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The New Consumer Culture consisted of the Middle and Upper classes, escpecially women as key household decision-makers. The New Consumer Culture increased consumerism with a focus on buying goods for pleasure and status. This culture emerged in the early 20th century, specifically the 1920s, and grew after World War 2. The New Consumer Cutlure happened due to technological advancements, increased production,a dn the rise of advertising asn mass media. This culture grew because mass production made goods affordable, advertising created demand, and credit systmes facilitated purchases. The New Consumer Culture provided economic growth, job creation, changed social norms and lifstyles, but also resulted in environmental degradations and economic disparities.

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The Panic of 1873 affected a wide range of people, including bankers, investors, buisnesses, and the genral public. The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that led to a sever economic depression. It was marked by bank faiulures, the collapse of the stock market, and buisness bankruptcies. The crisis began on September 18, 1873 and its effects lasted all the way until the 1870s. The panic was caused by several different factors including over-speculation in railroads, risky investments, and the collapse of the banking firm Jay Cooke & Company. The collapse of Jay Cooke & Company led to a chain reaction of bank failures and stock market crash which led to widespread panic among investors and the public. There were massive withdrawls from banksand signiifcant contraction in credit. The Panic of 1873 led ti widespread unemployment, buisness failures, and deep economic depression. Many people lost belongings and savings and the crisis highlighted the need for financial regualtion and reform.

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Scientific management was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This theory of management aimed to analyze and synthesize workflows to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity. Taylor believed that by applying scientific methods to the management of workers, labor could be improved, and waste could be reduced. The foundations of scientific management included time studies, standardized tools and procedures, a clear division of labor, and a focus on training workers to follow specific methods. These methods led to increased productivity and profitability for businesses, they also sparked criticism for treating workers as mere cogs in a machine. The focus on efficiency often resulted in dehumanizing work conditions, leading to labor unrest and the rise of unions. Scientific management improved industrial processes by emphasizing efficiency and productivity. However, it also brought about social and labor challenges, effecting modern management practices and the creation of other management theories.

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The Knights of Labor was a labor organization in the United States, founded by Uriah Stephens in 1869 in Philadelphia. It aimed to unite workers across different trades to improve their working conditions and rights. The Knights of Labor sought to better worker exploitation by advocating for an eight-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and the abolition of child labor. They also supported broader social reforms, such as the establishment of cooperatives and public ownership of railroads and telegraphs. Unlike many other labor organizations of the time, the Knights of Labor included women, African Americans, and unskilled workers into their ranks. The impact of the Knights of Labor on society was significant, as it highlighted labor issues of national debate and showed the struggles of the working class. This contributed to the establishment of labor laws and regulations that improved working conditions. Although the organization declined the Knights of Labor laid the foundations for future labor unions and the broader labor rights movement.

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The working class primarily consisted of laborers, facory workers, miners, and other mutual laboers. The working class was responsible for the bulk of industrial labor: factories, mines nad other manual labor. They often faces harsh working conditions, ling hours, and low wages. The hight of the working class became prominent during the Indistrial Revolution in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th and early 20th century. The working class was a distinct social group due to the rapid industrailization and urbanization during this period. The demand for labor in factories and other inductrail setting led to the growth of this group. They wer oftern subjected to exploitaitve labor and unsafe environments, with little to no labor rights. The struggles and demands of the working class led to significant social and political changes. Labor movements and strikes brough attention to the need for labor reforms. This eventually resulted in legislation that improved working conditions, established minimum wage laws, and workers rights to unionize and strike.

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The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was founded in December 1886 in Columbus, Ohio, by Samuel Gompers and other labor leaders. It was a national federation of labor unions, that mainly consisted of skilled workers. The AFL worked to improve workers' conditions by fighting for higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions. They used collective bargaining and strikes as their main tools to negotiate with employers. The AFL emphasized the importance of organized labor and wanted to strengthen the position of workers within the capitalist system. The impact of the AFL on society was huge. Due to focusing on skilled labor and practical economic goals, the AFL was able to receive significant gains for its members, such as better wages and working conditions. This approach to labor organization laid the foundation for modern labor unions and influenced labor policies in the United States. The AFL's success in negotiating labor contracts and fighting for workers' rights helped with the overall improvement of labor standards and set a model for future labor movements.