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Plato was a philosopher during the 5th century BCE. He was a student of Socrates and later taught Aristotle. He founded the Academy, an academic program which many consider to be the first Western university. He also wrote at least 25 known philosophical works.

His main ideas were similar to those of humanistic and cognitive psychology. Also evolutionary a little bit.

His contributions are of philosophical subfields, including ethics, cosmology, and metaphysics. Plato also examined the natural world and the philosophical implications it held.

Meinwald, C. C. (1999, May 27). Plato | Life, Philosophy, & Works. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plato

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Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist. He had a vast intellectual range and studied multiple subjects in social and scientific fields. Aristotle's school of thought closely relates to humanism since he believed in the soul and free will. Aristotle was considered by some to be the father of psychology and took psychology as a branch of science investigating the soul and its properties.

Amadio, Anselm H. and Kenny, Anthony J.P.. "Aristotle". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristotle. Accessed 8 March 2023.

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John Locke was born in England and was educated at Oxford. He served as a private physician and tutor before becoming a writer in his later years.

Locke is mostly know for his economic and political views. In psychology, he promoted the idea of a tabula rasa. In this idea, humans are born with a "blank slate" and develop their intelligence and personality based on their interactions with others, education, and environment.

Many of his ideas form the basis of both behaviorism and social psychology.

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German physician with an interest in astronomy. He theorized the existence of a natural energy transference occurring between all animated and inanimate objects; this he called "animal magnetism", sometimes later referred to as mesmerism. He also studied a lot of things that would point to hypnosis.

Ideas of biological and mesmerism for psychology.

He was known for animal magnetism. Alleviating certain nervous disorders in patients. After further investigation of the trance state by his followers it led to the development of applications of hypnotism.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023, March 1). Franz Anton Mesmer | German physician. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Anton-Mesmer

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Gustav Fechner (April 19, 1801 – November 18, 1887)

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Gustav Fechner (April 19, 1801 – November 18, 1887)

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Gustav Fechner revolutionized experimental psychology with the foundation of psychophysics, which is a technique used to measure the mind. He was a biopsychologist since he studied the brain and neurotransmitters and how they influence human behaviors. He contributed heavily to biopsychology through the foundation of Weber's law and Fechner's law.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Gustav Fechner". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Nov. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gustav-Fechner. Accessed 8 March 2023.

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Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, German physicist and physician, made significant contributions to a number of scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability.

Hermann Helmholtz was a believer in the school of Sociocultural psychology.

In addition to developing the concept of energy conservation and the vortex equations for fluid dynamics, Helmholtz also created the ophthalmoscope and introduced the concept of free energy in thermodynamics.

Pearce, L. “Hermann von Helmholtz | German scientist and philosopher.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hermann-von-Helmholtz. Accessed 10 March 2023.

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Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was a German physiologist, philosopher, and professor who is now known as one of the fathers of modern psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt was a believer in the idea of structuralism; focusing on breaking down mental processes into the most essential components.

Wilhelm's creation of the psychology laboratory shaped psychology as a separate research field with its own methods and questions. Wilhelm Wundt's contribution to experimental psychology also laid the foundation for behaviorism, and many of his experimental methods are still used today.

Mcleod, Saul. “Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology.” Simply Psychology, 15 February 2023, https://simplypsychology.org/wundt.html. Accessed 10 March 2023.

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When James was 18, he tried studying art but got bored of it and went to Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University and studied medicine. He then went to the Amazon to do a study and ended up getting sick and went back to Harvard to keep studying but found interest in psychology when sick.

In psychology believed in functionalism and physiological psychology.

Contributions were functionalism as a whole and advancing the movement of pragmatism in philosophy.

Kallen, H. M. (2023, February 15). William James | Life, Books, Psychology, Contribution, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-James

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Stanley G. Hall (February 1, 1844 - died April 24, 1924)

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Stanley G. Hall (February 1, 1844 - died April 24, 1924)

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Stanley G. Hall was regarded as the founder of child psychology and educational psychology and earned the first Ph.D. degree in psychology granted in the United States at Harvard University. He was an evolutionary psychologist since his main theory was the recapitulation theory which suggests that humans display behaviors of our evolutionary ancestors during development.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "G. Stanley Hall". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/G-Stanley-Hall. Accessed 9 March 2023.

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Went to school at the University of St. Petersburg, where he studied chemistry and physiology. Pavlov’s first independent research was on the physiology of the circulatory system. He investigated cardiac physiology and the regulation of blood pressure. He was also a skillful surgeon.

He believed in behavioralism and created it.

Best known for coming up with and proving the idea of classical conditioning with dogs and food and how it relates to humans.

Gantt, W. H. (2023, February 23). Ivan Pavlov | Biography, Theory, Conditioning, Dog, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Pavlov

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Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939)

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Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939)

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Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis which is a school of thought that suggests human behavior is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges. His theories suggest there are connections between the conscious mind, the subconscious mind, the body, and the world around us. Sigmund Freud single-handedly invented a new idea that is still widely accepted in modern psychology.

Jay, Martin Evan. "Sigmund Freud". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud. Accessed 8 March 2023.

