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Task 4.1 Digital Graphics Review of work in progress

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Task 4.1 Digital Graphics Review of work in progress

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Digital Graphics - Review of work in progress

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Do’s and dont’s when giving Design Feedback

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There’s definitely an art to giving feedback, if you’re a junior designer who wants to learn how to give better feedback read this article!

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How do you get feedback from happy graphic design clients

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Task 3.1 Create and prepare assets for digital graphics

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Task 3.1 Create and prepare assets for digital graphics

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Task 3.1 Create and prepare assets for digital graphics

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Adobe Express Video Tutorial for Beginners 2024

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Task 2.2 Digital Graphics: Create a poster Exploring the drawing techniques

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Task 2.2 Digital Graphics: Create a poster Exploring the drawing techniques

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Types and Components of Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

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Types and Components of Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

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Types and Components of Data Flow Diagram (DFD) - GeeksforGeeks

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A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.

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A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.

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Waterfall Model - Software Engineering - GeeksforGeeks

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A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.

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The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) provides a well-structured framework that gives an idea, of how to build a system. It consists of steps as follows- Plan, Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement and Maintain. In this article, we will see all the stages of system development. We will delve into the significance of each stage, emphasizing the critical role played by System Design in the overall process.

System Development Life Cycle:

The System Development Life Cycle encompasses a series of interconnected stages that ensure a systematic approach to system development. The stages include Planning, Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Maintenance. Each stage contributes to the successful completion of the system, with System Design serving as a crucial component.

Stage 1: Plan

The Planning stage lays the groundwork for the entire SDLC. It involves identifying the system's goals, defining project scope, setting objectives, establishing timelines, and determining available resources. Planning ensures that the development process aligns with organizational needs and sets a clear direction for subsequent stages.

Stage 2: Analyze

During the Analysis stage, the focus is on gathering and understanding the requirements of the system. This includes conducting interviews, studying existing processes, and identifying stakeholders' needs. The gathered information serves as a basis for designing a system that meets users' expectations and addresses organizational challenges.

Stage 3: Design

System Design is a critical stage in the SDLC, where the requirements gathered during the Analysis phase are translated into a detailed technical plan. It involves designing the system's architecture, database structure, and user interface, and defining system components. The Design stage lays the foundation for the subsequent development and implementation phases.

Stage 4: Develop

The Development stage involves the actual coding and programming of the system. Based on the design specifications, developers write code, create database structures, and implement necessary functionalities. Rigorous testing and quality assurance are performed to ensure the system's accuracy, performance, and adherence to the design requirements.

Stage 5: Implement

Thisstage involves deploying the developed system into the production environment. This includes activities such as system installation, data migration, training end-users, and configuring necessary infrastructure. Implementation requires careful planning and coordination to minimize disruptions and ensure a smooth transition from the old system to the new one.

Stage 6: Maintain

Maintenance is an ongoing stage that involves monitoring, managing, and enhancing the system's performance and functionality. It includes activities such as bug fixes, updates, security patches, and addressing user feedback. Regular maintenance ensures the system remains reliable, secure, and adaptable to changing business needs.

Significance of System Design

System Design is a crucial stage in the SDLC as it bridges the gap between requirements analysis and system development. It transforms user needs and functional specifications into a detailed technical plan that guides the development team. Proper system design ensures that the developed system aligns with the desired functionality, performance, and scalability requirements.

Conclusion: Software DLC is all about building software in a phase approach systematically whereas System DLC is about implementing hardware and software in a phased manner systematically.

Whether you're preparing for your first job interview or aiming to upskill in this ever-evolving tech landscape, GeeksforGeeks Courses are your key to success. We provide top-quality content at affordable prices, all geared towards accelerating your growth in a time-bound manner. Join the millions we've already empowered, and we're here to do the same for you. Don't miss out - check it out now!

Last Updated : 06 Jul, 2023

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System Development Life Cycle - GeeksforGeeks

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A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.

