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* The flying shuttle was invented by John Kay in 1733
* He introduced a more efficient way to weave on handlooms
* Weaves could produce cloth quickly, increasing the demand

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*The spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1765 by increasing the demand for yarn
* It spun 8 threads at once unlike traditional spinning wheels that could only support one thread per single use

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He invented the spinning jenny

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* The Water Frame was invented by Richard Arkwright in 1768
* It was an improvement from James Hargreaves invention
* The wheel included a water frame that could produce any yarn type

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* Generating heat to smelt iron required charcoal
* Charcoal= time consuming + demanded large quantities of wood
* Abraham Darby --> Iron producer at Coalbrookdale
- He made a suggestion to bake coal= coke
- Coke burned much hotter and was smokeless
* Iron utensils eg. Knives and forks

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* Crompton's mule was invented in 1779 by Samuel Crompton.
* It was a combination of the 'Spinning Jenny Carriage' + the water frame rollers
* It worked with both cotton and wool
* The mule required a skilled weaver to operate

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He created the water frame

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* Developed by an American man (Robert Fulton in 1807)
* This design went through many different improvements over 100 years
* By 1818 ships crossing the Atlantic = were purely driven by steam
*Steam ships began to replace sailing ships
* They were more faster + reliable (however crew had to reduce cargo space for coal)

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*Coal was vital --> increasing demand = new mines
* Constant digging = better pumping systems
* Thomas Savery and Newcomen developed early steam engines
* James watt saw great efficiency potential in (1775) he produced a better working steam engine
* Over the next few years 500 steam engines were produced * Used for:

mining

cotton mills

breweries

sugar cane crushing mills

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* Built by English Engineer Richard Trevithick in 1807
* It was Driven on roads/ rather than mills
* Built for commercial usage by George Stephen
--> Remains one of the most famous steam locomotives
--> Designs became more sophisticated
--> This design became more powerful with greater speeds

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He invented the combustion engine

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* Steam engines were too large for small businesses
* Belgian Engineer Etienne Lenoir= developed an engine that sucked coal gas + air into a cylinder igniting a spark
* The same engine used in all modern day cars
*German Engineers (Gottlieb Daimler + Wilhelm Maybach) = introduced a new fuel source known was petrol
* Internal combustion engines were = more reliable + powerful
(cars became more and more common)
* Henry Ford= made owning a car more accessible for the common people
--> He was able to produce cars more cheaply/ quickly

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* The first railway line was built in 1825
* By the 1830's-1840's= strong, new iron bridges were built
--> Over 40 million train journeys were produced in Britain
* Travelling for holidays became more common
* They were modified to carry heavier vehicles

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* Over 100 canals were drug across Britain from 1760-1820
= Creating transport of exported foods
* These canals were used to move coal
* New canals caused the regular coal price to decrease by 1/2
* Cheaper coal transport= cheaper Cotton weavings

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* Most roads were fixed if only necessary
* This meant that most roads outside of London were in very poor conditions
*Turnpike Trusts = Agencies that collected fees from travelers
*By the 1830's = More than 100 trusts were established
--> Roads improved + travel time decreased
* More convient ways of crossing rivers grew
* Abraham Darby created the first bridge