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Mary Calkins established one of the first psychological laboratories in the country at Wellesley College, she published four books and over a hundred papers in psychology and philosophy. Mary was a cognitive psychologist since she focused on studying how people think. She was able to contribute to cognitive psychology through her paired association technique and her work in self-psychology.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mary Whiton Calkins". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Feb. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Whiton-Calkins. Accessed 8 March 2023.

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English psychologist Charles Edward Spearman, FRS, is renowned for his work in statistics, for helping to develop factor analysis, and for the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.

Charles Edward Spearman's school of psychology is biopsychological.

As the creator of the statistical technique now known as factor analysis and the so-called Spearman-Brown prophecy formula for determining the validity of psychological tests, he made significant contributions to the quantitative representation of the structure of human intelligence and abilities.

“Spearman, Charles Edward.” Encyclopedia.com, https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/spearman-charles-edward. Accessed 10 March 2023.

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Jean Charcot was the founder of modern neurology. Jean Charcot was a biopsychologist who contributed to the field through his research in determining which parts of the brain are responsible for specific nerve functions. On top of that, he discovered the importance of small arteries in cerebral hemorrhage.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jean-Martin Charcot". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Nov. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Martin-Charcot. Accessed 8 March 2023.

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Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire time in the field at Teachers College, Columbia University.

Edward Lee Thorndike was a part of the Sociocultural school of physcology.

His research on comparative psychology and the learning process gave rise to connectionism and contributed to the development of the academic basis for educational psychology.

“Edward L. Thorndike | American psychologist | Britannica.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 February 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-L-Thorndike. Accessed 10 March 2023.

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He had a lonely childhood and liked to observe his parents and teachers' behavior. Studied at the University of Zürich
He founded analytic psychology, in some respects a response to Sigmund Freud ’s psychoanalysis and worked closely with him.

Believed in psychoanalysis.

He founded analytical psychology and was among the first experts in his field to explore the religious nature behind human psychology.

Gantt, W. H. (2023, February 23). Ivan Pavlov | Biography, Theory, Conditioning, Dog, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-Pavlov

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American psychologist John Broadus Watson popularized behaviorism as a psychological school and as a scientific theory.

As the founder of behaviorism his school of thought is clear behaviorism.

Watson created the idea which placed more emphasis on people's outward behavior and responses to specific situations than on their inner mental states.

“John B. Watson | Contributions, Theory, & Biography.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-B-Watson. Accessed 10 March 2023.

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He was born and educated in Berlin, Germany. His family was in the legal profession for more than a generation. He was influenced by his maternal uncle, a biologist, to pursue science.

He believed in psychoanalysis.

He established Gestalt psychology. Which showed that we perceive in terms of whole objects, which are greater than the sum of their parts.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, July 20). Kurt Koffka | German psychologist. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kurt-Koffka

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American physiologist and sleep researcher who served as Professor Emeritus in Physiology at the University of Chicago. He is recognized as the father of modern sleep research, and is the author of the seminal 1939 book Sleep and Wakefulness.

He believed in psychoanalytic and a bit of cognitive psychology.

He was interested in "rest-activity" cycles, leading to many fundamental findings on circadian and ultradian rhythms. Kleitman proposed the existence of a Basic rest activity cycle, or BRAC, during both sleep and wakefulness.

Wikipedia contributors. (2023, March 6). Nathaniel Kleitman. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Kleitman

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Anna Freud (December 3, 1895 – October 9, 1982)

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Anna Freud (December 3, 1895 – October 9, 1982)

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Anna Freud was the daughter of Sigmund Freud and followed in his footsteps becoming a psychoanalyst. She was able to contribute to psychoanalysis through her foundation of child psychoanalysis. This work made massive strides in helping psychologists expand their understanding of child psychology. Furthermore, she contributed fundamentally to understanding how consciousness prevents painful ideas and feelings.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Anna Freud". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anna-Freud. Accessed 8 March 2023.

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Burrhus Frederic (BF) Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.

BF was most known for his school of thought being behaviorism and especially radical behaviorism.

According to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, a child's behavior can be affected by both positive and negative reinforcements. This idea has influenced how people view child development. The behavioral theory of personality, which explains how our actions are influenced by our past experiences, was also influenced by this.

Cherry, Kendra. “B. F. Skinner: Biography of the Influential Behaviorist.” Verywell Mind, 23 August 2022, https://www.verywellmind.com/b-f-skinner-biography-1904-1990-2795543. Accessed 10 March 2023.

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Awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his work on split-brain research, Roger Wolcott Sperry was an American neuropsychologist, neurobiologist, and cognitive neuroscientist.

Roger Sperry's school of physiology is biopsychological.

Roger Sperry discovered that people have two distinct minds. He discovered that the left and right sides of the human brain each have distinct functions and can practically function independently.

“A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Roger Sperry.” PBS, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhsper.html. Accessed 10 March 2023.

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Eugene Aerensky is best known for his discovery of REM sleep. This discovery was made after spending hours observing sleeping subjects' eyelids.

He would have believed in the school of Biopsychological.

Eugene helped change the ways we think about sleep in psychology.

