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Complete the introductory tasks for A level Sociology

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Introduction to A Level Sociology summer work

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A really useful overview of the Beliefs in Society topic

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Useful overview of key concepts for whole A level course

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The following subject specific vocabulary provides definitions of key sociological terms used in our A-level Sociology: 7192 specification.

An important way for sociology students to improve their responses is to introduce sociology vocabulary into your writing. The appropriate use of such terms as those set out for you below will help demonstrate more in depth sociological knowledge and understanding, and enable you develop in depth analysis and evaluation skills.

The terms below are a selection from those used in the specification. Most text books include a more extensive glossary of key terms or concepts at the back and you are encouraged to refer to and learn the language of sociology from them.

Conflict theory

A theory that views society as made up of groups which have conflicting interests, such as the Marxist view that society is divided into two opposed classes.

Consensus theory

In contrast to conflict theories, perspectives such as functionalism see society as essentially harmonious.

Culture

Includes the norms, values and behaviours that are shared by a social group or society that are transmitted across generations through the socialisation process.

Globalisation

The growing interconnectedness of societies across the world, as a result of factors such as the creation of global media and global markets.

Identity

An individual's sense of self that emerges through the socialisation process and interactions with other people.

Ideology

A set of ideas, values and beliefs that are intended to justify the interests of a dominant social group.

Industrialisation

The introduction of mechanisation and mass-production that has led many societies to transform from being agricultural to adopting the factory system of production.

Life chances

The chances members of different social groups have to obtain those things that are desirable, including educational achievements, good income and health.

Modernity

The period during which logic and rational principles were applied to the development and organisation of societies, as opposed to the more religious principles applied before this.

Norms and values

These refer to the rules and expectations of what is important and right within a social group, which are passed on through the socialisation process and which serve to formally or informally control the behaviour of group members.

Postmodernity

A perspective that views society as changing rapidly which has led to growing uncertainty and risk. As a result society has become so unstable and diverse that it is not possible for any one theory (or meta-narrative) to explain how it works.

Power relationships

Differences in the power and influence of those within a relationship such as marriage, that may relate to money and decision-making and that may reflect inequality.

Secularisation

The process whereby religious thinking, participation and influence in society is seen to be less important and in decline.

Socialisation

The process of learning and internalising the culture of a society. The primary agent of socialisation is mainly the family, while secondary agents include the education system, the media and peer groups.

Social action theories

Theories that see individuals as having free will and giving meanings to their actions, they are not simply passively shaped by the structures of society.

Social change

Significant changes to the functions and structure of society, including those brought about by such processes as industrialisation and secularisation.

Social class

A social group of people who share a similar income, wealth or type of occupation, including class differences between manual and non-manual occupations.

Social construction

The construction of something through social processes rather than structural causes, for example interactionists view crime as being constructed through the meanings and interpretations given to a suspect's actions by the crown prosecution services.

Social control

The process by which society seeks to ensure its members follow society's norms and values by both informally and formally controlling behaviour.

Social differentiation

The physical and social separation of social groups within society.

Social groups

Groups of people who share common social interests or social injustices, including groupings by class, gender, ethnicity and sexuality.

Social mobility

The movement of individuals or groups up the social hierarchy or down, for example some sociologists argue that working class pupils who are educationally successful can become middle class.

Social problems

Social behaviour that causes public friction or unrest, and which needs collective action to resolve, for example a growth in anti-social behaviour.

Social structure

The network of social institutions and social relationships that form the organisation and authority of society.

Stratification

The division of society into a hierarchy of unequal social groups, based on wealth, power or status. The stratification may be based on gender, ethnicity and class differences. Those in groups lower down the hierarchy are likely to have correspondingly lower life-chances than those in higher groups.

Subcultures

A smaller group within the main-stream culture of a society, that are in some ways different from main-stream culture, for example some youth cultures have very different values and behaviours to those of the older generations in society.

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The following subject specific vocabulary provides definitions of key sociological terms used in our A-level Sociology: 7192 specification. An important way for sociology students to improve their responses is to introduce sociology vocabulary into your writing.

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Why there is no way back for religion in the West | David Voas | TEDxUniversityofEssex

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Note: For the purposes of this video, the instructor is using the American pronunciation of Max Weber's name.

