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https://loveman.sdsu.edu/docs/1885GeneralActBerlinConference.pdf?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference

https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001/acref-9780195337709-e-0467

https://www.britannica.com/event/Scramble-for-Africa

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Colonization has happened throughout history, whether that be from the 16th century or the 19th century. Even so, the present of European countries in colonization has affected many former colonized countries.

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Let's look at 2 major European colonization event in Africa....

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Let's look at 2 major European colonization event in Africa....

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The British colonization of Egypt (1882)

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The British colonization of Egypt (1882)

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The Berlin Conference, also known as the "Scramble for Africa", involved 14 countries plus the United States. It was an organized meeting to manage the trade in Africa.

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From about November 15, 1884 to February 26, 1885

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Organized the conflict of European powers fighting over African territory.

Laying out the actual rules for the control of the African territory

Aloud for free trade along the congo and niger river>>>> ensure King Leopold II's control of the Congo

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***THERE WAS NO AFRICA REPRESENTATIVE OR LEADER***

Was hosted by Germany ( Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Autraia-Hungary

Belgium

Denmark

France

Germnay

Great Britain

Italy

Netherlands

Portugal

Russia

Spain

Sweden-Norway

Turkey (Ottoman Empire)

The United States

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The European powers took advantage of colonies to provide raw materials that were then taken back to Europe, where these countries used them to boost industrial growth and expand their economic markets. ( e.g., the slave trade route)

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what were the benefit of colonization usage?

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what were the benefit of colonization usage?

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Extending political and military reach and power 

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Extending political and military reach and power 

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Controlling vast land territory was seen as a way for European power to gain control(and let other countries know their presence). Multiple military bases were usually established in these colonies, just in case.

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The most obvious result of the Congress and of nationalist yearnings, juxtaposed with a more structured European map, was a new and general scramble for colonies in other parts of the world. Even before the 1870s some new gains had occurred. French explorers fanned out in equatorial Africa, and a French mission began the conquest of Indochina in the 1860s. Many European nations exhibited a growing interest in colonies as sources of raw materials and new markets and as potential outlets for excess population and for administrators who could not be accommodated at home. Opportunities for individual adventurism and profit also ran high. Overriding motivations for the climactic imperialist scramble involved a desire to appeal to domestic nationalism and an interest in maintaining or gaining place as world powers. New nations such as Italy and Germany sought empires to prove their status; France sought expansion to compensate for its humiliating defeat at Germany's hands; Britain pressed outward in order to protect existing colonies. Russia, and at the century's end the United States and Japan, also joined the competition.

Between 1880 and 1900 much of Asia was divided. Britain held Burma; Britain, Germany, France, and the United States divided the Pacific islands of Polynesia. All the major European powers save Italy took advantage of China's weakness to acquire long-term leases on port cities and surrounding regions, easily putting down the Chinese Boxer Rebellion against Western encroachments in 1899-1900. Germany gained new advisory and investment roles within the Ottoman Empire, while Britain and Russia divided spheres of influence in Afghanistan; Britain also effectively controlled several small states on the Persian Gulf.

The dismemberment of Africa was even more complete. Portugal expanded its control over Angola and Mozambique, Belgium took over the giant Congo region, and Germany gained new colonies in southern Africa. Britain and France, the big winners, gained new territory in West Africa, and Britain built a network of colonies in East Africa running from South Africa to Egypt. The French occupation of Morocco and the Italian conquest of Tripoli, after 1900, completed the process. Only Ethiopia remained fully free, defeating an Italian force in 1896.

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History of Europe - The scramble for colonies

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History of Europe - History of Europe - The scramble for colonies: The most obvious result of the Congress and of nationalist yearnings, juxtaposed with a more structured European map, was a new and general scramble for colonies in other parts of the world. Even before the 1870s some new gains had occurred.

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Like we learn in class throughout European history, there was always a religious factor. The catholic church could be one example of this. During times like the Protestant Reformation, the catholic church saw colonization as an opportunity to spread god's word. While different from this, the Puritan saw the moving away from the Church of England as a way of religious freedom

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Even though Egypt was a part of the Ottoman Empire, the British colonization change that

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Unlike the Berlin conference, the British colonization of Egypt happened over a period:

1914: This was the beginning, the British deposed the Khedive and installed Sultan Hussein Kamel

1922: The issuing of the Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence, gaining control over areas like the Suez Canal

1952: The Egyptian Revolution happened!!! This led to the ending of the monarchy

1956: The withdrawal of the British from Egypt

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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2/chapter/africa-and-the-united-kingdom/

https://www.preceden.com/timelines/55335-colonization-of-egypt?

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The British saw the control of the Suez Canal as a way to shorter their sea trade to Asia and play a significant role in India.

The British saw Egypt as an economic opportunity. ( E.g., canal & cotton industry)

NATIONALISM

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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2/chapter/africa-and-the-united-kingdom/

https://study.com/academy/lesson/egypt-under-european-rule-summary-timeline.html?

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what were the affect of of colonization of these two events? 

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what were the affect of of colonization of these two events? 

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Once the British were in control, there was a shift in education. British policies promoted a more Western-leaning education system, and funding for Islamic education was reduced.

Like with education, British cultural influence things in Europe, like the dress-wear and social norms.

To counter the British, there was a surge of the Egyptian nationalism movement and ideology.

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The emphasis on cash crops to benefit the British led to the people of Egypt facing famines.

The British led Egypt into more debt with their overbearing policies.

E.g., the British bank profited vastly; consequently, the people of Egypt face the opposite effects.

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Increasing production in the cotton industry to boost Britain's economic benefit led to the deterioration of soil quality in Egypt.

Salinization, which is the reduction of land fertility over time, occurs in Egypt due to the continuation of Over-irrigation.

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https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zq63jty/revision/3

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When colonial borders are established, an ethnic tribe or group splits. This has led to conflict and civil war among ethnic groups wanting independence.

The was a present of suppressing indigenous cultures that also occurred. European powers force their language into things like the education system. They push Westernized ideology and suppress traditional beliefs, including folk religion and language.

Soft control was also used. Christian missionaries, as well as religious conversion, were soft control methods.

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The extraction of raw materials and resources benefited European power very favorably. However, this was not the case for Africa.

Indigenous people were forced into labor.

There were harsh taxation systems.

There was industrial development. However, it benefited the European power exporting system.

There is close to no investment or economic benefit for African locals

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Due to the vast extraction, Africa's environment faces deforestation and the depletion of forests, soil, and wildlife.

Like in Egypt, cash crops led to the damaging of soil fertility.

There was a lack of diverse agriculture

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-West-Africa-Conference

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zp7qtfr/revision/4

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What if colonization events didn't occur ?

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What if colonization events didn't occur ?

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If these events had not occurred, I think that Africa and Egypt would have become more economically stable and far more developed. Looking at it from a cultural aspect, I believe that without influences from European countries, there would not have been such significant losses of cultural and language that we have seen throughout Egypt. I am most undoubtedly confident in saying that European colonization has led to stagnation in Africa and Egypt.