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Difference between Anthropology and Archeology (macy) 

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Archeology is the study of past societies through an analysis of the items left behind. Meaning they are studying the artifacts they have found. Anthropology is the study of human life and culture based on artifacts and human fossils. They are studying how the people used the things that they found. They study the way of life of the ancient people.

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Culture is the way of life people follow, including the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a popular nation, people, or other social group. Civilizations are complex cultures in which people share common elements (cities, government, religion, social structure, writing, art). The world's earliest civilizations began around water, in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. As life became easier, the population increased.

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Ötztal Alps, Schnals, Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, Italy

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A preserved human body was found in the mountains while two hikers were on a hike. At first, he was thought to be around 4,000 years old but instead, he was 5,000. He was the oldest body ever to be retrieved from an Alpine glacier.

Some mistakes the hikers made were that they damaged him and the artifacts around him. He was also found with tattoos. He was found with a copper axe and a flint bladed knife. He had wild berries on him.

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The Egyptians practiced polytheistic religion. Their faith was so strong that their civilization survived for a long time and was very strong. Their government was ruled by pharaohs, and kingship passed down. Until 600 bce was the economy was a trade-barter system. the government controlled resources.

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These were the most powerful city-states in ancient Greece. Sparta was a strict war-like society military-focused state. People were born into caste systems. These two city-states were bitter rivals. Spartan armies started training their soldiers at the ripe age of seven. Women in the spartan society were allowed many freedoms but jobs including staying home. Once a year spartan leaders declared war on the helots.

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Cyrus the great conquered much of the territory help by the Assyrians and babylonainas. Persians maintained cultural and religious tolerance. Communication was important for the persians. Leaders used royal roads to move more easily. Many weigh stations were set up to provide suplies and fresh horses so riders could move better.

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Athens Navy versus Spartan Army. The Spartan army was just too advanced for the Greeks. Sparta ends up asking the Persians for naval help. In the end, Athens forfeited and retreated to avoid fighting. But also there was a deadly plague that went around and ended up killing half of the city. Sparta ultimately defeated Athens because of the plague that wiped out Athens and its people. Some effects were the city-states were weakened and they continued to fight each other. The lack of organization throughout the city-states left them vulnerable to attack. One of the main ideas of this was if you can't govern yourself often someone else will do it for you.

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After years of fighting, Agustus "Octavian" named the Roman Empire in 27 BC. He claimed to have restored the republic but had the power of a dictator. This led to the stabilization of Rome during his 45-year reign. The leadership in the Roman Empire was passed down through family members. This led to royal family members murdering each other so they could gain leadership. The Pax Romana was the peak of the Roman Empire. It was a series of 5 "good" empires. They built roads, and schools. helped the poor, and strengthened infrastructure. Rome becomes very wealthy. They designed aqueducts and advanced plumbing.

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Rise of the church and the Byzantine empire (unit 3)

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Rise of the church and the Byzantine empire (unit 3)

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The church began to quickly spread and was organized by clergy. Leadership became more political and the idea of the pope was instituted. Justain conquered nearly the whole Roman Empire. He instituted Justains code. This was a legal system created by combining and simplifying Roman laws. Rulers' authority is tied closely to religion leading to be seen as almost god-like. Constaniople became is the center of Europe.

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Before Islam, the Arabian Peninsula lacked a centralized government, and society was centered around smaller city-states until people began to unite through Islam. The peninsula was a major hub for trade between Europe and Asia. Most Arabs were polytheistic but believed that Allah (the Arabic word for god) was the supreme god. A man named Muhammad claimed to received revelations from Allah. He was born in Mecca. He stated that he was a religious teacher who received word from Allah and he was to go forth and teach them. These revelations became the holy book of Islam, called the Quran. Muhammad became a popular religious and political figure.

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The Dark Ages in Europe spanned from 400-1400 AD. Due to the Frankish empire falling Europeans were susceptible to invasion from other religions. This brought about the idea of Feudalism. This was a political/ social order where people turned to regional/ kings and nobles for safety and leadership. This was in exchange for work and labor. The feudal system lasted for hundreds of years. Many farming improvements were made. They invented a carruca which is a heavy wheel plow, which created faster and deeper crop rotation. Trade was able to increase and cities began to flourish.

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The Neolithic Revolution was the beginning of farming, settlements, and systematic agriculture between 8000 - 4000 BC. As populations had begun to increase, the rise of cities and civilizations had started. People started building up walls for protection, alongside storehouses, in order to store food. Trade was popularized and men began to take the more dominant roles in households. They worked to store and gather food. As people had begun to get jobs, technology also increased. So did the amount or artisans. This revolution paved the pathway for the copper, iron, and bronze ages.

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The Epic of Gilgamesh was written on twelve different stone tablets. It was a secular writing made for entertainment. The stories are similar to some such as The Iliad and The Odyssey, as well as others. The stories take a play on the natural world, and the potency of true love, as well as opposing the question on what makes a good life.

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Beginning around 3000 BC, the Indus Valley civilization was one of the largest early settlements in the world. They had over 2000 settlements in their region, with very advanced roads and water systems. They even had sewage! The villages of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa had between 30000 - 40000 residents. The cities were the first to show early signs of community planning. Homes would span over 3 floors high, and many families of the time would live under one roof. Arranged marriages were also common at the time.