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Rapid Application Development Model (RAD) – Software Engineering

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Rapid Application Development Model (RAD) – Software Engineering

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Rapid Application Development Model (RAD) - Software Engineering - GeeksforGeeks

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Learn about the Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model, a flexible and iterative software development methodology that emphasizes quick prototyping, user feedback, and fast delivery. Discover its key phases, advantages, and challenges.

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What is Prototyping? Definition, Types, Qualities and more

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What is Prototyping? Definition, Types, Qualities and more

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What is Prototyping? Definition, Types, Qualities and more - GeeksforGeeks

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A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.

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What is Agile Methodology? - GeeksforGeeks

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Learn what Agile Methodology is and how it can transform your project management. Discover its principles, benefits, and why it’s essential for modern teams.

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Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

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Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

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Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is the implementation of computer-facilitated tools and methods in software development. CASE is used to ensure high-quality and defect-free software. CASE ensures a check-pointed and disciplined approach and helps designers, developers, testers, managers, and others to see the project milestones during development.

CASE can also help as a warehouse for documents related to projects, like business plans, requirements, and design specifications. One of the major advantages of using CASE is the delivery of the final product, which is more likely to meet real-world requirements as it ensures that customers remain part of the process.

CASE illustrates a wide set of labor-saving tools that are used in software development. It generates a framework for organizing projects and to be helpful in enhancing productivity. There was more interest in the concept of CASE tools years ago, but less so today, as the tools have morphed into different functions, often in reaction to software developer needs. The concept of CASE also received a heavy dose of criticism after its release.

What is CASE Tools?

The essential idea of CASE tools is that in-built programs can help to analyze developing systems in order to enhance quality and provide better outcomes. Throughout the 1990, CASE tool became part of the software lexicon, and big companies like IBM were using these kinds of tools to help create software.

Various tools are incorporated in CASE and are called CASE tools, which are used to support different stages and milestones in a software development life cycle.

Types of CASE Tools:

1. Analysis Tools: It focuses on inconsistent, incorrect specifications involved in the diagram and data flow. It helps in collecting requirements, automatically check for any irregularity, imprecision in the diagrams, data redundancies, or erroneous omissions.
For example:

(i) Accept 360, Accompa, CaseComplete for requirement analysis.

(ii) Visible Analyst for total analysis.

2. Documentation Generators: It helps in generating user and technical documentation as per standards. It creates documents for technical users and end users.
For example, Doxygen, DrExplain, Adobe RoboHelp for documentation.

Advantages of the CASE approach:

Disadvantages of the CASE approach:

Conclusion:

In today's software development world, computer-aided software engineering is a vital tool that enables teams to produce high-quality software quickly and cooperatively. CASE tools will probably become more and more essential as technology develops in order to satisfy the demands of complicated software development projects.

Last Updated : 19 Jan, 2024

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Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) - GeeksforGeeks

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A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.

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Structured Analysis and Structured Design (SA/SD)

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Structured Analysis and Structured Design (SA/SD)

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Structured Analysis and Structured Design (SA/SD) - GeeksforGeeks

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Structured Analysis and Structured Design (SA/SD) is a traditional software development methodology focused on improving system quality and reducing failure risk through structured analysis and design techniques, though it has limitations in flexibility and adaptability to complex systems.

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Unified Modeling Language (UML) Diagrams

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Unified Modeling Language (UML) Diagrams

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Unified Modeling Language (UML) | An Introduction - GeeksforGeeks

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Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general purpose modelling language. The main aim of UML is to define a standard way to visualize the way a system has been designed. It is quite similar to blueprints used in other fields of engineering. UML is not a programming language, it is rather a visual language.

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Paradigm can also be termed as method to solve some problem or do some task. Programming paradigm is an approach to solve problem using some programming language or also we can say it is a method to solve a problem using tools and techniques that are available to us following some approach. There are lots for programming language that are known but all of them need to follow some strategy when they are implemented and this methodology/strategy is paradigms. Apart from varieties of programming language there are lots of paradigms to fulfill each and every demand. They are discussed below:

1. Imperative programming paradigm: It is one of the oldest programming paradigm. It features close relation to machine architecture. It is based on Von Neumann architecture. It works by changing the program state through assignment statements. It performs step by step task by changing state. The main focus is on how to achieve the goal. The paradigm consist of several statements and after execution of all the result is stored.