Brown, Chip. “The Stubborn Scientist Who Unraveled A Mystery of the Night.” Smithsonian Magazine, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-stubborn-scientist-who-unraveled-a-mystery-of-the-night-91514538/. Accessed 10 March 2023.

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An American psychologist who went to Harvard and received a doctorate in social relations. Before he died he was a Professor of Behavioral Biology at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Believed and studied cognitive psychology mostly which is the study of the brain and process'.

Discovered self-stimulation or intracranial self-stimulation, which is intimately related to the brain pathways that mediate positive reinforcement. Most known is the experiment he conducted with the rats and their reaction to electrical stimulus in the brain.

Olds, James (1922-1973) | Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/olds-james-1922-1973#:~:text=Olds%20received%20his%20doctoral%20training%20in%20the%20department,included%20social%2C%20experimental%2C%20and%20clinical%20psychology%20and%20sociology.

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Torsten Nils Wiesel is a Swedish neurophysiologist who received the Nobel prize in psychology or medicine.

Torsten would have been Biopsychological because he analyzed how the brain, neurotransmitters, and other aspects of our biology influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

He discovered a critical period in both the development of the visual system and the study of visual information processing in the visual cortex of the brain.

“Torsten Wiesel | Biography, Nobel Prize, & Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Torsten-Wiesel. Accessed 10 March 2023.

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Albert Bandura (December 4, 1925 - July 26, 2021)

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Albert Bandura (December 4, 1925 - July 26, 2021)

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Albert Bandura was a psychology professor at Stanford University who founded the social cognitive theory. He was a behaviorist since he studied how different environments affect behavior. His best contribution to the field of psychology was the “Bobo doll” experiment, which demonstrated that children can learn behaviors through the observation of adults.

Nolen, Jeannette L.. "Albert Bandura". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Feb. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-Bandura. Accessed 8 March 2023.

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William Dement was a leader in sleep studies as he created the fields of sleep research and sleep medicine. He was a biopsychologist since he worked on studying neurotransmitters and the brain. His most impactful contribution to biopsychology was his work with Eugene Aserinsky to discover rapid eye movement (REM) during sleep.

Andersen, Monica L., and Sergio Tufik. “William Charles Dement.” National Library of Medicine, 13 Oct. 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7856665/. Accessed 9 Mar. 2023.

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Michael Gazzaniga (December 12, 1939 - Present)

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Michael Gazzaniga (December 12, 1939 - Present)

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Michael Gazzaniga is a professor of psychology at the University of California. He is one of the leading researchers in cognitive neuroscience and studies the neural basis of the mind. He is a cognitive psychologist since his work focuses on studying how and why we think the way we do. He is best known for discovering in patients whose brain hemispheres had been disconnected, the two hemispheres could still function as if they were stitched together.

Bob Johnson. “Michael Gazzaniga.” The Information Philosopher, https://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/gazzaniga/. Accessed 9 Mar. 2023.

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Was born in India and the son of a United Nations engineer who worked as a diplomat in Bangkok, Thailand. His early education took place in British schools in both Madras, India and Bangkok. After graduating in Medicine at the University of Madras in Chennai, India, he received a Ph.D. in experimental neuroscience from the University of Cambridge. He is also a professor at University of California.

He mainly worked in cognitive, psychoanalytic, and biological schools of psychology.

His main contributions are related to mirror neurons, phantom limbs, synesthesia, the broken mirrors theory of autism, and sleep paralysis and help us understand human consciousness.

A. (2020, May 27). Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran. Exploring Your Mind. https://exploringyourmind.com/vilayanur-subramanian-ramachandran/

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Alfred Adler was an Austrian physician and psychiatrist who is considered the first community psychologist because his work pioneered attention to community life, prevention, and population health. He is best known for forming the school of thought known as individual psychology (his school of thought). One of his other major contributions to the field of physiology was the inferiority feeling and inferiority complex, which he believed played a major part in the formation of personality.

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Mary Ainsworth (December 1, 1913 - March 21, 1999)

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Mary Ainsworth (December 1, 1913 - March 21, 1999)

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Mary Ainsworth is an American-Canadian developmental psychologist, feminist, and army veteran who specialized in child psychology. She was a member of the Sociocultural school of psychology but she could also be argued to be a believer in the Behaviorism school. Mary Ainsworth studied attachment theory, which suggests that young children form bonds with their caregivers. These bonds are essential for the child's development and well-being.

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Gordon Allport (November 11, 1897 - October 9, 1967)

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Gordon Allport (November 11, 1897 - October 9, 1967)

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Gordon Allport was a pioneering psychologist often referred to as one of the founders of personality psychology. He rejected two of the dominant schools of thought in psychology at the time, psychoanalysis and behaviorism, in favor of his own approach that stressed the importance of individual differences and situational variables. Allport is best known for the concept that, although adult motives develop from infantile drives, they become independent of them. Allport called this concept functional autonomy.

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Alfred Binet was a French psychologist known for his contributions to the development of intelligence tests. Binet was influenced by the emerging field of experimental psychology and believed in the importance of scientific measurement and observation. He created the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, which was the first standardized intelligence test. This test later became the basis for the modern IQ test.

