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Mr. Green was born on September 22, 1941,

He was also the first African American to earn a high school diploma from Central High School.  In Little Rock

He was seventeen when he got the NAACP’s Spingarn Medal, as one of the Little Rock kids

On November 9, 1999, mr.green, he was presented by President Clinton with the Congressional Gold Medal reward

Also In 1995, he was awarded to the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award

Green holds  a degree in Social Science and Masters in Sociology from Michigan State

currently serves on the Board of Directors of Fisk University,

He is a proud father of 3 kids name  Adam, Jessica, McKenzie

https://youtu.be/0-XamhJOGqo

Eli ashley

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1. His first novel is the conquest
2. He was born in 1884
3. The country’s first major black filmmaker
4. He shined shoes
5.he moved to many places
6.he set up his own film company
7. His film was shown in a white movie theater
8.he died in 1951
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi21PfpiaX-AhVcjIkEHTDNDeIQtwJ6BAgCEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0584778%2F&usg=AOvVaw0XBXxfbEs82p9ZmYujfD5V
Jocelyn farias

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Washington D.C

Florida Senator Spessard Holland and People of Congress

Senator Holland had proposed the 24th amendment but lost multiple times. Then Congress started to support this proposed amendment. Why? Because Southern states used the poll tax to stop African Americans from voting. 10 years after the Board of Education v. Brown, the 24th amendment was ratified.

The ratification of the 24th Amendment helped make the Civil Rights Act come true. That was until the amendment only ban the poll tax in federal government. The Harper v. Virginia Board of Electors solved that problem.

Video: https://youtube.com/watch?v=YWexBnkB-os&feature=shares

Info: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Twenty-fourth-Amendment

Alexis Beaudry

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Noah Jeffery

1. Robert Edward chambliss, Herman frank cash, Bobby frank Cherry all were all people who bombed the church that ended taking 4 peoples lives and 11 injured.

2. The 4 people who were 14 they were all killed there names were  Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Carole Robertson

3. September 15, 1963

4. The reason why the church was bombed because it was mad in 1911 and it was primarily an African American church. and the the attack was made by the Ku Klux Klan. It was also 2 months after president Kennedy’s death. The outcome was a rise in people coming together to help each other.

https://www.nps.gov/articles/16thstreetbaptist.htm

The video      https://youtu.be/Tcv53Hz0LWk

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On April 16 1963 Martin Luther King was arrested for leading a protest in Birmingham. After he was arrested he wrote “the Letter From Birmingham Jail”.  He then sent it to a group of people.

After he wrote the letter he was released from jail 3days later. The letter also helped in the civil rights movement. Now the letter sit in Samford university Library
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjvlv_Nov_9AhUblmoFHaYvC-MQFnoECA0QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ff41b8e83515f48a4aab6ecf66ce8f84a&usg=AOvVaw1z7h03blUtns8hACPW34ZA

Video
https://youtu.be/EpTvl7MvWjM

Manny

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The Voting Rights movement happened in 1964. People that were involved were: Martin Luther king Jr, President Johnson, District of Columbia Walter Fauntroy, and marchers/protesters. It happened in Nashville Tennessee and Greensboro North Carolina. In 1964, African Americans were not allowed to vote. They also faced harassment, threats, violence when trying to register to vote. There were a lot of peaceful movements formed by Civil right leaders: Martin Luther King Jr. for example. While these movements, they faced more acts of harassment and violence, some were even killed. After the murder of a voting-rights activist and attacks by state troopers towards peaceful protesters in Alabama, it caught national attention. The attention convinced President Johnson and Congress to create and pass the voting rights bill on August 5, 1965. The act made it so that you can’t not let some one vote based on color, race, religion, or ethnicity. The new voting right had a significant impact, around 300,000 African Americans had registered to vote at the end of 1965. The act also banned literacy test, and allowed federales to watch voter registrations where there were less non-white populations.

-JJ Adams
https://youtu.be/oUXfwry4Asw
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act

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1. Oxford, Mississippi

2. James Meredith

3. When James Meredith war admitted into University of Mississippi in 1962,by doing this he became on of the first African American people to be in college. He also was the first African American student to be accepted into the University of Mississippi.

4. This made a chain reaction of other schools starting to accept African Americans into their own schools. This helped pave the way for learning everywhere. In October 2012 the 50 year mark for integration was met.

https://youtu.be/8Wq3vCBYeyM

https://50years.olemiss.edu/

https://crdl.usg.edu/events/ole_miss_integration/

Brody Carr

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Location:  Richmond

In the Richmond Police Court, Boynton was convicted of violating a state statute which made it a misdemeanor for any person "without authority of law" to remain upon the premises of another after having been forbidden to do so. His conviction was sustained in Richmond's Hustings Court.

Key People in Event:

Bruce Boynton, a waitress, a manager, A police officer, the Hustings Court.

3 Sentence Summary of Event: An African American law student (Bruce Boynton), bought a bus ticket from Washington, D.C. to Montgomery, Alabama. The route went through Richmond, Virginia, when there was a 40-minute stop scheduled. Boynton went to a segregated restaurant at the bus station and sat down on the side that was reserved for white customers, and when asked to leave, he refused.