Advantages:

1. Very simple to implement

2. It contains loops, variables etc.

Disadvantage:

1. Complex problem cannot be solved

2. Less efficient and less productive

3. Parallel programming is not possible

Examples ofImperative programming paradigm:C : developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken ThompsonFortran : developed by John Backus for IBMBasic : developed by John G Kemeny and Thomas E Kurtz

Imperative programming is divided into three broad categories: Procedural, OOP and parallel processing. These paradigms are as follows:

Procedural programming paradigm -
This paradigm emphasizes on procedure in terms of under lying machine model. There is no difference in between procedural and imperative approach. It has the ability to reuse the code and it was boon at that time when it was in use because of its reusability.

Examples ofProcedural programming paradigm:C : developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken ThompsonC++ : developed by Bjarne StroustrupJava : developed by James Gosling at Sun MicrosystemsColdFusion : developed by J J AllairePascal : developed by Niklaus Wirth

Then comes OOP,

Object oriented programming -
The program is written as a collection of classes and object which are meant for communication. The smallest and basic entity is object and all kind of computation is performed on the objects only. More emphasis is on data rather procedure. It can handle almost all kind of real life problems which are today in scenario.

Advantages:

Data security

Inheritance

Code reusability

Flexible and abstraction is also present

Examples ofObject Oriented programming paradigm:Simula : first OOP languageJava : developed by James Gosling at Sun MicrosystemsC++ : developed by Bjarne StroustrupObjective-C : designed by Brad CoxVisual Basic .NET : developed by MicrosoftPython : developed by Guido van RossumRuby : developed by Yukihiro MatsumotoSmalltalk : developed by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg
Output
GfG!
Welcome to GeeksforGeeks
Lets create your account

your account has been created

Parallel processing approach -
Parallel processing is the processing of program instructions by dividing them among multiple processors. A parallel processing system posses many numbers of processor with the objective of running a program in less time by dividing them. This approach seems to be like divide and conquer. Examples are NESL (one of the oldest one) and C/C++ also supports because of some library function.

2. Declarative programming paradigm:
It is divided as Logic, Functional, Database. In computer science the declarative programming is a style of building programs that expresses logic of computation without talking about its control flow. It often considers programs as theories of some logic.It may simplify writing parallel programs. The focus is on what needs to be done rather how it should be done basically emphasize on what code is actually doing. It just declares the result we want rather how it has be produced. This is the only difference between imperative (how to do) and declarative (what to do) programming paradigms. Getting into deeper we would see logic, functional and database.

Logic programming paradigms -
It can be termed as abstract model of computation. It would solve logical problems like puzzles, series etc. In logic programming we have a knowledge base which we know before and along with the question and knowledge base which is given to machine, it produces result. In normal programming languages, such concept of knowledge base is not available but while using the concept of artificial intelligence, machine learning we have some models like Perception model which is using the same mechanism.
In logical programming the main emphasize is on knowledge base and the problem. The execution of the program is very much like proof of mathematical statement, e.g., Prolog

predicates
  sumoftwonumber(integer, integer).

clauses
  sumoftwonumber(0, 0).
  sumoftwonumber(N, R) :-
    N > 0,
    N1 is N - 1,
    sumoftwonumber(N1, R1),
    R is R1 + N.

Functional programming paradigms -
The functional programming paradigms has its roots in mathematics and it is language independent. The key principle of this paradigms is the execution of series of mathematical functions. The central model for the abstraction is the function which are meant for some specific computation and not the data structure. Data are loosely coupled to functions.The function hide their implementation. Function can be replaced with their values without changing the meaning of the program. Some of the languages like perl, javascript mostly uses this paradigm.

Examples ofFunctional programming paradigm:JavaScript : developed by Brendan EichHaskell : developed by Lennart Augustsson, Dave BartonScala : developed by Martin OderskyErlang : developed by Joe Armstrong, Robert VirdingLisp : developed by John MccarthyML : developed by Robin MilnerClojure : developed by Rich Hickey

The next kind of approach is of Database.

