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(560-661) Life of prophet Muhammad(PBUH)

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(560-661) Life of prophet Muhammad(PBUH)

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In the seventh century CE, prophet Muhammad (PBUH) brought the message of Islam to Arabia which was revealed to him by Allah, which started to spread rapidly spread.

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After the demise of prophet Muhammad (PBUH) , The four Khalifa's were elected and they came to be called the 'rightly ruled' (Rashidun) as they had been close companions of the holy prophet (PBUH). They migrated to Madina with him and they had the sayings of prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

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The Umayyad Khilafat with it's capital at Damascus expanded the Muslim territories to include Spain and North Africa in the west and up to Samarqand and Bokhara in the east.

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The Abbasid Khilafat saw the spread of knowledge and discoveries in the muslim world. Bait-ul-Hikmah (the house of wisdom) was set up by the Abbasid khalifa, Mamoon, son of Haroon-al-Rashid, the fifth Abbasid Khalifa.

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Mahmud, the Ghaznavid sultan, expanded his kingdom up to Isfahan in the west and to India in the east.

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Abo rehan al-beruni had come with Mahmud of Ghazni to India. He learned the Sanskrit language and about the Hindu religion and philosophy. His Kitab-Ul-Hind is an informative book that tells us in detail about the geography and history of India.

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Over a hundred years of after the death of Sultan Mahmud and the break-up of his empire, Ghazni was captured in 1173 by Shahabuddin Muhammad, from the state of Ghor in Afghanistan.

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(1206-96)Qutbuddin Aibak and Mamluk dynasty

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(1206-96)Qutbuddin Aibak and Mamluk dynasty

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In Arabic, Mamluk means slave, a person owned by another. The Mamluk or slave dynasty was named as such because Qutbuddin, born to the Turkish parents, was sold off as a slave when young, when he joined the army of Ghor he rose in rank and became a general or sultan. This dynasty is named after him and is called the slave dynasty.

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Qutbuddin Aibak was succeeded by his son-in-law, Shamsuddin Iltutmish, who was invited by The forty' nobles to take over the throne of Delhi.

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The Mongols were a fierce central Indian tribe who were known for murder,loot and destruction,appeared on the banks of river Indus. They were led by Changez khan, but before an invasion could take place, they decided to retreat because of the heat of India.

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When Iltutmish died, his son, Ruknuddin Feroz, succeeded him but he proved to be an incompetent ruler. The nobles asked his daughter Razia to the throne as she had mastered the art of government and leadership under her father. She could not take the throne as women were not allowed to rule. In the end, she was killed after the battle she lost by some burglars.

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When Nasiruddin died, Balban became the sultan. He was a capable king. He was wise and made sure that the Mongols were kept in check. He has forts build to protect the sultanate against them. Under his rule, the Delhi sultanate flourished became the foremost kingdom of Muslims of it's time.

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The dynast was found by Jalaluddin Khilji in 1290. He was an experienced and wise ruler. He defeated the Mongols led by Hulagu khan's grandson.

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Jalaluddin Khilji had been a ruler for barely six years. His son Alauddin Khilji murdered him after he became the sultan. Alauddin organized a strong army which he felt was necessary for extending his kingdom and defending it from internal and external threats.

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The governor of Punjab, Ghazi Malik took the throne of Delhi under the title Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, with consent of nobles.

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Muhammad Tughlaq stands out as a controversial figure. He was a remarkably intelligent scholar who had mastered logic, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and many other languages.

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Muhammad Tughlaq decided to change his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad as he thought people would live a better life there. when he changed the capital many people died during the journey and many died in Daulatabad due to the shortage of water supply.

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Ibn Batuta came to India, he had started his travels at age of 21. Trained as a judge, he stayed at the Tughlaq court for seven years as a judge. He left a account of Muhammad Tughlaq's reign.

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Feroz Tughlaq, a cousin of Muhammad Tughlaq, who had gained a lot of experience in his administration, became the next sultan. He was not good and welfare but he took care of his people. He opened places of learning and took care of his people.

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Sikander Lodhi---as described by his court historians---was believed to be the wiest, most hardworking, dedicated, and far-sighted. He moved his headquarters to Agra improving a lot of the common people.

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Ibrahim Lodhi, the last of the sultans of Delhi, had to face rebellions from his governors in Bihar and Punjab, and the Rajput, Rana Sanga of Mewar. This weakened his control over the sultanate, and his people were also unhappy with his rule.The Delhi sultanate came to an end without fulfilling the dream of ruling an all-India empire. Now it would be left to another Turkish-Mongol dynasty, the Mughals, to establish that empire to India.

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