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Summary

Overview

Human vision is dependent on light. We can only see if the light-sensitive cells on our retina at the back of our eyes get triggered by light entering the eye. As a result, we can only see objects that either are illuminated and reflect light back into our eyes, or objects that emit light. Any object that is in complete darkness is not visible to the human eye. In this lesson plan, students will place different objects inside a box and view them under different light conditions. By doing so, students will realize that our ability to see an object clearly is light-dependent. The more light that is present, the more details of an object can be seen.

Remote learning: This lesson plan can be conducted remotely. The Engage section of the lesson can be done over a video call, then students can work individually and independently during the Explore section, using the student worksheet as guide. A set of materials can be prepared in advance or students can use materials found around the house. And adult will be needed to assist with the preparation of the box. End the lesson with discussion over a video call during the Reflect section.

Learning Objectives

Conduct an experiment that shows that light is needed to see objects.

Understand the difference between an illuminated and a luminous object.

Explain, with evidence, that some objects can be seen at night and some cannot.

NGSS Alignment

This lesson helps students prepare for these Next Generation Science Standards Performance Expectations:

1-PS4-2. Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that objects in darkness can be seen only when illuminated.

This lesson focuses on these aspects of NGSS Three Dimensional Learning:

Science & Engineering Practices

Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions. Make observations (firsthand or from media) to construct an evidence-based account for natural phenomena.

Analyzing and Interpreting Data. Record information (observations, thoughts, and ideas).

Use observations (firsthand or from media) to describe patterns and/or relationships in the natural and designed world(s) in order to answer scientific questions and solve problems.

PS4.B: Electromagnetic Radiation. Objects can be seen if light is available to illuminate them or if they give off their own light.

Cause and Effect. Simple tests can be designed to gather evidence to support or refute student ideas about causes.

Materials

For each student group of 3:

Cardboard box (shoe box or mailing box)

Black tape

Sharpened pencil

Various objects that fit into the box, some of them luminous, such as a glow stick, light-up toys, etc.

Optional: Flashlight

For the teacher:

Utility knife or scissors

Double-sided tape

Background Information for Teachers

This section contains a quick review for teachers of the science and concepts covered in this lesson.

Explore Our Science Videos

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In this lesson plan, students will investigate how objects can be seen under different light conditions.

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Light | The Dr. Binocs Show | Learn Videos For Kids

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Sources of Light | Science for Kids | Kids Academy

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National Conference on Science Education Minneapolis 2025 Sessions and Workshops

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No matter where you are in your journey—whether you’re a preservice teacher, veteran educator, teacher leader, curriculum specialist, instructional coach, or informal educator—you’ll find inspiring sessions, valuable connections, and innovative ideas created just for you!

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By Amy Cowen on July 31, 2023 4:00 PM
Free STEM projects, experiments, lessons and activities to teach students about the science of visible light.
The free STEM projects, experiments, lessons and activities below help educators teach K-12 students about the physics of light, specifically, visible light, with hands-on exploration and active learning.

The resources below have been grouped by grade band to help educators select the experiments and lessons that best fit their needs. ( Note: Our lesson plans offer NGSS-alignment information for specific grades. They can still be adapted by educators for use in other classes. Our informal STEM activities have been designed for use with a wide range of ages. While we have loosely sorted the resources below into grade levels, we encourage you to review all grade levels.)

Find a list of independent student science and science fair projects, a summary of important concepts and vocabulary words at the bottom of this resource.

Note: Science Buddies Lesson Plans contain materials to support educators leading hands-on STEM learning with students. Lesson Plans offer NGSS alignment, contain background materials to boost teacher confidence, even in areas that may be new to them, and include supplemental resources like worksheets, videos, discussion questions, and assessment materials. Activities are simplified explorations that can be used in or out of the classroom. Student projects support students conducting independent science projects.

Lesson Plans and Activities to Teach About the Science of Visible Light

Light Science Lessons and Activities for Elementary School Students, Grades 1-3

1. In the Can You See Through Me? lesson, students experiment with materials to see how they absorb, scatter, transmit, or reflect light. As they observe how much light passes through a material, students correlate their findings with whether a material is labeled as translucent, transparent, or opaque. Questions: Are there any materials that allow all light through? Are there any materials that absorb all light?

2. What happens when you walk down the street and the sun is in front of you? A shadow appears behind you! Objects that block light cast shadows. In the Explore Shadows with a Shadow Play lesson, students use shadow puppets to explore how shadows are made and how they can be controlled to change their size or direction. For an informal version of this science lesson, see the Making Shadow Puppets activity. Questions: How can you make a shadow taller? Do translucent objects cast shadows? What determines how dark a shadow appears? ( Note: This lesson is also part of our Imagine Your Story - STEM Activities for Storytellers of All Ages! collection.)

