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Multicultural Literature

Incorporate books by authors from diverse backgrounds that reflect students’ identities and introduce them to different cultures (Hammond, 2015).

Example: The Name Jar by Yangsook Choi (Asian culture), Esperanza Rising by Pam Muñoz Ryan (Latinx culture).

Application: Use literature circles where students analyze themes of identity, immigration, and resilience.

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THE NAME JAR by Yangsook Choi  (Kids Book Read Aloud 📚) | Back to School

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Ensure underrepresented groups' perspectives are heard by teaching historical events from various angles.

Example: Consider the following examples: Thanksgiving from the Native American point of view, the Civil Rights Movement as seen through the eyes of Black activists, and the independence movements in Latin America (Gay, 2018).

Application: Use this activity to spark class debates or presentations by giving students contrasting viewpoints on a historical event.

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This picture book retells the First Thanksgiving Story from the Native Perspective - Indigenous

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Use case studies from other cultures to compare and contrast local responses to global challenges. (Hammond, 2015).

Example: For instance, the impact of climate change on Africa in comparison to the United States, or the economic policies of Japan in comparison to Latin America.

Application: Incorporate cultural perspectives into the research process by having students work in small groups to present case studies.

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The State of the Climate in Africa 2022 report shows that the rate of temperature increase in Africa has accelerated in recent decades, with weather- and climate-related hazards becoming more severe. And yet financing for climate adaptation is only a drop in the ocean of what is needed.

More than 110 million people on the continent were directly affected by weather, climate and water-related hazards in 2022, causing more than US$ 8.5 billion in economic damages. There were a reported 5 000 fatalities, of which 48% were associated with drought and 43% were associated with flooding, according to the Emergency Event Database. But the true toll is likely to be much higher because of under-reporting.

"Africa is responsible for less than 10 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But it is the continent which is the least able to cope with the negative impacts of climate change. Heatwaves, heavy rains, floods, tropical cyclones, and prolonged droughts are having devastating impacts on communities and economies, with increasing numbers of people at risk," said WMO Secretary-General Prof. Petteri Taalas.

"There are big gaps in weather observations in Africa and early warning services are woefully adequate. We are determined to close those gaps and ensure that life-saving early warnings reach everyone," he said.

The report, produced jointly with the African Union Commission and Africa Climate Policy Centre of United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), was released during the Africa Climate Summit, which also saw the launch of the Early Warnings For All in Africa Action Plan. Kenya, which is hosting the summit, also released its State of the Climate in Kenya in 2022 report.

"Africa, like other regions, has come to terms with the reality that climate change is already happening. Left untamed, the coming decades and years would easily be characterized by severe climate-induced pressure on the continent's economies, livelihoods and nature," says H.E. Ambassador Josefa Leonel Correia Sacko, Commissioner for Agriculture, Rural Development, Blue Economy and Sustainable Environment at the African Union Commission.

"Given Africa's high exposure, fragility and low adaptive capacity, the effects of climate change are expected to be felt more severely. People's health, peace, prosperity, infrastructure, and other economic activities across many sectors in Africa are exposed to significant risks associated with climate change," she writes in the report.

Agriculture is the mainstay of Africa's livelihoods and national economies - supporting more than 55% of the labor force. But its agricultural productivity growth has declined by 34% since 1961 due to climate change. This decline is the highest compared to what other regions of the world have experienced.

Projected annual food imports by African countries are expected to increase by about a factor of three, from US$ 35 billion to US$ 110 billion by 2025.

The level of loss and damage, and therefore the costs incurred, will depend on many factors, including the level of ambition of global mitigation actions and the level of investment in adaptation at the local level. In a 4 °C warming world, with strong regional adaptation, "residual damages" costs equivalent to 3% of Africa's projected gross domestic product could be incurred annually by 2080.

The loss and damage costs in Africa due to climate change are projected to range between US$ 290 billion and US$ 440 billion, depending on the degree of warming, according to the UNECA's African Climate Policy Centre.

Climate change and the diminishing natural resource base could fuel conflicts for scarce productive land, water, and pastures, where farmer-herder violence has increased over the past 10 years due to growing land pressure, with geographic concentrations in many sub-Saharan countries, according to the report.

The report, with an accompanying story map, is the result of a multi-agency effort. It includes input from the African Union Commission, the UN Economic Commission for Africa, and contributions from African National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, WMO Regional Climate Centres, specialized United Nations agencies, the African Development Bank, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, and numerous experts and scientists.

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Africa suffers disproportionately from climate change

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The State of the Climate in Africa 2022 report shows that the rate of temperature increase in Africa has accelerated in recent decades, with weather- and climate-related hazards becoming more severe. And yet financing for climate adaptation is only a drop in the ocean of what is needed.