Database/Data driven programming approach -
This programming methodology is based on data and its movement. Program statements are defined by data rather than hard-coding a series of steps. A database program is the heart of a business information system and provides file creation, data entry, update, query and reporting functions. There are several programming languages that are developed mostly for database application. For example SQL. It is applied to streams of structured data, for filtering, transforming, aggregating (such as computing statistics), or calling other programs. So it has its own wide application.

CREATE DATABASE databaseAddress;
CREATE TABLE Addr (
    PersonID int,
    LastName varchar(200),
    FirstName varchar(200),
    Address varchar(200),
    City varchar(200),
    State varchar(200)
);

Last Updated : 20 Apr, 2023

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Introduction of Programming Paradigms - GeeksforGeeks

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A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.

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Introduction to Business Process Re-engineering

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Introduction to Business Process Re-engineering

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Introduction to Business Process Re-engineering - GeeksforGeeks

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A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.

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SSADM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method)

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SSADM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method)

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What is SSADM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method)?

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SSADM is used for large government software development projects. Learn about this methodology and the techniques and steps involved.

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What is Data Flow Diagram (DFD)? How to Draw DFD?

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What is Data Flow Diagram (DFD)? How to Draw DFD?

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What is a data flow diagram (DFD)?

A picture is worth a thousand words. A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a traditional way to visualize the information flows within a system. A neat and clear DFD can depict a good amount of the system requirements graphically. It can be manual, automated, or a combination of both.

It shows how information enters and leaves the system, what changes the information and where information is stored. The purpose of a DFD is to show the scope and boundaries of a system as a whole. It may be used as a communications tool between a systems analyst and any person who plays a part in the system that acts as the starting point for redesigning a system.

It is usually beginning with a context diagram as level 0 of the DFD diagram, a simple representation of the whole system. To elaborate further from that, we drill down to a level 1 diagram with lower-level functions decomposed from the major functions of the system. This could continue to evolve to become a level 2 diagram when further analysis is required. Progression to levels 3, 4 and so on is possible but anything beyond level 3 is not very common. Please bear in mind that the level of detail for decomposing a particular function depending on the complexity that function.

DFD Diagram Notations

Now we'd like to briefly introduce to you a few diagram notations which you'll see in the tutorial below.

External Entity

An external entity can represent a human, system or subsystem. It is where certain data comes from or goes to. It is external to the system we study, in terms of the business process. For this reason, people used to draw external entities on the edge of a diagram.

Process

A process is a business activity or function where the manipulation and transformation of data take place. A process can be decomposed to a finer level of details, for representing how data is being processed within the process.

Data Store

A data store represents the storage of persistent data required and/or produced by the process. Here are some examples of data stores: membership forms, database tables, etc.

Data Flow

A data flow represents the flow of information, with its direction represented by an arrowhead that shows at the end(s) of flow connector.

What will we do in this tutorial?

In this tutorial, we will show you how to draw a context diagram, along with a level 1 diagram.

Note: The software we are using here is Visual Paradigm. You are welcome to download a free 30-day evaluation copy of Visual Paradigm to walk through the example below. No registration, email address or obligation is required.

How to Draw Context Level DFD?

1. To create new DFD, select Diagram > New from the toolbar.

2. In the New Diagram window, select Data Flow Diagram and click Next.

3. Enter Context as diagram name and click OK to confirm.

4. We'll now draw the first process. From the Diagram Toolbar, drag Process onto the diagram. Name the new process System.

5. Next, let's create an external entity. Place your mouse pointer over System. Press and drag out the Resource Catalog button at the top right.

6. Release the mouse button and select Bidirectional Data Flow -> External Entity from Resource Catalog.

7. Name the new external entity Customer.

8. Now we'll model the database accessed by the system. Use the Resource Catalog to create a Data Store from System, with bidirectional data flow in between.

9. Name the new data store Inventory.

10. Create two more data stores, Customer and Transaction, as shown below. We have just completed the Context diagram.

How to Draw Level 1 DFD?