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The Israelite people were monotheistic, semitic speaking people. They had originally settled in Canaan, which was the birthplace of Judaism. Judaism, it was distinct as the Torah, religious scripture, was available to all people. In Israel the Ten Commandments laid out the rules and guidelines the people were to abide and live by. They were taught that they were God's people and focussed on principles for life over bringing sacrifices or pleasing their God.

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The Babylonian Empire was founded by Hammurabi in 1895 BC. It was founded, and took place, in Ancient Mesopotamia. It rose to power by conquering neighboring settlements throughout Mesopotamia, and Babylon was its capital city. The Empire was rule over by The Code of Hammurabi. It was a collection of 282 Babylonian Laws that made history. It was the first collection of legislation to be posted public for all to see. Punishments were harsh, commonly referred to by the saying "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth". While the laws did differ among class, there were consumer protection laws put in place. There were also punishments for speaking against family elders, and public officers.

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The regions of Ancient Greece were divided city-states, know as a polis. Each of them had an acroplis where meetings and refuges were held. The geography of Greece was crucial for the development of teh civilzaton as it was mounitnous. This resulted in many secluded and unuiq city-states. The biggest of them being Athens and Sparta, who were big rivals. Ancient Greece is also well known for their literature, much of it being written in the form of epics. And while they weren't necessarily factual, they served as essential education textbooks that created the identity for future Greek citizens, especially men. It taught them to be strong, protect, and gave them the willingness to fight for honor. The Iliad and The Odyssey were written by Homer about Greek military battles.

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Alexander the Great was born in Macedonia, to Prince Phillip II. His father had wanted to unite adn conquer Greece and defeat Persia, to keep them out of Europe. He began to conquer Greek cities states, but died 2 years later in 336 BC. Alexander the Great had inherited the throne after his father's death, at the age of 20. Over the span of a decade, he had conquered Persia, Egypt, and Middle East Mesopotamia. All with the ultimate goal of uniting Europe and Asia. But, his troops grew tired and could no longer continue. As they traveled back to Macedonia, Alexander fell ill and died at the age of 32. His conquest was the greatest cultural diffusion known upon that point.

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The Punic Wars were a series of wars between Rome and Carthage. The conflict began over the land of Sicily, and who show control it. The Romans had won, causing a vow of revenge for Carthage. This situation allowed Hannibal to prove his military power, and rise to power. Hannibal marched 46,00 troops alongside hundreds of horses, and thirty-seven elephants, to Rome. Early on he had proved to be very successful, but as time went on his supplies had depleted and so had his men. Whilst Hannibal is away, the Romans attack Carthage, destroying the city and enslaving thousands of people. Ultimately, ROme won the Punic War and gained new territory, know as present day Africa.

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The Jewish religion believes that there is a Messiah that will come to deliver to Jewish people. Jesus had said that he was in fact the Messiah, the Son of God. This was the birthing of the Christian faith. Jesus had promoted a belief in one God. He also encouraged practices of honesty, good deeds, and peace to all. These concepts of humility, charity, and love towards others helped to shape the values of Western Civilization. Since Jesus called himself the "King of the Jews", which brought about Roman authorities as they believed he was question their authority. They proceeded to curify. They gave him 39 lashings and put a crown of thorns on his head, resulting in his death.

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Joan of Arc was a French peasant woman. She rose to power and fame by becoming a great military general by leading French forces to many decisive victories in the French and English war. She was later captured by the English. She was then tortured and killed by the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft. But, regardless, Joan of Arc had helped turn the tide of war in favor of the French, and became a martyr and a national hero.

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After Muhammad’s death, leadership was passed to caliphs. Power was then passed throughout the family which formed caliphates. Muslims had begun to conquer different territories, spanning from Spain to India. Many fought in order to achieve a good afterlife. This conquest led to lots of trade and cultural diffusion. Bazaars were located through the empire as well. The different social classes were prominent and slavery was a common practice. Women also had very few rights and they became more and more restricted over time. They would need male guardians 24/7 and also were put in arranged marriages. But, there was internal conflict and unrest among the non-Arab Muslims in the empire. Because of this, there was a split in the Islamic religion. The Shia and Sunni Muslims were the two distinctive people. The Shia believed that the caliphs had to be descendants of Muhammad. The Sunni, on the other hand, believed that any devout Muslim could be caliph. This split is still relevant today.

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Over time, the Frankish feudal system combined under one king, this created countries. The King's often allied with the Catholic Church as a means of influence and power. The Church gained massive amounts of power as well. The Roman Catholic Church had become the most powerful entity in Europe, and the rules and beliefs have, essentially, become the law. The peasants, commoners, and nobles began to fear the king was becoming too powerful though. As a result the Magna Carta, or "Great Charter" was signed. These documents limited the influence of the kings, so they would not become too powerful. England also created a Parliament. It was a representative government that was composed of two knights from every country, town, and all nobles and bishops.

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The Crusades were a series of battles between the Christians and Muslims from 1000-1400. This was over what was thought to be both of the culture's holy land, Jerusalem. There were 9 total crusades. Pope Urban ll delivers the call to knights to fight for the holy land. He told them that if they fight they will have forgiveness of their sins. Christians were successful in capturing Jerusalem. They ended up slaughtering 70,000 inhabitants. The Muslims regained control in 1187. There were both positive and negative impacts from the crusades. Positives were Western Euorpe was exposed to lots of new trade, technology, and culture. They forced Europe out of the feudal system. The negative was that many lives were lost. The Christians developed a strong hatred for Muslims. This tension still exists.