3. In the Mirror, Mirror on the Wall... lesson, students experiment to see how reflective surfaces like mirrors change the direction of light. Using what they learn, students experiment with bouncing light from a flashlight off of reflective surfaces and then see if they can redirect light in a series of mirror bounces to reach from a starting point to a target location in the room. ( Note: This lesson is NGSS-aligned for 1st grade. For a more complex version aligned for middle school, see the Solve a Mirror Maze Challenge with the Law of Reflection lesson.)

Light Science Lessons and Activities for Grades 4-8

1. In the How Many Colors in a Rainbow? activity, students use a pan of water, the sun, and sheets of colored paper to create rainbows. The activity helps students explore how refraction creates the colors we see in a rainbow (or when using a prism). Different colors of light have different wavelengths, so when each color bends (refracts) and then bounces back out of something like a water drop, the colors all refract at different angles, which enables us to see a rainbow of colors. Questions: Which color of light has the longest wavelength? Which has the shortest? If you think about a rainbow, how does the order of colors correspond to the wavelengths of visible light? How does the science of refraction and the wavelengths of colored light help explain the shape of a rainbow?

2. Depending on the time of day and the weather, you might describe the sky as blue, or pink, or purple, or grey, or a combination of colors! What color is the sky really and what causes the colors we see? Light from the sun is white light. It contains all the colors, which we can see in rainbow form when light is refracted by a prism, for example. If the light in our sky is all white light from the sun, why does it appear different colors at different times of day? In the Sky Science lesson, students explore how the colors we see in the sky are related to how light from the sun passes through our atmosphere. Questions: Why is the sky viewed from the Moon always dark, but the sky viewed from Earth seems to have many colors at different times of the day? How does milk act like the Earth's atmosphere in this experiment? ( Note: For an informal exploration of sky colors, see the Sunset Colors in a Glass activity. In this activity, students use white light to create a simulated sunset in a jar!)

3. Can an object in water seem to be invisible to our eyes? In the VOILa! Experimenting with Light Refraction activity, students experiment to find out how looking at an object through water (or another translucent material) changes how we perceive or see the object. As they experiment, students will learn about the index of refraction and how it relates to the speed at which light travels through a material. Questions: Does light move faster or slower in water? How does light change as it enters water?

4. In the Serve Illuminated Water activity, students wrap a plastic bottle in aluminum foil and then shine a light through it to observe what happens when water is poured from the bottle into a sink or container. Students experiment with how altering the angle at which light hits a water-air boundary can change how the light behaves. Their observations are a real-world introduction to total internal reflection and can be used as a way to explain how fiber optic cables work. Question: Does light always travel in a straight line?

5. In the Solve a Mirror Maze Challenge with the Law of Reflection lesson, students explore the physics of how light is reflected from a surface. Using mirrors to bounce (reflect) light from a flashlight to other surfaces, students investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. Can they use what they learn to bounce a beam of light through a mirror maze? ( Note: This lesson is NGSS-aligned for grades 4-8. For a similar lesson aligned for early elementary school, see the Mirror, Mirror on the Wall... lesson.)

6. Have you ever visited a fun house of mirrors or seen an infinity mirror room, a room in which there are so many reflections of a person or object (or you!) that it is hard to tell which image is real? In the An Infinite Number of Reflections? Really? activity, students use two mirrors and small objects to explore how reflections of reflections are created and repeated. Questions: How do reflections change from the original image as they get repeated? How would you position two mirrors to create the most reflections of an object? How do kaleidoscopes demonstrate the science of repeated reflections? ( Tip! To help students visualize infinity mirrors on a larger scale, watch this video that shows examples of infinity rooms created by artist Yayoi Kusama.)

Note: Students interested in further exploring the science behind an infinity mirror can experiment by building their own electronic version in the Explore Optical Illusions: Build an Infinity Mirror and Use an Arduino™ to Control a Color-Changing Infinity Mirror projects.

7. What happens when you mix red and green light? If yellow wasn't your first guess, this activity will help! In the Colored Shadows activity, students use flashlights and colored cellophane to create shadows and explore the science of additive and subtractive colors of light. It is important to note (and sometimes confusing) that mixing colors of light doesn't behave the same as mixing paint. When talking about colors of light, the primary colors are red, green, and blue, and these colors can be combined to make a spectrum of other colors. Computer displays, for example, use the RGB color model, a system that uses red, green, and blue to create the colors we see on the screen. Questions: Why are the primary colors for mixing paint different from the RGB system for mixing light? If you mix all colors of light together, what color will you get? If you mix all colors of paint together, what color will you get? ( Note: Students interested in further exploring the mixing of light can experiment with the Mixing Light to Make Colors project.)