1. Instead of creating another diagram from scratch, we will decompose the System process to form a new DFD. Right-click on System and select Decompose from the popup menu.

2. The data stores and/or external entities connected to the selected process (System) would be referred to in the level 1 DFD. So when you are prompted to add them to the new diagram, click Yes to confirm.
Note: The new DFD should look very similar to the Context diagram initially. Every element should remain unchanged, except that the System process (from which this new DFD decomposes) is now gone and replaced by a blank space (to be elaborated).

3. Rename the new DFD. Right-click on its background and select Rename.... In the diagram's name box, enter Level 1 DFD and press ENTER.

4. Create three processes (Process Order, Ship Good, Issue Receipt) in the center as shown below. That is the old spot for the System process and we place them there to elaborate System.

Wiring with connection lines for data flows

The remaining steps in this section are about connecting the model elements in the diagram. For example, Customer provides order information when placing an order for processing.

1. Place your mouse pointer over Customer. Drag out the Resource Catalog icon and release your mouse button on Process Order.

2. Select Data Flow from Resource Catalog.

3. Enter order information has the caption of flow.

4. Meanwhile, the Process Order process also receives customer information from the database to process the order.
Use the Resource Catalog to create a data flow from Customer to Process Order.

Optional: You can label the data flow "customer information" if you like. But since this data flow is quite self-explanatory visually, we are going to omit it here.

5. By combining the order information from Customer (external entity) and the customer information from Customer (data store), Process Order (process) then creates a transaction record in the database. Create a data flow from Process Order to Transaction.

Drawing Tips:
To rearrange a connection line, place your mouse pointer over where you want to add a pivot point to it. You'll then see a bubble at your mouse pointer. Press and drag it to the position desired.

Up to this point, your diagram should look something like this.

6. Once a transaction is stored, the shipping process follows. Therefore, create a data flow from Process Order (process) to Ship Good (process).

7. Ship Good needs to read the transaction information (i.e. The order number to pack the right product for delivery. Create a data flow from Transaction (data store) to Ship Good (process).

Note: If there is a lack of space, feel free to move the shapes around to make room.

8. Ship Good also needs to read the customer information for his/her shipping address. Create a data flow from Customer (data store) to Ship Good (process).

9. Ship Good then updates the Inventory database to reflect the goods shipped. Create a data flow from Ship Good (process) to Inventory (data store). Name it updated product record.

10. Once the order arrives in the customer's hands, the Issue Receipt process begins. In it, a receipt is prepared based on the transaction record stored in the database. So let's create a data flow from Transaction (data store) to Issue Receipt (process).

11. Then a receipt is issued to the customer. Let's create a data flow from Issue Receipt (process) to Customer (external entity). Name the data flow receipt.

You have just finished drawing the level 1 diagram which should look something like this.

How to Improve a DFD's Readability?

The completed diagram above looks a bit rigid and busy. In this section, we are going to make some changes to the connectors to increase readability.

1. Right-click on the diagram (Level 1 DFD) and select Connectors > Curve. Connectors in the diagram are now in curve lines.

2. Move the shapes around so that the diagram looks less crowded.

The list below directs you to various Data Flow Diagram examples that cover different businesses and problem domains. Some of them consist of the use of multiple context levels.

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What is Data Flow Diagram (DFD)? How to Draw DFD?

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A picture is worth a thousand words. A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a traditional way to visualize the information flows within a system. A neat and clear DFD can depict a good amount of the system requirements graphically. It can be manual, automated, or a combination of both.

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Flow chart maker and online diagram software

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Flow chart maker and online diagram software

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draw.io is a free online diagramming application and flowchart maker . You can use it to create UML, entity relationship, org charts, BPMN and BPM, database schema and networks. Also possible are telecommunication network, workflow, flowcharts, maps overlays and GIS, electronic circuit and social network diagrams.

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How to create a Context-level Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

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How to create a Context-level Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

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How to create a Context-level Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

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How to create a Level-1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

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How to create a Level-1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

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How to create a Level-1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)