore when it came to art and a complex one at that since they would have to go through their own minds.

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The Double Secret, René Magritte, 1927, oil on canvas

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The surrealist art movement began as the amazing product of psychology’s feats in the early 20th century. Psychologists were exploring the human mind more than ever before, testing it to see how far our subconsciousness could expand its horizons. This led to people, specifically artists, delving into their dreams and portraying what they saw on their canvases. These pieces of artwork could only be described as being unrealistic, something not of this world. One could describe the characteristics of these artworks as bizarre takes on life or items one would not expect to be seen in such a way. For these reasons, it should be believed that the peculiarity of surrealist art in the way that it tries to capture the unconscious mind onto a canvas is the reason it is labeled “modern”. Artists before had only wanted to capture what was in front of them or how they saw it but never thought about capturing what they may have seen in dreams or within their minds. It is also for these same reasons that surrealism became so popular, that many wanted to try unlocking the unconscious mind and portray what they saw. The artists that should best represent the surrealist art movement are those of Salvador Dali, René Magritte, and Andre Masson. These three have created pieces that represent the idea of the unconscious or a dream the best.

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The False Mirror, René Magritte, 1928, oil on canvas

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Riley Lopez
Art 312 / 2022
Surrealism
If there is a piece of artwork that could best represent the surrealist movement, it would have to be René Magritte’s, The False Mirror. In simple terms, the painting is that of a human eye, staring at the audience. Instead of a regular colored iris being painted though, he decided to paint a scene of a blue sky with clouds inside it. One would only be able to see this kind of imagery within their imagination, their dream. To better describe it in representing the surrealist art movement, “The eye was a subject that fascinated many Surrealist poets and visual artists, given its threshold position between inner, subjective self and the external world.” (Museum of Modern Art) Staring into the eye, it’s like one can get lost in its blue sky strewn with white fluffy clouds. That’s what I believe surrealists like René Magritte wanted to achieve in creating their paintings. They wanted a way to portray how they would get lost within their unconscious minds and describe their dreams through art. This is also the same reason why it’s such a significant painting for the time period because it can simply describe to its audience that of the desire to get lost in one’s mind, the unconscious. Many people at the time had never heard of such ideas that psychologists of the surrealist movement were presenting so art pieces like that of René Magritte’s helped to better explain these new discoveries of the mind even if people didn’t like it or accept it.

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Riley Lopez
Art 312 / 2022
Surrealism
Just a year later from when René Magritte created his piece, The False Mirror, the United States experiences its first-ever huge recession. This era was called “The Great Depression” and comes about immediately following the stock market crash of October 29th, 1929. Though it had affected the whole world, it affected the United States in a much worse way. Millions of people had lost their jobs and along with that lost their homes. Banks were losing money since no one could afford to buy houses and with that, many of them closed, thus leading anyone who had money in those banks to lose it all. This era would last around 10 years during which we would see huge unemployment percentages “Hooverville’s” or huge homeless encampments, the first soup kitchens, as well as people literally on the streets begging for jobs like the two men in the photo with signs on their bodies. The Great Depression would also greatly affect surrealist artists living in the United States at the time as cited in the article, “Between Myth and Movement: The Depression-Era Iconography of the American Social Surrealists”, by Jonathan Judd, “‘As young men starting out, these painters were all disheartened by the grinding poverty that blocked their participation in the American dream.’” To add how fed up these artists were, cited in “Between Myth and Movement: The Depression-Era Iconography of the American Social Surrealists”, by Jonathan Judd, “‘For Guy and the Social Surrealists ‘picturing poverty and breadlines,’ was not enough, they longed to ‘express the dynamic struggles of society.’” Surrealist artists did not want to portray the effects of the Great Depression in their paintings as it took away the opportunities they were promised in the US with the whole “American Dream”. It also just wasn’t enough to be represented with surrealism using dream-like imagery, it seems they would rather focus on other topics to represent the unconscious mind which might be why we never see much if any surrealism art representing The Great Depression. Though it did lead to these American surrealists becoming more political, as they called themselves the “American Social Surrealists”. They didn’t want to stand by in poverty while millionaire’s told them it was going to get better at some point so they “would actively agitate and picket alongside other workers' unions, acting in solidarity” (Judd) in order to fight for a better life for themselves and others of the time.

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Henry Ford Hospital, Frida Kahlo, 1932, oil on metal

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Riley Lopez
Art 312 / 2022
Surrealism
Another amazing surrealist art piece that delves into the mind is the Mexican artist Frida Kahlo’s, Henry Ford Hospital. The subject of this painting is her having a miscarriage alone in the Henry Ford Hospital. Frida had always wanted children but was unable to and thus suffered many miscarriages. This painting is one of those instances and shows the clear pain in her mind that she went through. She lays on an angled bed covered with blood and her body is contorted in a way with multiple things around her tied to her through umbilical cords. One is of a fetus which represents the child she always yearned for, an anatomical structure of a woman's reproductive system along with a pelvis which represents her bodies problems with childbearing, a withered-like flower, a snail representing how slow the operation was for her and a piece of medical equipment. She lies in a barren land far away from the city which is where her husband is, representing the isolation she felt. This piece is an amazing representation of surrealist art in which the audience can have a look into the mind of Frida Kahlo and better feel the isolation she experienced when she had this miscarriage and what it did to her unconsciously. The way she portrays her experience through these images is very on par with surrealism where it seems like a dream-like state with objects floating in the air and items being in places where they aren’t usually. This is how we can see within her mind and how she sees it happening. The way she portrayed her emotions through dream-like imagery in this piece and many others is what made her pieces so important to the surrealist movement, especially in Mexico.