8. In the Black in the Spotlight lesson, students explore how different materials transmit, reflect, or absorb light and learn about superblack or ultrablack coatings that can transform how an object looks. Using a sensor app on a mobile phone, students test different materials from a box of mixed objects to see if they can find examples in each category. Question: What effect does a "superblack" coating have on what we see?

9. In the Science with a Smartphone: Lux Meter activity, students use a cell phone's light sensor and a sensor-based mobile app to measure the brightness (or intensity) of light from different light sources and locations.

Physics of Light Lessons and Activities for High School Students

1. In physics, students learn that the speed of light is a constant: 299,792,458 meters per second. However, this is only true in a vacuum. Light actually slows down when it passes through other materials. The Using a Laser to Measure the Speed of Light in Gelatin project gives students a chance to explore this firsthand by using a laser to measure the speed of light in gelatin. In this project, students use Snell's law (about the trajectory of light as it passes from one medium to another) and the science behind a material's index of refraction to measure the speed of light in gelatin. For a different approach to measuring the speed of light, see the Measuring the Speed of 'Light' with a Microwave Oven project.

2. What does the brightness of a star in the sky tell us? In the Star light, Star bright: How Does Light Intensity Change with Distance? astronomy project, students experiment to see how the brightness (or light intensity) of a star changes with distance.

3. As you move farther away from a source of light, does the light seem to change? In the How Does the Intensity of Light Change with Distance? project, students explore how the intensity of light changes with increasing distance from the light source. Students build a circuit with a photoresistor (a light-sensitive resistor) and experiment to see if light intensity decreases according to the inverse square law. For a related exploration, see the The Joly Photometer: Measuring Light Intensity Using the Inverse Square Law project.

4. A spectrophotometer is a device used in laboratories to measure the intensity of light. In the See the Light by Making a Cell Phone Spectrophotometer project, students build a simple spectrophotometer from a cell phone and use it to investigate how visible light is absorbed by differently colored solutions.

Independent Student Science Projects

Teaching About Visible Light and the Physics of Light in K-12

When teaching about visible light, students learn that light is a form of energy and travels in waves (similar to sound). As students explore the physics of light, they are introduced to the electromagnetic spectrum and the portion that constitutes visible light. In a variety of hands-on experiments and activities, students can explore the absorption, transmission, reflection, refraction, and scattering of light and what it means for materials to be transparent, translucent, or opaque. Combining understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum, the wavelengths of different colors of light, and how light moves through mediums, students can explore questions related to sky colors, rainbows, and prisms and experiment with mixing light to create colorful light displays. Students can explore the science behind kaleidoscopes, mirrors, and infinity mirrors and can investigate how the speed of light may change when passing through certain mediums. In learning about the intensity of light, students can measure light using various devices, build and use a cell phone spectrophotometer, and investigate the relationship between light intensity and distance from the light source.

Vocabulary

The following word bank contains words that may be covered when teaching about visible light using the lessons and activities in this resource.

Angle of incidence

Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic spectrum

Frequency

Illuminance

Index of refraction

Inverse square law

Infinity mirror

Infrared

Joly photometer

Law of reflection

Law of refraction

Light

Light absorption

Light intensity

Light transmission

Light wave

Lux

Opaque

Photometer

Photon

Reflection

Refraction

Scatter

Spectrophotometer

Speed of light

Snell's law

Total internal reflection

Translucent

Transparent

Ultraviolet

Visible light (visible spectrum)

Wavelength

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Thematic Collections

Collections like this help educators find themed activities in a specific subject area or discover activities and lessons that meet a curriculum need. We hope these collections make it convenient for teachers to browse related lessons and activities. For other collections, see the Teaching Science Units and Thematic Collections lists. We encourage you to browse the complete STEM Activities for Kids and Lesson Plans areas, too. Filters are available to help you narrow your search.

Understanding Science Buddies' STEM Resources

Lesson Plans contain materials to support educators leading hands-on STEM learning with students. Lesson Plans offer NGSS alignment, contain background materials to boost teacher confidence, even in areas that may be new to them, and include supplemental resources like worksheets, videos, discussion questions, and assessment materials.

Video Lessons include NGSS alignment and offer a plug-and-play option for teaching a STEM lesson. Each Video Lesson asks a science question, teaches students about the relevant science, and guides students in a hands-on experiment that will help them answer the question. Video Lessons are NGSS-aligned and bring core science concepts to life with storytelling, animation, and photos using a self-paced engage, explore, and reflect format.

Activities are simplified explorations that can be used in the classroom or in informal learning environments.

Projects are written to support students doing independent science projects or science fair projects. Projects can be adapted for classroom use.

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Teach K-12 students about visible light science with free hands-on STEM lessons and activities!