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Jean Piaget (August 9, 1896 -  September 16, 1980)

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Jean Piaget (August 9, 1896 -  September 16, 1980)

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Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and epistemologist who primarily researched child development. Jean Piaget is best known for developing the theory of human cognitive development and being the first to make a systematic study of the acquisition of understanding in children. He was considered a developmental psychologist since he focused on researching child development.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jean Piaget". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Piaget. Accessed 15 April 2023.

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Robert Rescorla was a psychologist who focused his work on classical conditioning. He established that in classical conditioning, pairing two stimuli doesn't always produce the same level of conditioning. Conditioning works better if the conditioned stimulus is a reliable signal to predict the appearance of the unconditioned stimulus. He was an experimental psychologist due to his focus on conditioning.

Gallistel, C. R. (2021). Robert Rescorla: Time, information and contingency [Robert Rescorla: Tiempo, información y contingencia]. Revista de Historia de la Psicología, 42(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.5093/rhp2021a3

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Carl Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987)

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Carl Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987)

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Carl Rogers was an American psychologist who is thought of as one of the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. He developed the client-centered, approach to psychotherapy and the concept of unconditional positive regard. His humanistic theory of personality development states all humans exist in a world that is loaded with experiences. These experiences then create their reactions involving external people and objects. Carl Rogers is a humanistic psychologist because he is one of the founding members of this approach.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Carl Rogers". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Rogers. Accessed 15 April 2023.

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Hermann Rorschach (November 8, 1884 - April 2, 1922)

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Hermann Rorschach (November 8, 1884 - April 2, 1922)

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Hermann Rorschach was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Herman Rorschach was a psychoanalyst as he developed tests to study the unconscious mind. He is best known for developing a projective test called the Rorschach test. This test uses a set of inkblots and the subjects make perceptions of the inkblots which are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Hermann Rorschach". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hermann-Rorschach. Accessed 16 April 2023.

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Julian Rotter (October 22, 1916 – January 6, 2014)

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Julian Rotter (October 22, 1916 – January 6, 2014)

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Julian Rotter was an American psychologist who is known for developing the social learning theory and locus of control. The social learning theory states that personality represents the interaction of the individual with their environment. Locus of control refers to an individual's perception of the underlying causes of life events. Julian Rotter was an environmental psychologist since his work explores the relationship between humans and the environment.

"Rotter, Julian B. ." Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2023 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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Stanley Schachter (April 15, 1922 – June 7, 1997)

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Stanley Schachter (April 15, 1922 – June 7, 1997)

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Stanley Schachter was an American social psychologist who did research for Columbia and Minnesota University. He was best known for working with Jerome E. Singer to develop the two-factor theory of emotion in 1962. The two-factor theory states that emotions are made from physiological arousal and a cognitive label. Physiological arousal is cognitively interpreted in each situation to produce an emotional experience. Stanley Schachter was a social psychologist since he researched how people's perceptions and actions are influenced by environmental factors.

"Schachter, Stanley ." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. . Encyclopedia.com. 13 Apr. 2023 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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Martin Seligman (August 12, 1942 - Present)

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Martin Seligman (August 12, 1942 - Present)

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Martin Seligman is an American psychologist, author, and educator. Martin Seligman is a behavioral psychologist because his work centers around thoughts, emotions, and reinforcement. He is known for his research in positive psychology and his theory of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is when people are conditioned to believe that a bad situation is unchangeable even when a solution is possible.

Pennock, Seph F. “Who Is Martin Seligman and What Does He Do?” Postiviepsychology.com, 20 Sept. 2016, https://positivepsychology.com/who-is-martin-seligman/. Accessed 17 Apr. 2023.

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Robert Sternberg (December 8, 1949 - Present)

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Robert Sternberg (December 8, 1949 - Present)

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Robert Sternberg is an American psychologist and professor of human development at Cornell University. He is known best for his triarchic theory of intelligence. This theory states that there are three distinct types of intelligence: practical, distinct, and analytical. This theory goes against the psychometric approach to intelligence and takes a cognitive approach. Robert Sternberg was a cognitive psychologist since his theory is focused on how people think.

"Sternberg, Robert J(effrey) 1949- ." Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series. . Encyclopedia.com. 12 Apr. 2023 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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Lewis Terman (January 15, 1877 – December 21, 1956)

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Lewis Terman (January 15, 1877 – December 21, 1956)

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Lewis Terman was an American psychologist and author at the University of Stanford who developed the Stanford-Binet scale. The Standford-Binet scale helped to revolutionize the testing of children in order to find giftedness. He conducted a longitudinal study of gifted children called “Terman's Termites" where he tracked gifted children throughout their lives, with many ending up in successful positions. Lewis Terman was a cognitive psychologist since he worked with thought processess and the brain.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Lewis Terman". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lewis-Terman. Accessed 16 April 2023

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Louis Thurstone (29 May 1887 – 29 September 1955)

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Louis Thurstone (29 May 1887 – 29 September 1955)

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Louis Thurstone was an American psychologist who made a profound impact on psychometrics, a science that measures mental functions. He is best known for developing statistical techniques for factor analysis of performance on psychological tests and the law of comparative judgment. Louis Thurstone best fits as a biological psychologist since he made strides in the science behind psychology.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "L. L. Thurstone". Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 Sep. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/L-L-Thurstone. Accessed 17 April 2023.