3 Sentences About What Happened: Boynton refused to move when asked to claiming he was “an interstate bus passenger”. So they called a police officer to come and arrest Boynton. Boynton ended up being tried, convicted, and then fined for the reason of unlawfully remaining on the buildings premises after being forbidden to do so.

Video Link:

https://www.facebook.com/CivilRightsTrail/videos/bruce-boynton/547460558974701/

Links Used in General:

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/7

Abby Harrison 8B

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Money, Mississippi

Emmett Till, Roy and Carolyn Bryant, Moses Wright, and J.W Milam.

Emmett Till at the age of 14 heads to Money, Mississippi to visit his Uncle Moses Wright. Roy Bryant and J.W Milam head to Wright’s home and kidnap Emmett. After torturing him numerous times, they shot him and threw Emmett’s body into the Tallahatchie River.

Three months Later. Emmett’s mom and uncle tried numerous trials against Milam and Bryant. They were proven innocent. Because of the murder this led to Rosa Parks refusing to leave her seat. Sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Video: https://youtube.com/watch?v=8mcjLUG5YIQ&feature=shares

Information: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/till-timeline/

By Alexis Beaudry

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Selma March

In Montgomery, Alabama and Selma, Alabama

Some important people in it is John Lewis, Hosea Williams, Bob Mants, and Albert Turner and John Pork.

Many people gathered in Selma to March to Montgomery. They marched for their constitutional right to vote.

They were successful. The government passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 because of it.

https://youtu.be/q1_KtW-9tIg video

Links The Selma-to-Montgomery MarchesNational Geographic Societyhttps://www.nationalgeographic.org › article › selma-mo...

Selma to Montgomery: 50 Years Later | The White Housearchives.govhttps://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov › civil-rights › sel...

Rhodes

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Little Rock nine

Important people: Minnijean Brown, Terrance Roberts, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed, Melba Patillo, Gloria Ray, Jefferson Thomas, and Carlotta Walls

Schools “tried” to be separated but equal, but white schools got the best teachers, newest books, and best education unlike black schools. Parents did not like the idea so the schools started to almost experiment by putting nine black kids into a white school. When the kids went to the school they were waited on by a white mob so the school had to call the National guard to get the kids in and out of school everyday.

This movement started the mixing of races in schools afterwards. Some of the nine kids still live to this day. Books have been made about the kid’s experiences.

https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/little-rock-school-desegregation
https://youtu.be/EeCyB_rdisM

Paulette Lopez

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Douglas County Courthouse

Will brown,Milton Hoffman, Agnes Loeback,Henry Johnson

The Lynching of Will Brown 1919 was a Riot-crazed mob of people that broke into the Douglas County Courthouse on September 28,1919 and lynched an African American man, Will Brown. He was accused of sexually assaulting a white woman and since of his death, he had no way to prove his innocence

After will brown was publicly hanged, the lawlessness and riots continued for several more hours after the community had decided to kill Will brown. Both police and emergency vehicles had burned down but only few. The rioters had been put into community jail 3 times while these hours are no laws continued. The Third time they had been put in, they decided to try and burn down the jail but never succeeded.

https://youtu.be/2OytIIur3Ck

https://history.nebraska.gov/lest-we-forget-the-lynching-of-will-brown-omahas-1919-race-riot/

Made by Milo Pancoast, American History 8B.

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Thurgood Marshall & Earl Warren. This case was the consolidation of cases arising in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and Washington D.C. relating to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race. In each of the cases, African American students had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. They argued that such segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In this decision, the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional. It signaled the end of legalized racial segregation in the schools of the United States, overruling the "separate but equal" principle set forth in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case. https://youtu.be/NBlqcAEv4nk. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483. https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka.

Done by,
Araf Evans

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Warren
Black
Frankfurter
Douglas
Clark
Harlan
Brennan
Whittaker
Stewart
Boynton
Virginia
In 1960 boynton was waiting for a 40 minute stop bus schedule, so he decided to go into a restaurant that was segregated. After he ended the restaurant he sat down on the side that was reserved for white customers and the waitress, manager both asked him to leave but, he didn’t leave, after an office arrived he arrested boynton and was taken to court. Boynton won the court vote and was able to be a free man after court.
After the court case ended, Boynton wanted all of the buses and restaurants to stop segregating the buses and the restaurants so that everyone can go to the same place and be in the same place  with no separation. After boynton spoke out and people listened to him many restaurants and buses started to stop segregated buses and restaurants but not a lot of them did it. After this happened bathrooms and water fountains also started to stop segregation but, there were also a lot that didn’t do it, so some places u had different things or you had the same things.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwic-Kv8qv_9AhWFKX0KHWO_DOMQwqsBegQICBAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dc2-w0Z1yUYs&usg=AOvVaw2ECzBnwWCSLjOIS-gumVoc

https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/364/454/
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwif1bGiq__9AhXAGzQIHUoCC58QFnoECAsQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1960%2F7&usg=AOvVaw3E0cRYwuIK7y3S25rZVuKk

Dane Sudduth

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Robert Moses: he was the one who proposed the idea to start this act and was seen as a leader most the time.
Lawrence Guyots: he was a man that really helped push forward this movement and get it into motion.

