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Is the economic system in which a government controls the trade that occurs in its territories in order to protect its economic gains, and the Spanish Empire maintained a mercantilist monopoly with its colonies in the Americas from the 15th century until the reforms and modernizations of the eighteenth century.

How was this trade?

Sure, mercantilism was designed for the benefit of the colonizers; the colonies were seen to be exploited and underdeveloped on purpose so that they would not come to compete with the "Mother Country".

The idea was that the American colonists would sell their raw materials at low cost (and at high taxes) to Spanish companies appointed by the king (and only those companies), and those companies would be able to sell consumer goods made from those cheap raw materials, and get very rich without competition.

pROHIBITIONS

In addition, it was forbidden in the colonies to trade with people or companies that did not have a license from the king; in particular it was forbidden to trade with people or companies from other nations, because the Spanish Empire considered the English, Dutch and others as competitors if not enemies.

Temperatura Media

Humedad Relativa

Más lluvioso

To protect these valuable cargoes, the kings established the system of semi-annual fleets in which all the ships full of these products were escorted by galleons, that is, very large and relatively slow warships, equipped with a good number of cannons and other weapons.

The enormous quantities of gold, silver, jewels, jade, precious woods and other products were transported to Europe in great sailing ships

The Fleet of the Indies and the Manila Galleon

Manilla galleon

The Fleet of the Indies and the Manila Galleon

Beginning in the mid-16th century, Spain connected its Asian colonies of the Philippines and Guam with the rest of its empire via the so-called Manila Galleon. This was a ship (only one, but well armed) that went back and forth across the Pacific Ocean once a year between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico. Through the Manila Galleon, the Spanish used their Peruvian and Mexican silver to buy spices, silks, and Chinese porcelain. These Asian products had to be transported by land between Acapulco and Veracruz, to then cross the Atlantic in the Fleet of the Indies.

FLEET OF THE INDIES

Products shipped to Spain were transported overland from their origins in the interior of Central and South America to secondary ports such as Veracruz in Mexico and Cartagena in Colombia; tons of gold and silver from Peru went up the Pacific coast to Panama, where they had to cross the isthmus to embark again at the secondary port of Portobelo. Then all these ships met in Santo Domingo or Havana to form the so-called Fleet of the Indies, which crossed the Atlantic until it reached the only Spanish port authorized to trade with the colonies: Seville.

First rule that ships had to travel in groups for their protection

Royal order creating the Fleet of the Indies (semi-annual fleet accompanied by galleons)

Shipwreck due to a hurricane of the Nuestra Señora de Atocha, with almost half of the gold of the Fleet of that year

1628

Piet Hein captures much of the Indies Fleet

Last Indies Fleet

Regulation of Free Trade with the Americas, that is, abolition of mercantilism

Mel Fisher and others find the Nuestra Señora de Atocha with almost all its gold, silver and jewels

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Is the economic system in which a government controls the trade that occurs in its territories in order to protect its economic gains, and the Spanish Empire maintained a mercantilist monopoly with its colonies in the Americas from the 15th century until the reforms and modernizations of the eighteenth century.

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Formative II

Characteristics of human evolution

Among the main biological mutations that human evolution went through we can find:

Among the most important cultural aspects of human evolution we can find:

appearance of language

symbolic representation

It is believed that the upright posture on the hind limbs arose to walk more efficiently in the African savannahs, since it allowed hominids to run with greater speed. When moving it was possible to keep the view above the grasslands that predominated in the region, and that could hide predators.

Those individuals who stood on two legs had a better chance of surviving than those who had to use all four limbs to do so. As a consequence, this feature was imposed, and the conformation of the body began to be modified so that the skull was firmly located at the top of the spine.

Opposable thumbs

By learning to walk upright, hominids had their upper extremities free, since they were not needed to move. They were then able to use them for other things, such as eating while walking, holding young while fleeing from a predator, transporting food, or beginning to use tools.

Stones, bones, pieces of wood were the initial tools that our ancestors had. They mark the beginning of a technological learning that leads to the sophisticated tools we have today.

As we progressed through pre-human hominin species, cranial capacity increased from 350 cc. from the first Australopithecus, up to 1200 to 1400 cc. of brain content of Homo sapiens.

This increase in brain volume implied the ability to develop greater cognitive processes, broader, deeper and faster reasoning. In addition, it allowed the capacity for learning and abstraction, which is the fundamental feature that distinguishes us from other animals.

Cerebration

Appearance of language

Art and culture

Although communication is an element related to all forms of life, language is something exclusively human.

Some animals can understand and associate certain instructions with desired or unwanted behaviors. Others, like chimpanzees, are capable of understanding certain communicative rudiments through sign language.

However, in none of these cases is it an articulated language. A system based on sounds and signs that are translated into complex ideas is something unique to our species.

The most sophisticated forms of culture and artistic expression among all the human species that existed were achieved by Homo sapiens. However, some predecessors left traces of their existence. Furthermore, it is suspected that Neanderthals also left behind rock art and other forms of prehistoric art.

In our civilization, art and culture are a reflection of our capacity for thought, of our expressive and creative spirit. In addition, they are a highly valued aspect of our existence, something unique among all forms of animal life.

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THE PROCESS

Lorem ipsum dolor

Mankinf rising

Where do humans come from?

You only evolutes if you win in the paper, scissors, rock. if you lose you go back in the scale.
You can only play with your own species.
To identify yourself you must act and say the name of your species out loud.

The one that gets to the las stage have to find a higher place and shout the species name to end the game!

The evolution game

PAPER, SCISSORS, ROCK

Thanks for the class!

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Formative II Characteristics of human evolution Among the main biological mutations that human evolution went through we can find: Among the most important cultural aspects of human evolution we can find: appearance of language symbolic representation It is believed that the upright posture on the hind limbs arose to walk more efficiently in the African savannahs, since it allowed hominids to run with greater speed.