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Edward Tolman was an American psychologist and a professor at the University of California. He is known for the concepts of cognitive maps and latent learning or incidental learning. Latent learning is a type of passive learning which involves no reward or punishment after you're exposed to new information. Edward Tolman was a cognitive psychologist because he studied how the mind thinks in terms of learning.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Edward C. Tolman". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Apr. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-C-Tolman. Accessed 17 April 2023

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Allan Wagner (6 January 1934 - 28 September 2018)

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Allan Wagner (6 January 1934 - 28 September 2018)

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Allan Wagner was an American psychologist who worked as the head of psychology at Yale University. His work was primarily on associative learning and habituation. He co-authored the influential Rescorla–Wagner model of Pavlovian conditioning, the Standard Operating Procedures theory of associative learning, and the Replaced Elements Model of configural representation. Allan Wagner was a behavioral psychologist because his work focuses on learning in relation to the environment.

Hara, Takako. “Allan R. Wagner.” Association for Psychological Science, 30 Apr. 2013, https://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/observer/25at25/allan-r-wagner.html. Accessed 17 Apr. 2023.

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Al Washburn was a psychologist who trained himself to swallow a balloon that was attached to a tube. Afterward, the balloon was inflated inside his stomach and when inflated, he did not feel hungry.

*I could not find much information on Al Washburn

Hara, Takako F. “Hunger and Eating.” California State University, Northridge, 1997, https://http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/hunger.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20notorious%20balloon%20study,was%20removed%20still%20felt%20hungry.com/who-is-martin-seligman/. Accessed 17 Apr. 2023.

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Gordon Bower was an American psychologist known for his work in cognitive psychology and memory research. Bower was part of the cognitive revolution in psychology, which emphasized the study of mental processes such as attention, perception, and memory. He developed the concept of associative network models, which explain how memories are organized in the brain. He also conducted research on the effects of imagery on memory.

Genzlinger, Neil. “Gordon Bower, Inventive Memory Researcher, Is Dead at 87 (Published 2020).” The New York Times, 19 July 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/19/science/gordon-bower-dead.html. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Donald Broadbent was a British psychologist known for his work in the field of cognitive psychology and attention research. Broadbent was a part of the information-processing approach to psychology, which views the mind as a computer-like system that processes information. He developed the influential theory of selective attention, which explains how people can selectively attend to certain stimuli while ignoring others. He also conducted research on auditory perception and memory.

“Donald Broadbent.” New World Encyclopedia, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Donald_Broadbent. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Paul Broca was a French physician and anatomist known for his work in brain research and the discovery of Broca's area. Broca was part of the phrenology movement, which viewed personality and intelligence by the shape and size of the brain. He discovered the region in the brain responsible for language production (Broca's area). This discovery helped to establish the field of neuropsychology and the study of brain function.

“Paul Broca | French anthropologist and pathologist | Britannica.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Broca. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Walter Cannon was an American physiologist known for his work in the field of psychobiology and the development of the concept of homeostasis. Cannon was part of the functionalist approach to psychology, which emphasized the importance of studying how the mind and body function in the real world. He developed the concept of homeostasis, which refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment. He also conducted research on the physiological responses to stress and the fight-or-flight response.

“Walter Bradford Cannon | Medical Education - Harvard Medical School.” Harvard Medical School, https://meded.hms.harvard.edu/walter-bradford-cannon. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Rosalyn Cartwright was an American psychologist known for her work in the field of sleep and dream research. Cartwright was part of the cognitive approach to psychology, which emphasizes studying mental processes such as perception, attention, and memory.

She conducted research on the relationship between dreaming and emotional processing, and developed the influential theory of the function of dreams.

“In memoriam: Sleep and dreams pioneer Rosalind Cartwright, PhD | AASM.” American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 19 October 2022, https://aasm.org/in-memoriam-sleep-dreams-rosalind-cartwright/. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Raymond Cattell was a British-American psychologist known for his work in personality research and the development of factor analysis. Cattell was part of the trait approach to personality, which emphasizes the study of stable personality characteristics and individual differences. He developed the 16 Personality Factors (16PF) model of personality, which is still widely used in personality research. He also developed the technique of factor analysis, which is used to identify underlying factors in large datasets.

“Raymond Cattell | Department of Psychology.” Harvard Psychology, https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/raymond-cattell. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Noam Chomsky was an American linguist and philosopher known for his work in the field of linguistics and the development of the theory of generative grammar. Chomsky was part of the cognitive approach to psychology, which emphasizes the study of mental processes such as perception, attention, and memory. He developed the theory of generative grammar, which explains how humans are able to produce and understand an infinite.