The freedom summer was an effort to get the right to vote, make new political parties, and be able to learn in newly formed freedom schools. The protesters wanted to protest in a nonviolent way and mostly just get their word out about want equality but they were still murdered, kidnapped, etc even though they didn’t do anything bad. The harm to the protesters caused public outrage in the unfairness that started to show. This outbreak pushed the U.S. Congress the pass the Civil rights act of 1964 and voting rights of 1965.

The freedom summer after effect was the U.S. congress passing civil and voting rights to black people and that was one of the many goals the protesters had. They also got freedom schools set up so people could be able to learn about black history and basic learning skills even if they were black. This act also helped push the start for people wanting women, anti-war, and gay rights.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tqeaIl4UcY

https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS3707

Olivia Richardson
Per: B8

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Location of Event: April 4, 1968, Memphis, Tennessee

Key people: MLK Jr., James Earl Ray

Summary: His death was nonsensical. He headed to Memphis for a speech, getting ready to speak to millions of people who took part in the civil rights movement. At exactly 6:05 pm, he was shot by a man who didn’t agree with what MLK Jr. was telling everyone.

What happened because of the event: After his assassination, violence erupted. After violence broke out, 40 people died during the occurrence. 100 cities broke out with riots and violent protests against the civil rights movement. After a while the man responsible for MLK’s assassination was arrested in England.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj94q-ooP_9AhX9k4kEHexQDhUQFnoECAsQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fassassination-martin-luther-king-jr&usg=AOvVaw3XB7LZNI-xdiV35ZrbTqmr

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj94q-ooP_9AhX9k4kEHexQDhUQFnoECDsQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2Fassassination-of-Martin-Luther-King-Jr&usg=AOvVaw0XaQkuIV_kZY_dOoCaKsJa

https://youtu.be/ocO6RuJIqWg

Lillian B. Loss

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March on Washington

MLK JR

Phillip Randolph

The March on Washington was a historical event that took place in 1963. It was meant to draw attention to the exclusion of African Americans from positions in the national defense industry. The March was successful. https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/march-washington-jobs-and-freedom

https://youtu.be/Qfo7rN7Alu4

Chase Cascio

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The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute

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On 28 August 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in the nation's capital. The march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress. During this event, Martin Luther King delivered his memorable "I Have a Dream" speech.

The 1963 March on Washington had several precedents. In the summer of 1941 A. Philip Randolph, founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for a march on Washington, D.C., to draw attention to the exclusion of African Americans from positions in the national defense industry. This job market had proven to be closed to blacks, despite the fact that it was growing to supply materials to the Allies in World War II. The threat of 100,000 marchers in Washington, D.C., pushed President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802, which mandated the formation of the Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate racial discrimination charges against defense firms. In response, Randolph cancelled plans for the march.

Civil rights demonstrators did assemble at the Lincoln Memorial in May 1957 for a Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom on the third anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, and in October 1958, for a Youth March for Integrated Schools to protest the lack of progress since that ruling. King addressed the 1957 demonstration, but due to ill health after being stabbed by Izola Curry, Coretta Scott King delivered his scheduled remarks at the 1958 event.

By 1963, the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation, most of the goals of these earlier protests still had not been realized. High levels of black unemployment, work that offered most African Americans only minimal wages and poor job mobility, systematic disenfranchisement of many African Americans, and the persistence of racial segregation in the South prompted discussions about a large scale march for political and economic justice as early as 1962. On behalf of the Negro American Labor Council (NALC), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Randolph wrote a letter on 24 May 1962 to Secretary Stewart Udall of the Department of the Interior regarding permits for a march culminating at the Lincoln Memorial that fall. Plans for the march were stalled when Udall encouraged the groups to consider the Sylvan Theater at the Washington Monument due to the complications of rerouting traffic and the volume of tourists at the Lincoln Memorial.

In March 1963 Randolph telegraphed King that the NALC had begun planning a June march "for Negro job rights," and asked for King's immediate response (Randolph, 26 March 1963). In May, at the height of the Birmingham Campaign, King joined Randolph, James Farmer of CORE, and Charles McDew of SNCC in calling for such an action later that year, declaring, "Let the black laboring masses speak!" (King et al., 7 May 1963) After notifying President Kennedy of their intent, the leaders of the major civil rights organizations set the march date for 28 August. The stated goals of the protest included "a comprehensive civil rights bill" that would do away with segregated public accommodations; "protection of the right to vote"; mechanisms for seeking redress of violations of constitutional rights; "desegregation of all public schools in 1963"; a massive federal works program "to train and place unemployed workers"; and "a Federal Fair Employment Practices Act barring discrimination in all employment" ("Goals of Rights March").