We tend to think of religion as a relatively conservative force that has the most impact on its own followers. However, religion is not a social institution that is completely separate from the rest of our society. In fact, at some points in history, religion has promoted dramatic social change. There are many examples of the interplay between religion and the secular world. Two examples that are relevant to Introductory Sociology are Max Weber's theory of the Protestant work ethic and liberation theology.

Protestant Ethic and Capitalism

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is a book written by Max Weber about the role of Protestantism in social change. He argued that certain religious ideas set into motion a chain of events that brought about the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe. He saw a strong relationship between the work ethics of Protestants and the emergence of the spirit of modern capitalism.

Weber focused on one particular branch of Protestantism known as Calvinism. John Calvin was a leader in the Protestant Reformation who preached that God had selected some people for salvation but condemned most to eternal damnation before they were even born. Calvinists came to see prosperity as a sign of God's favor and a promise for salvation, so they worked all the time to achieve success. This became known as the 'Protestant ethic.' Although they made great profit, they were also frugal in order to stockpile their earnings and amass great wealth. As part of that frugality, they drove up the demand for cheaper, mass-produced goods that came out of the new factories.

In time, the religious fervor that motivated Calvinists faded, leaving a more rational motivation for economic gain that spread through even non-religious groups. Weber believed that this new attitude broke down the traditional economic system and paved the way for modern capitalism.

This theory has been debated since Weber first proposed it over eighty years ago. Critics have argued that religious reform followed capitalist development rather than paving the way for it. Nevertheless, this theory is a good example of the interchange between religion and secular change.

Liberation Theology

Many people believe that oppression runs counter to Christian morality and that Christians must promote greater social equality. Liberation theology is a combination of Christian principles with political activism. It is a political movement based on the idea that Christians should promote liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. There are many stories in the Bible about the liberation of people who are struggling for freedom and economic justice. Today, Christian activists continue to help people in poor nations liberate themselves from poverty.

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religion and social change in protestantism and liberation theology - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Religion and Social Change in Protestantism and Liberation Theology - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Note: For the purposes of this video, the instructor is using the American pronunciation of Max Weber's name. We tend to think of religion as a relatively conservative force that has the most impact on its own followers. However, religion is not a social institution that is completely separate from the rest of our society.

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Brief summary of Weber's view on The Protestant Ethic and the Sprit of Capitalism

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Sociology of Religion by Max Weber @sociologylearners1835

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Aim: To be able to explain reasons for gender, ethnicity and age differences in religious belief There are differences between social groups in the type of religious beliefs they have GENDER Miller and Hoffman's found: Women express greater interest in religion Women have a

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Science as a Belief System | 60 Second Sociology (Beliefs in Society)

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Secularisation | Beliefs in Society | A-Level Sociology

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01 Modernist Theories of Religion 01 (Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism)

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Overview of subcultural theories of deviance

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Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights, State Crime

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This document discusses various topics related to crime and globalization, including green crime, state crime, and human rights. It provides definitions and examples of different types of crimes such as primary green crimes that directly harm the environment, and secondary crimes like hazardous waste dumping. State crime is defined as illegal activities perpetrated by state agencies and can take political, economic, and social/cultural forms. Human rights are discussed in relation to crime, with some arguing crime should be defined as violations of human rights rather than by legal statutes alone. Conditions contributing to state crimes like obedience to authority and dehumanization of victims are also examined. - Download as a PPTX, PDF or view online for free

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Useful overview of crime topic- lectures and revision notes

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Modernity focused on mass production, social classes, and science-aided progress. Postmodernity is characterized by fragmentation, pluralism, no absolutes, and individuals creating their own identities. Globalization has narrowed time and space while increasing interconnectedness through technology, economic changes, and political changes. Scholars debate whether postmodernity represents a new era or an intensification of modernity, and different theories offer explanations for today’s rapid social changes under globalization. - Download as a PPT, PDF or view online for free

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Key concepts to review

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Sociology: ⏱ 5 minute revision ⏱– THEORY & METHODS - FUNCTIONALISM - PURE THEORY (Paper 1 & Paper 3)

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Revision overview-Family

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Good visual overview of Education Policy and teaching students in 21st Century

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RSA ANIMATE: Changing Education Paradigms

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Overview of perspectives on Education

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Sociological Perspectives on Education Summary Grid – ReviseSociology

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A Level Sociology – Perspectives on Education Summary Grid

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Revision flashcards for Education

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Good for methods in context!