McGilvray, James A. “Noam Chomsky | Biography, Theories, Books, Psychology, & Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 April 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Noam-Chomsky. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Herman Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who is known for his pioneering work in the field of memory. He is credited with the development of the "forgetting curve," which describes the rate at which information is forgotten over time. Ebbinghaus was part of the structuralist school of psychology, which focused on breaking down complex mental processes into their component parts. Ebbinghaus is most famous for his work on memory, including his discovery of the forgetting curve and the development of the "nonsense syllable" technique for studying memory. He also developed the concept of "serial learning," which involves memorizing a list of items in a specific order.

“Hermann Ebbinghaus | German psychologist | Britannica.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 February 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hermann-Ebbinghaus. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Paul Ekman is an American psychologist who is known for his research on emotions and facial expressions. He is also the creator of the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which is used to measure and analyze facial expressions. Ekman is part of the cognitive-behavioral school of psychology, which focuses on the role of thoughts and behaviors in mental processes. Ekman's work on facial expressions and emotions has had a significant impact on the field of psychology. He has identified several universal facial expressions, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise. He has also conducted extensive research on the role of emotions in social interactions and has developed several techniques for detecting deception.

“Paul Ekman | Profile | Greater Good.” Greater Good Science Center, https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/profile/paul_ekman. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Erik Erikson was a German-American psychologist who is known for his theory of psychosocial development. He believed that individuals go through eight stages of development throughout their lives, each characterized by a specific psychological crisis. Erikson is part of the humanistic school of psychology, which emphasizes the importance of personal growth and self-actualization. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development has had a significant impact on the field of psychology. He believed that individuals go through eight stages of development, each characterized by a specific psychological crisis that must be resolved in order to progress to the next stage. He also emphasized the importance of social interaction and cultural factors in shaping an individual's development.

“Erik Erikson | Department of Psychology.” Harvard Psychology, https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/erik-erikson. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) was a German-British psychologist who is known for his research on personality and intelligence. He developed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, which is still used today to assess personality traits. Eysenck is part of the behaviorist school of psychology, which emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior. Eysenck's research on personality and intelligence has had a significant impact on the field of psychology. He developed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, which assesses an individual's personality traits along three dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. He also conducted extensive research on intelligence and believed that it was largely determined by genetic factors.

Cherry, Kendra. “Psychologist Hans Eysenck Biography.” Verywell Mind, https://www.verywellmind.com/hans-eysenck-1916-1997-2795509. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Howard Gardner is an American psychologist who is known for his theory of multiple intelligences. He believes that intelligence is not a single, unified entity, but rather a collection of independent abilities. Gardner is part of the cognitive development school of psychology, which focuses on the role of cognitive processes in learning and development. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences has had a significant impact on the field of psychology and education.

“Howard Gardner | Harvard Graduate School of Education.” Harvard Graduate School of Education, https://www.gse.harvard.edu/faculty/howard-gardner. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Daniel Goleman is an American psychologist known for his work on emotional intelligence and his school of psychology is based on social and emotional learning (SEL), which emphasizes the development of emotional intelligence in individuals and institutions. His major contribution to the field of psychology is the popularization of the concept of emotional intelligence, which he defined as a set of skills that enable individuals to recognize and regulate their own emotions, as well as understand and influence the emotions of others.

“Daniel Goleman's Emotional Intelligence Theory: Explanation and Examples.” Resilient Educator, 29 November 2022, https://resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/daniel-golemans-emotional-intelligence-theory-explained/. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Ralph Gerard was an American psychologist and neuroscientist, and his philosophy of psychology is based on the principles of behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli in shaping behavior. His major contribution to the field of psychology is his work on the neural basis of behavior, which helped establish the field of physiological psychology, and his development of the concept of the neural circuit, which describes how different brain regions interact to produce behavior.

“Ralph_W._Gerard.” bionity.com, https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Ralph_W._Gerard.html. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Harry Harlow (October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981)

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Harry Harlow (October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981)

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He was born Harry Israel in Iowa.  He attended Reed College in Oregon for a year before transferring to Stanford University where he majored in English.  Failing out of that course of study, he switched to psychology.  He earned his Ph.D. in psychology and changed his name to Harry Harlow.

He is best known in the field for his isolation experiments on Rhesus monkeys.  He studied the dependency needs, maternal separation and social isolation of these animals.  Most considered his work unethical due to the treatment and isolation of the monkeys in cages for years at a time.

His contribution to psychology is the study of maternal detachment and the science of attachment and loss.

Biography of Psychologist Harry Harlow (verywellmind.com)

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Joy Paul Guilford was born in Marquette, Nebraska.  He graduated from the University of Nebraska and later studied at Cornell University.  Early in his career, he was a professor of psychology at the University of Kansas, the University of Nebraska, and the University of Southern California.  He also served in the US military as a Lieutenant Colonel and served as the Director and the Chief of Psychological Research at the Santa Ana Army Air Base.

Guilford practiced psychophysics. He studied the effects of color, including hues, saturation, and brightness.

He impacted psychological testing as a leader in factor analysis for a comprehensive assessment of personality.  Guilford’s systematic theory of intellectual abilities is known as the structure of intellect.  This theory supports that a person’s performance on intelligence tests can be traced to underlying mental abilities or factors of intelligence.  It consisted of three dimensions: operation, content, and product.