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Emphasize the work of a wide range of mathematicians and scientists.

Example: Dr. Anandibai Joshi was the first female doctor in India, and Katherine Johnson was an African-American mathematician who worked for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Banks et al., 2019).

Application: Have students research the influence of scientists and then creatively present their results using various mediums (posters, digital slides, etc.).

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India’s First Female Dr Anandibai Joshi | Femina.in

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Dr Anandibai Joshi, the woman who fought against all societal norms, went on to become the first female doctor in India.

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Strategies for adapting teaching to meet diverse students’ cultural backgrounds

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Category 2: Culturally Responsive Teaching Methods

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Category 2: Culturally Responsive Teaching Methods

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Make use of the participatory, interactive practices that are typical of Indigenous, Latinx, and African American communities.

Example: As an illustration, "When I say 'Class,' you say 'Yes!'" to maintain student engagement.

Application: Incorporate call-and-response methods into class debates and lessons to increase participation.

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Engage student's cultural origins by relating academic ideas to them.

Example: Include Indigenous land management methods into scientific curricula or teach fractions using traditional recipes.

Application: Ask your students to share stories about how their cultural traditions are reflected in math, science, or history.

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fractions with food | fun, hands on math learning | guest post by @beyondTM on techmama.com

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Let the kids show what they've learned in different ways.

Example: Rather than writing an essay, students can make a multimedia presentation, record a spoken-word performance, or narrate a narrative.

Application: To accommodate diverse learning styles, give students multiple options for demonstrating their knowledge.

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How to Create a Multimedia Presentation in 5 Easy Steps

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Motivate students to incorporate their cultural knowledge into the teachings.

Example: Organize a "culture share" day in which kids showcase significant traditions, languages, or customs relevant to them.

Application: Weekly rotate student presenters to discuss aspects of their culture, integrating this into classes where feasible.

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Category 3: Fostering a Multicultural Classroom Environment

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Category 3: Fostering a Multicultural Classroom Environment

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Strategies to make the classroom inclusive and respectful of all cultural backgrounds.

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 Fostering a Multicultural Classroom Environment

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Exhibit photographs, posters, and materials that represent diverse cultures.

Example: Display flags, cultural quotations, and artwork from many traditions.

Application: Establish a bulletin board for students to contribute components from their cultural background.

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Establish classroom standards that encourage respect and inclusivity.

Example: Utilize expressions such as “We honor all cultures” and promote the adoption of students’ chosen names and pronouns.

Application: Initiate the academic year by collaboratively establishing a class agreement centered on respect, empathy, and inclusiveness.

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Take time to acknowledge and commemorate cultural holidays.

Example: Recognize Lunar New Year, Diwali, Black History Month, or Indigenous Peoples' Day.

Application: Instruct students to investigate and present the importance of a cultural celebration they observe or find intriguing.

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Establish environments that encourage the sharing of personal narratives and experiences among students.

Example: Morning assemblies in which students contemplate their backgrounds and experiences inside a secure environment.

Application: Utilize prompts such as “What is a significant tradition in your family?” and facilitate small-group discussions among students.

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Category 4: Engagement with Families and Community

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Category 4: Engagement with Families and Community

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Strategies to involve families and the local community in multicultural education.

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Motivate kids to investigate and present elements of their family's cultural heritage.

Example: Illustrations of familial lineage, culturally inspired artistic endeavors, or narrative recounting by relatives.

Application: Initiate a "Heritage Month" project in which students present photographs, music, or narratives representative of their cultural backgrounds.

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Involve parents, elders, or community leaders to impart their cultural knowledge.

Example: A regional historian examining Indigenous history or a parent disseminating indigenous music.

Application: Arrange for guest speakers to present during pertinent lessons to offer direct cultural perspectives.

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Coordinate an event in which family provide traditional dishes for communal sharing.

Example: Potluck gathering in which families present dishes representative of their cultures.

Application: Instruct students to compose an essay on the cultural importance of their meal and present it in class.

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Accompany students to cultural institutions, festivals, or community centers.

For example, you can explore a nearby cultural history museum or participate in a neighborhood festival.

Implement reflection journals for students to document their learning and its connection to classroom instruction.

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Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. M. (2019). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (10th ed.). Wiley.

Gay, G. (2018). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (3rd ed.). Teachers College Press.

Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465–491.

Hammond, Z. (2015). Culturally responsive teaching and the brain: Promoting authentic engagement and rigor among culturally and linguistically diverse students. Corwin Press.

Howard, T. C. (2010). Why race and culture matter in schools: Closing the achievement gap in America’s classrooms. Teachers College Press.