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Research Methods in Sociology - History Learning Site

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GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Theories of the family (3)

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The document provides an overview of different sociological perspectives on the family, including functionalism, the New Right perspective, Marxism, feminism, and postmodernism. It discusses the key assumptions and views of each perspective. Functionalists see the family as fulfilling essential functions for society, such as socializing children and stabilizing adults.

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Sociology: TOPIC 7 - Families & Social Policy 

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Feminism GENDER REGIMES: Eileen Drew (1995) uses the concept of 'gender regimes' to describe how social policies in different countries can either encourage or discourage gender equality in the family and at work. She identifies who two groups of gender regime following different

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The Sociology of Childhood - Topic Overview – ReviseSociology

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This document discusses the social construction of health and illness. It introduces sociological theories of illness such as Talcott Parsons’ sick role and Eliot Freidson’s types of illness. The sick role refers to the behaviors expected of those who are ill, including being exempt from normal duties but also obligated to seek treatment. Freidson identified conditional, legitimate, and illegitimate sick roles depending on the seriousness and stigma of different illnesses. The social construction of health and illness has changed over time and varies between cultures. - Download as a PPT, PDF or view online for free

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Sociology of health and illness wk 22 mental health

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Mental illness is a social construct that is influenced by normative expectations in society. Gender and race impact diagnosis and treatment, as women are more likely to be diagnosed with certain disorders and minorities often receive poorer care. The anti-psychiatry movement critiques psychiatry for medicalizing social problems and coercively targeting marginalized groups. - Download as a PPT, PDF or view online for free

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A2 Sociology - Crime control, punishment and Victimology lesson 9

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Crime prevention, Control and victimology Impact of victimisation Secondary victimisation Fear of victimisation Crime creates an irrational fear of becoming a victim of crime. Victims may suffer further victimisation at the hands of the CJS. Patterns of Victimisation Patterns of

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Here is a 1,000 word essay assessing the relationship between sociology and social policy: Sociology and social policy have a complex relationship. On the one hand, sociological research aims to understand society and social problems, which could potentially inform social policy. However, there are debates around whether and how sociology should influence policy. This essay will assess different perspectives on the relationship between sociology and social policy. Those who argue sociology should directly influence social policy, like Giddens, believe sociological research has practical benefits. By uncovering facts about social issues like poverty, and providing theoretical explanations, sociology can raise awareness and influence reforms. For example, Townsend’s research on poverty in the UK in the 1970 - Download as a PPT, PDF or view online for free

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The term New Age describes a broad movement of late twentieth century and contemporary Western culture, characterized by an individual eclectic approach to spiritual exploration. Collectively, New Age has some attributes of an emergent religion, but is currently a loose network of spiritual teachers, healers, and seekers.

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There are many factors that influence health inequalities in the UK, including geographical area, racial group, gender, and social class, with social class having a strong link to poverty. While health has improved overall, gaps between higher and lower social classes persist and may be widening. Approaches to solving health inequalities debate whether the focus should be on collective government action to address root social and economic causes, or more individualistic approaches emphasizing personal responsibility and lifestyle changes. Current thinking in the UK and Scotland incorporates elements of both, with a greater emphasis on prevention through social inclusion and poverty reduction policies. - Download as a PPT, PDF or view online for free

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Education policy overview [from you tube] on the Education section of this padlet

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PiXL Independence - Sociology - A-Level - THEORY AND METHODS - STUDENT BOOKLET

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There is debate around whether sociology can be considered a science. Positivists believe sociology can be scientific by using rigorous research designs and testing theories, while interactionists are skeptical that scientific methods are appropriate or that there is one fixed reality to discover. While sociology may not meet all traditional criteria of science like experimentation, many fields considered sciences also have limitations. Some argue the debate itself relies on outdated views of science, and that sociology should use various research methods beyond just science. Politicians prefer findings presented as scientific facts, so sociology faces pressure to conform to gain status and funding. - Download as a PPT, PDF or view online for free

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PiXL Independence - Sociology - A-Level - SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION - STUDENT BOOKLET