As the summer passed, the list of organizations participating in and sponsoring the event expanded to include the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the National Urban League, the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice, the National Council of the Churches of Christ in America, the United Auto Workers (UAW), and many others.

The March on Washington was not universally embraced. It was condemned by the Nation of Islam and Malcolm X who referred to it as "the Farce on Washington," although he attended nonetheless (Malcolm X, 278). The executive board of the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations declined to support the march, adopting a position of neutrality. Nevertheless, many constituent unions attended in substantial numbers.

The diversity of those in attendance was reflected in the event's speakers and performers. They included singers Marian Anderson, Odetta, Joan Baez, and Bob Dylan; Little Rock civil rights veteran Daisy Lee Bates; actors Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee; American Jewish Congress president Rabbi Joachim Prinz; Randolph; UAW president Walter Reuther; march organizer Bayard Rustin; NAACP president Roy Wilkins; National Urban League president Whitney Young and SNCC leader John Lewis.

A draft of John Lewis' prepared speech, circulated before the march, was denounced by Reuther, Burke Marshall, and Patrick O'Boyle, the Catholic Archbishop of Washington, D.C., for its militant tone. In the speech's original version Lewis charged that the Kennedy administration's proposed Civil Rights Act was "too little and too late," and threatened not only to march in Washington but to "march through the South, through the heart of Dixie, the way Sherman did. We will pursue our own 'scorched earth' policy" (Lewis, 221; 224). In a caucus that included King, Randolph, and SNCC's James Forman, Lewis agreed to eliminate those and other phrases, but believed that in its final form his address "was still a strong speech, very strong" (Lewis, 227).

The day's high point came when King took the podium toward the end of the event and moved the Lincoln Memorial audience and live television viewers with what has come to be known as his "I Have a Dream" speech. King commented that "as television beamed the image of this extraordinary gathering across the border oceans, everyone who believed in man's capacity to better himself had a moment of inspiration and confidence in the future of the human race," and characterized the march as an "appropriate climax" to the summer's events (King, " I Have a Dream," 125; 122).

After the march, King and other civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson at the White House, where they discussed the need for bipartisan support of civil rights legislation. Though they were passed after Kennedy's death, the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 reflect the demands of the march.

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

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On 28 August 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in the nation's capital. The march was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress.

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Martin Luthier King, and his family
While MLK was giving a speech. He was told about the bombing of his home and his church. Then they found the three men who had done it.
After the bombing MLK got police protection. And the police department put out a bounty for $500. And the Kings move and stay at Dexter deacon j.
https://youtu.be/wTsa8sDYzuw
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/kings-home-bombed
Made by Brayden Dotson

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Martin Luther King Jr. - House Bombing | American Freedom Stories | Biography

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Downtown, Greensboro, North Carolina Peyton McDaniel

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Downtown, Greensboro, North Carolina Peyton McDaniel

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Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph McNeil

The Sit-in in North Carolina was when young African Americans would go and sit in a restaurant even if they wouldn’t be served because they wanted to show it was unfair to be judged by the color of their skin.

This sit-in led to many more sit-ins taking places across the country. The message/purpose of the sit-in was eventually heard through the civil rights act.

Greenshttps://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/greensboro-sit-

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The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in February to July 1960, primarily in the Woolworth store-now the International Civil Rights Center and Museum-in Greensboro, North Carolina, which led to the F. W. Woolworth Company department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States. While not the first sit-in of the civil rights movement, the Greensboro sit-ins were an instrumental action, and also the best-known sit-ins of the civil rights movement. They are considered a catalyst to the subsequent sit-in movement, in which 70,000 people participated. This sit-in was a contributing factor in the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

In August 1939, African-American attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker organized the Alexandria Library sit-in in Virginia (now the Alexandria Black History Museum). In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality sponsored sit-ins in Chicago, as they did in St. Louis in 1949 and Baltimore in 1952. College students led a successful 1955 sit-in at Read's Drug Store in Baltimore, but the event received less widespread attention than the Greensboro sit-ins. The Dockum Drug Store sit-in in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, was successful in ending segregation at every Dockum Drug Store in Kansas and the Katz Drug Store sit-in in Oklahoma City the same year led the Katz Drug Stores to end its segregation policy. Like the Greensboro sit-ins, the participants in the two 1958 sit-ins employed a similar strategy and sought to desegregate store lunch counters. Between 1958 and 1964, Oklahoma City would serve as a hotspot for sit-ins.

Activists' plan

The Greensboro Four (as they would soon be known) were Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair Jr., and David Richmond, all young black students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in their freshman year who often met in their dorm rooms to discuss what they could do to stand against segregation. They were inspired by Martin Luther King Jr. and his practice of nonviolent protest, and specifically wanted to change the segregational policies of F. W. Woolworth Company in Greensboro, North Carolina. During Christmas vacation of 1959, McNeil attempted to buy a hot dog at the Greensboro Greyhound Lines bus station, but was refused service. Shortly thereafter, the four men decided that it was time to take action against segregation. They came up with a simple plan: they would occupy seats at the local F. W. Woolworth Company store, ask to be served, and when they were inevitably denied service, they would not leave. They would repeat this process every day for as long as it would take. Their goal was to attract widespread media attention to the issue, forcing Woolworth to implement desegregation.