Joy Paul Guilford Facts | Britannica

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Karen Horney (September 16, 1885 – December 4, 1952)

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Karen Horney (September 16, 1885 – December 4, 1952)

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Horney was born in Germany and later moved to America.  She studied medicine at multiple universities but graduated with her MD from Berlin. She studied medicine but became interested in psychoanalysis in 1913.  She studied under Karl Abraham who was a mentee of Sigmund Freud.

Her studies led her to disagree with Freud’s findings on female psychology.  She emphasized the importance of learning to deal with everyday problems through psychoanalysis. Horney believed that environment and social upbringing impacted people’s thoughts.  Everyone needed supportive environments and strong interpersonal relationships.  Without these, people would turn to destructive behaviors, leading to anxiety and personality disorders.

She made a large impact on humanism and feminine psychology.

Karen Horney | German psychoanalyst | Britannica

Karen Horney: Life, Theories, and Contributions to Psychology (simplypsychology.org)

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Carroll Izard (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017)

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Carroll Izard (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017)

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Izard graduated from Syracuse University with a Ph.D.  He was employed at Vanderbilt University as a psychology professor, where he researched human emotions.  He later went to University of Delaware until he retired in 2014.

His field of study was the Psychology of Affects, which is the emotional development in children.

His biggest contribution to the field was the differential emotions theory (DET), the Maximally Discriminative Coding System (MAX) and the Differential Emotions Scale (DES-IV).

Carroll Izard - Wikipedia

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Hull was born on a farm in Michigan. He contracted many illnesses throughout his childhood that postponed his education, including typhoid fever, and polio.  Initially, he wanted to study engineering, but his health issues led him to study psychology.  His perseverance led him to a Ph. D from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.  He taught at the University and published a book on aptitude testing. He later taught at Yale where he retired.

Hull was the first psychologist to study hypnosis.

He is most famous for his drive theory of behavior. And research on human motivation. This theory stated that biological deprivation creates needs.  These needs then motivate behavior that is goal-directed.  For example, if you are hungry or thirsty, you will get food and water to become satisfied again. He became one of the most cited psychologists during the 40’s and 50’s.

Drive-Reduction Theory and Human Behavior (verywellmind.com)

Clark L. Hull | American psychologist | Britannica

Biography of Influential Psychologist Clark Hull (verywellmind.com)

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Lawrence Kohlberg (October 25, 1927 – January 19, 1987)

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Lawrence Kohlberg (October 25, 1927 – January 19, 1987)

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Kohlberg is an American native, born in New York and died by suicide at the age of 59.  He attended the University of Chicago and studied the field of psychology, earning his Ph.D.  Prior to his education, he served as a US merchant marine.

His practice and research focused on moral development in children.  His theory of moral development consists of six stage

Lawrence Kohlberg | American psychologist | Britannica

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development (verywellmind.com)

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Nathaniel Kleitman (April 26, 1895 – August 13, 1999)

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Nathaniel Kleitman (April 26, 1895 – August 13, 1999)

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Kleitman was born in Russia and arrived in United States in 1915.  He received his B.S., A.M. and finally a Ph.D from the University of Chicago in 1923.  He died at the age of 104.
He was a professor emeritus in physiology.
He was known as the father of sleep.  His sleep research is well known as he is a co-discoverer of REM sleep.
He established the first sleep laboratory.  He was known to use himself, friends and family in his experiments.

Kleitman, father of sleep research (uchicago.edu)

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Kohler was born in Estonia, Russian Empire.  He attended the University of Berlin and became a lecturer at the University of Frankfurt.  Kohler’s doctoral thesis was regarding hearing.  Late in his career he moved to the United States and served as a professor of psychology at Swarthmore College until 1955.
He is a German psychologist known for the development of Gestalt psychology.  Gestalt psychology ‘seeks to understand learning, perception, and other components of mental life as structured wholes.’ He conducted experiments on chimpanzees, to try and understand problem solving.

Wolfgang Köhler | German psychologist | Britannica

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Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (July 8, 1926 – August 24, 2004)

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Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (July 8, 1926 – August 24, 2004)

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Kubler-Ross was born in Switzerland.  She is one of triplets.  Her father wanted her to be the secretary of his business, but she had bigger plans to be a doctor.  She received her medical degree in 1957 from the University of Zurich.  She moved the following year to the United States.  She completed her residency in psychiatry at the Manhattan State Hospital.

Cognitive and psychoanalytical schools of thought.

She was a leader in the study of death and dying.  She identified five stages of grief as the dying individual experienced.  She helped others better understand and change perceptions on the care of terminally ill patients, including pain control and death. She heavily influenced hospice care as we know it today.

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross | Biography, Books, & Facts | Britannica

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Lashley was born in West Virginia.  He earned his Ph.D. in genetics at Johns Hopkins University.  He worked closely with John B Watson.  They worked on animal behavior and gained skills in surgery and tissue to determine the neural basis of learning.  He later became an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Minnesota.  This is where his brain research earned him the title of professor.

Was heavily influenced by two widely held notions: localization of function in neurology and behaviorism in psychology.

