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April 12, 1861: The Battle of Fort Sumter

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April 12, 1861: The Battle of Fort Sumter

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The Civil War began when Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard opened fire on Union-held Fort Sumter. After 34 hours of bombardment, Union forces surrendered the fort, marking the start of four years of civil war. This attack united the North in its resolve to preserve the Union and rallied many to President Lincoln's cause.

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July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

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July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

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The first major land battle of the Civil War shocked those who thought the conflict would be brief. Confederate forces under Beauregard defeated Union troops led by McDowell. The battle introduced the nickname 'Stonewall' Jackson and showed both sides that the war would be longer and bloodier than expected.

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One of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War to that point, with nearly 24,000 total casualties. Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant were surprised by Confederate forces but ultimately prevailed. The battle ended all illusions that the war would be won easily by either side.

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The single bloodiest day in American military history, with 23,000 casualties. While tactically inconclusive, the Union's strategic victory gave President Lincoln the political cover to issue the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, transforming the war's purpose.

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The turning point of the Civil War, this three-day battle resulted in around 50,000 casualties. The Union victory halted Lee's invasion of the North and ended Confederate hopes of forcing a negotiated peace. The battle culminated in Pickett's Charge, a failed Confederate assault that broke the South's offensive capability.

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After a 47-day siege, Confederate forces under John C. Pemberton surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River. This victory split the Confederacy in two and marked a crucial strategic achievement for the Union.

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Union General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta, a crucial Confederate transportation hub and industrial center. This victory greatly boosted Northern morale and helped ensure President Lincoln's re-election. Sherman would later begin his famous 'March to the Sea' from here.

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Appomattox Court House National Historical Park

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April 9, 1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court House

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April 9, 1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court House

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Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the Civil War in Virginia. Grant's generous terms helped ease the path to reconciliation, allowing Confederate soldiers to return home with their private horses and arms.