The event took place at this Woolworth five-and-dime store.

On February 1, 1960, at 4:30 pm ET, the four sat down at the 66-seat L-shaped stainless steel lunch counter inside the F. W. Woolworth Company store at 132 South Elm Street in Greensboro, North Carolina. The men, Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph McNeil, who would become known as the A&T Four or the Greensboro Four, had purchased toothpaste and other products from a desegregated counter at the store with no problems, but were then refused service at the store's lunch counter when they each asked for a cup of coffee and a donut with cream on the side. According to a witness, a white waitress told the boys "We don't serve Negroes here". Blair responded that he was just served 2 feet away, to which the waitress replied "Negroes eat at the other end". An African-American girl who was cleaning behind the counter called them "stupid, ignorant, rabble-rousers, troublemakers". Another African-American told them, "You're just hurting race relations by sitting there". However, an elderly white woman told them, "I am just so proud of you. My only regret is that you didn't do this ten or fifteen years ago". Store manager Clarence Harris asked them to leave, and, when they would not budge, called his supervisor, who told him, "They'll soon give up, leave and be forgotten". Harris allowed the students to stay and did not call police to evict them. The four freshmen stayed until the store closed that night, and then went back to the North Carolina A&T University campus, where they recruited more students to join them the next morning.

The next day, on February 2, 1960, more than twenty black students (including four women), recruited from other campus groups, joined the sit-in. This group sat with school work to stay busy from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. The group was again refused service, and were harassed by the white customers at the Woolworth store. However, the sit-ins made local news on the second day, with reporters, a TV cameraman and police officers present throughout the day. Back on campus that night, the Student Executive Committee for Justice was organized, and the committee sent a letter asking the president of F.W. Woolworth to "take a firm stand to eliminate discrimination." Upon hearing of the sit-ins, the president of the college, Warmoth T. Gibbs, remarked that Woolworth's "did not have the reputation for fine food". The students wrote the following letter to the president of Woolworth's:

Dear Mr. President: We the undersigned are students at the Negro college in the city of Greensboro. Time and time again we have gone into Woolworth stores in Greensboro. We have bought thousands of items at the hundreds of counters in your stores. Our money was accepted without rancor or discrimination, and with politeness towards us, when at a long counter just three feet away our money is not acceptable because of the colour of our skins...... We are asking your company to take a firm stand to eliminate discrimination. We firmly believe that God will give you courage and guidance in solving the problem. Sincerely Yours, Student Executive Committee

On February 3, 1960, the number grew to over 60, including students from Dudley High School. An estimated one third of the protesters were women, many of them students from Bennett College, a historically black women's college in Greensboro. White customers heckled the black students, who read books and studied, while the lunch counter staff continued to refuse service. North Carolina's official chaplain of the Ku Klux Klan ( Kludd), George Dorsett, as well as other members of the Klan, were present. The F.W. Woolworth national headquarters said that the company would "abide by local custom" and maintain its segregation policy.

On February 4, 1960, more than 300 people took part. The group now included students from North Carolina A&T University, Bennett College, and Dudley High School, and they filled the entire seating area at the lunch counter. Three white female students from the Woman's College of the University of North Carolina (now University of North Carolina at Greensboro), Genie Seaman, Marilyn Lott, and Ann Dearsley, also joined the protest. Organizers agreed to expand the sit-in protests to include the lunch counter at Greensboro's S. H. Kress & Co. store that day. Students, college administrators, and representatives from F.W. Woolworth and Kress met to discuss, but with the stores' refusal to integrate, the meeting was not resolved.

On February 5, 1960, a high tension environment at the Woolworth counter emerged when 50 white men sat at the counter, in opposition to the protesters, which now included white college students. Again, more than 300 were at the store by 3:00 pm, at which time the police removed two young white customers for swearing and yelling, and then police arrested three white patrons before the store closed at 5:30 pm. Another meeting between students, college officials, and store representatives took place, and again there was no resolution. The store representatives were frustrated that only certain segregated stores were being protested, and asked for intervention by the college administrators, while some administrators suggested a temporary closure of the counters.

On Saturday, February 6, 1960, over 1,400 North Carolina A&T students met in the Richard B. Harrison Auditorium on campus. They voted to continue the protests and went to the Woolworth store, filling up the store. More than 1,000 protesters and counter-protesters packed themselves into the store by noon. Around 1 pm, a bomb threat set for 1:30 pm was delivered by call to the store, causing the protesters to head to the Kress store, which immediately closed, along with the Woolworth store.

On March 16, 1960, President Dwight D. Eisenhower expressed his concern for those who were fighting for their human and civil rights, saying that he was "deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution."