He is best known for his work on the relation between brain mass and learning ability.  He is considered a pioneer of comparative psychology and etiology.  He had two main theories consisting of equipotentiality and mass action.

Karl Lashley | American psychologist | Britannica

Karl Lashley Theories & Contribution to Psychology | Who was Karl Lashley? - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Richard Lazarus (March 3, 1922 – November 24, 2002)

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Richard Lazarus (March 3, 1922 – November 24, 2002)

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He studied at the City College of New York and the University of Pittsburgh.  He then joined the University of California, Berkeley as a professor of psychology.

He is well known for his theory of cognitive appraisal theory within emotion. He focused on behavioral psychology.

He researched how emotions interact with behaviors.  His theory of one of six major models recognized in contemporary psychology.

Search | Britannica

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Elizabeth Loftus (October 16, 1944 - Present)

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Elizabeth Loftus (October 16, 1944 - Present)

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Ernst Weber was a German physician and a prominent figure in early psychology. He was known for his idea of just-noticeable difference, which is the smallest perceivable difference between two similar stimuli, and Weber's law, which is a law that quantifies the perception of change in a given stimulus. Ernst Weber would be considered a cognitive psychologist since he studied the brain and its interactions.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ernst Heinrich Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernst-Heinrich-Weber. Accessed 17 April 2023.

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David Wechsler was a Romanian psychologist who is well known for developing intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. These tests are essentially IQ tests designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability. David Wechsler is a cognitive psychologist since he studies the brain and how people think.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "David Wechsler". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Wechsler-American-psychologist. Accessed 17 April 2023.

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Karl Wernicke Carl (15 May 1848 – 15 June 1905)

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Karl Wernicke Carl (15 May 1848 – 15 June 1905)

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Karl Wernicke was a German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist, neuropathologist, and founder of the Wernicke area. The Wernicke area is an area of the brain that regulates speech. Wernicke's area interacts with Broca's to produce language. Karl Wernicke is a neuropsychologist since he researched relationships between the brain and behavior.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Carl Wernicke". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Wernicke. Accessed 17 April 2023.

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Max Wertheimer was a Czech-born psychologist who worked with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler to found Gestalt psychology. The Gestalt theory claims that the whole of anything is greater than its parts. This theory attempts to explain perceptions in terms of gestalts. Max Wertheimer would be best considered a gestalt psychologist because he doesn't fall under one specific category. He paved his own unique path in the field of psychology.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Gestalt psychology". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/science/Gestalt-psychology. Accessed 17 April 2023.

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Benjamin Whorf was an American linguist who is widely known for his ideas about the theory of linguistic relativity and the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that people from different cultures think differently because of differences in their languages. Whorf is considered a cognitive psychologist because he theorizes about how people think and process information.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Benjamin Lee Whorf". Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Jul. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benjamin-Lee-Whorf. Accessed 17 April 2023.

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Robert Yerkes was an American psychologist known for his work with intelligence tests and for developing the Yerkes–Dodson law. The Yerkes-Dodson law says performance increases with mental arousal but at a certain point, when an individual's level of stress goes too low or too high, their performance decreases. Rober Yerkes is a cognitive psychologist because he studies the intelligence and functionality of the brain.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Robert M. Yerkes". Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-M-Yerkes. Accessed 17 April 2023

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Alfred Adler was an Austrian physician and psychiatrist who is considered the first community psychologist because his work pioneered attention to community life, prevention, and population health. He is best known for forming the school of thought known as individual psychology (his school of thought). One of his other major contributions to the field of physiology was the inferiority feeling and inferiority complex, which he believed played a major part in the formation of personality.

“Alfred Adler | Austrian psychiatrist | Britannica.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 25 March 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Adler. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Mary Ainsworth is an American-Canadian developmental psychologist, feminist, and army veteran who specialized in child psychology. She was a member of the Sociocultural school of psychology but she could also be argued to be a believer in the Behaviorism school. Mary Ainsworth studied attachment theory, which suggests that young children form bonds with their caregivers. These bonds are essential for the child's development and well-being.

Cherry, Kendra. “Mary Ainsworth: Biography, Theories, and Influence.” Verywell Mind, 21 April 2022, https://www.verywellmind.com/mary-ainsworth-biography-2795501. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Gordon Allport was a pioneering psychologist often referred to as one of the founders of personality psychology. He rejected two of the dominant schools of thought in psychology at the time, psychoanalysis and behaviorism, in favor of his own approach that stressed the importance of individual differences and situational variables. Allport is best known for the concept that, although adult motives develop from infantile drives, they become independent of them. Allport called this concept functional autonomy.

“Gordon W. Allport | Department of Psychology.” Harvard Psychology, https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/gordon-w-allport. Accessed 20 April 2023.

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Alfred Binet was a French psychologist known for his contributions to the development of intelligence tests. Binet was influenced by the emerging field of experimental psychology and believed in the importance of scientific measurement and observation. He created the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, which was the first standardized intelligence test. This test later became the basis for the modern IQ test.

“Alfred Binet | Biography & Contributions | Britannica.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Binet. Accessed 20 April 2023.