The sit-in movement then spread to other Southern cities, including Winston-Salem, Durham, Raleigh, Charlotte, Richmond, Virginia, and Lexington, Kentucky. In Nashville, Tennessee, students of the Nashville Student Movement were trained by civil rights activist James Lawson and had already started the sit-in process when Greensboro occurred. The Nashville sit-ins attained desegregation of the downtown department store lunch counters in May 1960. Most of these protests were peaceful, but there were instances of violence. In Chattanooga, Tennessee, tensions rose between blacks and whites and fights broke out. In Jackson, Mississippi, students from Tougaloo College staged a sit-in on May 28, 1963, recounted in the autobiography of Anne Moody, a participant. In Coming of Age in Mississippi, Moody describes their treatment from whites who were at the counter when they sat down, the formation of the mob in the store and how they managed finally to leave. The sit-ins spread to other forms of public accommodation, including transport facilities, swimming pools, lunch counters, libraries, art galleries, parks and beaches and museums, primarily in the South.

As the sit-ins continued, tensions started growing in Greensboro. Students began a far-reaching boycott of stores with segregated lunch counters. Sales at the boycotted stores dropped by a third, leading their owners to abandon segregation policies. On Monday, July 25, 1960, after nearly $200,000 in losses ($2 million in 2022 dollars), and a reduction in salary for not meeting sales goals, store manager Clarence Harris asked four black employees, Geneva Tisdale, Susie Morrison, Anetha Jones, and Charles Bess, to change out of their work clothes and order a meal at the counter. They were, quietly, the first to be served at a Woolworth lunch counter. Most stores were soon desegregated, though in Jackson, Tennessee, Woolworth's continued to be segregated until around 1965, despite multiple protests.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandated desegregation in public accommodations.

The International Civil Rights Center & Museum in Greensboro has portions of the lunch counter,and donated part of their lunch counter to the Smithsonian's African American Museum National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2016.

A four-seat portion of the lunch counter acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1993, is displayed in the National Museum of American History and a six-seat portion was donated to the Greensboro History Museum in 1993 is on display.

In 1990, the street south of the site was renamed February One Place, in commemoration of the date of the first Greensboro sit-in.

In 2002, the February One monument and sculpture by James Barnhill, depicting the Greensboro Four, was erected on North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University's campus.

On February 1, 2020, Google showed a Google Doodle of a diorama made by Karen Collins to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Greensboro sit-in.

On April 12, 2022, the Guilford County Board of Education voted to rename The Middle College at N.C. A&T, a high school for boys on the N.C. A&T campus, "A&T Four Middle College at North Carolina A&T State University" effective July 1, 2022.

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The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in February to July 1960, primarily in the Woolworth store-now the International Civil Rights Center and Museum-in Greensboro, North Carolina, which led to the F. W. Woolworth Company department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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Julian bond was Born in 1940 in Nashville, Tennessee, Bond moved to Pennsylvania as a young boy

his father Horace Mann Bond, became president of Lincoln University.

Bond was first elected to Georgia's House of Representatives in 1965 along with 10 other Black Americans

In 1968, Bond led an alternate delegation from Georgia to the Democratic National Convention in Chicago,

Bond served four terms in the Georgia House of Representatives, where he organized the legislature's Black Caucus before he was elected to the Georgia Senate in 1975.

In 1998, Bond became chair of the NAACP board of directors, a job he referred to as "the most powerful job a Black man can have in America." He served for 11 years.

Over the course of his lifetime, the civil rights leader received 25 honorary degrees. Bond died in Florida in 2015 at the age of 75.

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Remembering Julian Bond with the NAACP president

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Carter G. Woodson
1) Woodson believed that all Americans should look at the overlooked achievements that Black Americans have accomplished.
2) Woodson went though many obstacles to become a author of black Americans and a prominent historian.
3) Woodson was a teacher and principal before getting his bachelor’s degree in literature from Berea college.
4) Woodson became the second black American to obtain a PH.D. degree from Harvard University.
5) Woodson would later on get a job at Howard University as a Dean of the college of arts and sciences.
6) Woodson believed that white Americans dominated historical profession and had little interest in black history.
7) He saw that African Americans were being overlooked, ignored and suppressed by the writers of textbooks for history and the teachers who use them
8) Woodson helped expand black history month from one week of recognizing black Americans, to a month of recognizing black Americans and what they have accomplished.
https://youtube.com/watch?v=H3b3yrR3bPc&si=EnSIkaIECMiOmarE
Dane Sudduth

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Carlotta Walls
https://youtu.be/Lia2Wp0WbS4
- The youngest of nine students to desegregate Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas in September 1957.
- Violent behavior threatened the safety and motivated President Dwight D. Eisenhower to dispatch the Army’s 101st Airborne Division to protect their constitutional rights.
- She graduated from Little Rock Central High School in 1960.
- Attended Michigan State University for two years.
- Graduated from the University of Northern Colorado in 1968
- Served as president of the Little Rock Nine Foundation and is a member of the Denver Chapter of The Links, Incorporated, and the Johnson Legacy, Inc. Board of Directors.
- She’s an inductee in the Colorado Woman’s Hall of Fame.
- Pursued a successful career as a real estate broker for over 30 years.
Made by Abby Harrison in 8B history

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Elizabeth Eckford
1.she used to walk through a hateful mob
2.moved to St Louis and obtained a GED
3.In Illinois attended Knox College
4.one of the first African Americans to work in St Louis bank
5.is A U.S. veteran
6.worked as a substitute teacher
7. Attended a 12-week racial healing
8.was awarded the Humanitarian award
https://youtu.be/CAPOvdOEYE8

Manny diaz

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1. Got verbally harassed

2. Graduated from new Lincoln school in 1959

3. Studied journalism at southern Illinois university

4. She pursued peacemaking

5. Has numerous awards for social justice

6. She has a documentary

7. She was featured in numerous magazines

8.  Mother of 6 kids

https://youtu.be/sDGVS8WJzIg

Chase Cascio

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1. Jefferson Thomas was a track athlete at all-black Dunbar Junior High School
2. There he quickly became active in the NAACP Youth Council as Treasurer
3. served as State President of the Progressive Baptist Youth Convention
4. inducted into the United States Army
5.Thomas served as a member on the Board of Directors for the City of Refuge Learning Academy
6.He is the recipient of numerous awards from local and federal governmental agencies
7.Thomas was a quiet, soft spoken, unique, and special person
8.volunteer mentor in the Village to Child Program

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Malcom X was from Omaha, NE
Him and his family moved to Michigan after the Ku Klux Klan threatened them, even though the still got threats while at their new home. In 1931, Malcom’s father was murdered by a white supremacist group called the “Black Legionaries”. Malcom had dropped out of school and had began dealing drugs and earned the name “Detroit Red”, at 21 he was sent to prison for larceny.
In jail Malcom encountered the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, once he was out of prison he became the minister of Mosque No.7. With him joining the Nation of Islam grew 400 to 40,000 members within 8 years. In December 1963 he claimed that John F. Kennedy’s assassination was “the chickens coming home to roost” he left the organization for good. A few months later Malcom traveled to Saudi Arabia where he underwent a spiritual transformation: he said that real brotherhood had made him recognize that anger can blind human vision. He then returned to America, he found the organization of Afro-American Unity, which identified racism, and not the white as the enemy. His less violent philosophy became very famous and more influential, especially towards members of the student Non-Violent committee. In 1958, Malcom married Betty Shabazz, they had six children, all daughters. On February 21, 1965 Malcom was assassinated by three gunman at an Organization of Afro-American Unity rally in the Audubon Ballroom in New York City.

https://youtu.be/Gj89PEVUM88
- JJ Adams

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Malcolm X
1. Moved to Michigan as an infant
2. Family home was burned down by the KKK
3. Dad was believed to be murdered by white people, mom was put in an insane asylum
4. Was good at school but gave up after being told to become a carpenter instead of a lawyer
5. Was put into prison for a robbery
6. Studied in prison and when released he played a huge part in the Nations of Islam
7. Married and had a family
8. Was murdered by people of the group he used to lead

https://youtu.be/5PHqNR1KDcA
Paulette Lopez

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Carlotta Walls
https://youtu.be/Lia2Wp0WbS4
- The youngest of nine students to desegregate Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas in September 1957.
- Violent behavior threatened the safety and motivated President Dwight D. Eisenhower to dispatch the Army’s 101st Airborne Division to protect their constitutional rights.
- She graduated from Little Rock Central High School in 1960.
- Attended Michigan State University for two years.
- Graduated from the University of Northern Colorado in 1968
- Served as president of the Little Rock Nine Foundation and is a member of the Denver Chapter of The Links, Incorporated, and the Johnson Legacy, Inc. Board of Directors.
- She’s an inductee in the Colorado Woman’s Hall of Fame.
- Pursued a successful career as a real estate broker for over 30 years.
Abby Harrison

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Meeting up with a Key Member of the Little Rock Nine

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*James Weldon Johnson
*born in 1871
*he was inspired by his mom and her love for literature
*he used to teach at Stanton elementary
*he graduated from a college that taught black history
*then he eventually became the principal and expanded the school
*he also began studying law enforcement in 1898
*he was the first black man to be admitted to the Florida bar
*and he wrote poetry in his spare time.
https://youtu.be/zL_OwXhPKc8
Brayden Dotson

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Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI), Friendship Road, Baltimore, MD

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Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI), Friendship Road, Baltimore, MD

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Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI), Friendship Road, Baltimore, MD

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Thurgood Marshall
https://youtu.be/O0m9KUF1bRs
1. He was a civil rights lawyer who fought in court against Jim Crow and deconstruct segregation in the US Marshall who became the nations first Black United States Supreme Court Justice.

2. He is best known for arguing about the historic 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case. Later on,the Supreme Court declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional in public schools.

3. He graduated from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1930.

4.He later applied to the University of Maryland Law School but was rejected since he was Black.

5..Marshall received his law degree from Howard University Law School in 1933. He graduated first in his class.

6.Marshall has became one of the nation's leading attorneys. He argued 32 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, winning 29.

7. On Aug. 30, 1967, Marshall was confirmed by the U.S. Senate and joined the U.S. Supreme Court and made history by becoming the first Black justice.

8. Marshall has fought for affirmative action for minorities, held strong against the death penalty, and supported of a woman's right to choose if an abortion was appropriate for her.

Made by Milo Pancoast 8B History

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Medgar Evers
Evers fought in the battle of Normandy in WWll, he attended historically black Alcorn State University in Mississippi, Evers was NAACP's first field officer in Mississippi, Evers organized voter registration drives, Evers helped lead protests to desegregate public primary schools, parks, and Mississippi Gold Coast beaches, three decades later justice was finally served when De La Beckwith was found guilty of Evers's murder and sent to prison in his 70s, Evers was buried with full military honors in front of more than 3,000 people at Arlington National Cemetery, and Evers's family also carried his legacy forward both his wife Myrlie Evers-Williams and his brother Charles became prominent civil rights activists, with Myrlie serving as chairwoman of NAACP from 1995 to 1998. https://youtu.be/EST8rmZRrNk(copy and paste).

Done by,
Araf Evans

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Melba Pattillo Beals, Ph. D

1. Melba grew up around people that thought education was very important and needed in life.
2. Her mother, Lois, was one of the first African Americans that went to the university of Arkansas and graduated in 1954.
3. In the school industry she knew she wasn’t getting the same equal benefits as white people because she was black.
4. After Arkansas city schools got closed down, Melba moved to Santa Rosa, CA
5. Melba had sponsor parents her senior year in high school in CA.
6. She graduated from San Francisco state university with a bachelor in journalism.
7. Eventually, Melba got her Ph. D and started working as a reporter in San Francisco on television stations.
8. She now has 16 year old identical twins and a daughter that has her doctoral candidate in psychology.

https://youtu.be/EeCyB_rdisM

Olivia Richardson
Period: B8

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2. Got phd in psychology
3. Graduated at LA high school
4. Won congressional gold medal
5. Was constantly harassed as a child
6. Has 2 daughters in Pasadena

7 Is on board of economical resources
8. Wife is named Rita
https://youtu.be/-DFhQMIbnYc

Lillian Loss

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Martin Luther King Jr.

He took a leadership role in the civil rights movement

He got arrested and put in prison many timesfor his protests

He was effective with his protests because he was non violent

He was willing to protest even to death

He gave the “I Have a Dream” speech

He spoke out against the Vietnam war and economic issues

He became very well known throughout the country

He was assassinated in 1983

https://youtu.be/YrNag04IZoM

Rhodes Freeman

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Charles Hamilton Houston

1. served as a First Lieutenant in World War I
2. went to Harvard Law school
3. Died in 1950 from a heart attack
4. Exposed the phrase separate but equal
5. first Black student to be elected to the editorial board
6. mentored a generation of young Black lawyers
7. Dean of Harvard
8. He played a pivotal role in nearly every Supreme Court

https://youtu.be/IiceHi8BwyM

Brooke Hamilton

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Ernest Green

1. Mr. Green was the first African American to earn his high school diploma from Central High School
2. he was awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award
3. produced and distributed by the Walt Disney Corporation
4. has served as senior investment banker on transactions for such key clients
5. he was presented by President Clinton with the Congressional Gold Medal.
6. He is the proud father of Adam, Jessica and McKenzie Ann.
7. Ernest G. Green is the Managing Director of Public Finance for Lehman Brothers
8. Secretary of Education, Richard W. Riley, appointed him Chairman of the Historically Black Colleges and Universities Capital Financing Advisory Board. https://youtu.be/kG_caPWWCCIhttps://youtu.be/kG_caPWWCCI

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Thelma Mothershed Wair
1.received her diploma from Central High School by mail
2.graduated Southern Illinois University in 1964
3.she earned her degree in Home Economics Education
4.masters in Guidance and Counseling
5.masters in Administrative Certificate in Education
6.worked at St. Clair County Jail
7.was an instructor of survival skills for homeless women
8. Won the NAACP’s Spingarn Medal
https://youtu.be/sDGVS8WJzIg

Brody

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Mary White Ovington
Video: https://youtu.be/DWCiEln_hNg

Born in 1865 to parents who supported Women’s rights and end of slavery.

She joined the Civil Rights Movement when visiting Brooklyn church to hear Fredrick Douglass speak.

Helped establish the Greenpoint Settlement and Greenwich House Committee.

Ovington help found NAACP and was appointed executive secretary of NAACP in 1910 then after WW1 she severed as the organization’s chair.

She fully dedicated to the civil rights after reading an article on a race riot in Springfield, Illinois.

Gave a series of speeches to dozens of colleges teaching the whites also opposed discrimination. “The power the race has gained.”

She died in 1951 at the age of 86 after severing nearly four decades as a Civil Rights Activist and Suffragist.

In 2009, she was acknowledged for her work by being depicted on a U.S postage stamp.

Alexis Beaudry