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UNESCO's AI Competency framework for teachers

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UNESCO's AI Competency framework for teachers

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Guiding teachers on artificial intelligence (AI) use and misuse in education, this publication defines the knowledge, skills, and values teachers must master in the age of AI.

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My favorite feature of inviting OpenAI researchers to hang out with startups is that they can be 100% consistently relied upon to ask every founder “what makes you think the next generation of the foundation models won’t do this?”

build with, not against the capability tide!

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My favorite feature of inviting OpenAI researchers to hang out with startups is that they can be 100% consistently relied upon to ask every founder “what makes you think the next generation of the foundation models won’t do this?”

build with, not against the capability tide!

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My favorite feature of inviting OpenAI researchers to hang out with startups is that they can be 100% consistently relied upon to ask every founder “what makes you think the next generation of the foundation models won’t do this?”

build with, not against the capability tide!
— sarah guo // conviction (@saranormous) June 6, 2024

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My favorite feature of inviting OpenAI researchers to hang out with startups is that they can be 100% consistently relied upon to ask every founder “what makes you think the next generation of the foundation models won’t do this?”

build with, not against the capability tide!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
My favorite feature of inviting OpenAI researchers to hang out with startups is that they can be 100% consistently relied upon to ask every founder “what makes you think the next generation of the foundation models won’t do this?”

build with, not against the capability tide!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
My favorite feature of inviting OpenAI researchers to hang out with startups is that they can be 100% consistently relied upon to ask every founder “what makes you think the next generation of the foundation models won’t do this?”

build with, not against the capability tide!

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Will A.I. Be a Creator or a Destroyer of Worlds?

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Will A.I. Be a Creator or a Destroyer of Worlds?

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June 5, 2024 NYT article (Op-Ed)

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Microsoft's 2024 Work Trends Index Report

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Microsoft's 2024 Work Trends Index Report

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The full report.

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Includes suggested use-cases for AI in higher ed. Content sponsored by the Ellucian corporation.

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In the rapidly evolving postsecondary landscape, institutions and their leaders face multifaceted challenges such as the need to modernize solutions, to transform business practices to achieve equitable attainment. Adapting to these challenges requires transformative solutions, and one powerful tool that may help leaders address these issues is Artificial Intelligence (AI).

AI is a collection of technologies designed to enable systems to mimic human cognitive functions, while Machine Learning (ML), a subset of AI, allows systems to learn and improve from experience. Although not new, recent advancements, exemplified by programs like ChatGPT, have thrust AI and Machine Learning into the spotlight. While there is immense potential, responsible implementation is key, differentiating institutions and paving the way for meaningful change.

Use of AI in higher education administration is still an emerging area for institutional strategies and practices. In fact, according to a recent Ellucian-conducted survey of more than 1,000 higher education administrators regarding how they use AI, 48% of respondents reported that they had not yet used AI in their personal or professional lives at all. Out of those who do use AI, most reported using it for simple data retrieval rather than the more advanced analytical and predictive capabilities AI can offer Regardless of

Technologists are rushing to find the next big use case, and campus leaders are asking their leaders how AI can help them meet their goals. Harnessing the potential of AI will require efforts from all sectors of an institution. Leaders, including staff under the CIO office, provost, student success leaders, and CFO, must equip themselves with the knowledge to engage in conversations on this topic.

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Empowering higher education with artificial intelligence

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Learn how AI is revolutionizing higher education, transforming learning and streamlining operations.

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Employment Outlook in Ohio by Sector (to 2030)

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Employment Outlook in Ohio by Sector (to 2030)

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The following sections of the report linked above are especially relevant to educating Ohio's future workforce for AI:

Ohio Population Trends: Discusses the projected growth of Ohio's working-age population and labor force participation rates. This is key for understanding the potential workforce that will be available for jobs in the future, including those related to AI technology. Highlights the increasing importance of older workers and the need for workforce development programs that cater to their needs.

Ohio Industry Employment: Details the projected growth and decline of various industries in Ohio. Emphasizes the significant growth expected in the healthcare and social assistance sector, which could be a major area for the application of AI technologies. Describes the growth of the transportation and warehousing industry, where AI is already being used for optimization and automation.

Ohio Occupational Employment: Discusses the fastest-growing occupations and those with the most annual openings. Emphasizes the increasing demand for healthcare occupations, which could be a key area for AI applications in diagnostics, treatment, and patient care. Describes the importance of education and training, particularly in occupations requiring post-secondary education, which is often necessary for developing and working with AI technologies.

The overall focus on employment projections and workforce development is important for the integration of AI technology into the Ohio workforce, as is the need for continuous learning & upskilling. As AI is integrated into Ohio's economy, new skills and knowledge will constantly be required to keep pace with technological advancements.

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The Biden-Harris Administration will overhaul the federal hiring process to become fully skills-based for an entire series of technical employees.

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At White House Cyber Workforce Convening, Commitments from the Federal Government and Private Sector Demonstrate Progress Building the Nation's Cybersecurity Workforce
April 29, 2024

WASHINGTON - Today, the White House Office of the National Cyber Director hosted a first-of-its-kind convening at the White House where representatives from more than 30 companies and institutions representing a dozen industries committed to expand opportunities for Americans and build a strong cyber workforce.

The event focused on creating pathways for more Americans to enter the growing field of cybersecurity through practices like skill-based hiring and earn-and-learn opportunities such as apprenticeships. More than 500,000 cybersecurity positions are currently open across the country.

The National Cyber Director announced that the Biden-Harris Administration is leading by example and will overhaul the federal hiring process to become fully skills-based for an entire series of technical employees. Thanks to work by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the Federal Government will transition the Information Technology Management series, called the 2210 series, to skills-based hiring principles and practices. The 2210 job series represents IT workers in every federal agency and a majority of the federal IT workforce accounting for nearly 100,000 current federal employees. The framework announced today will take effect next summer.

Additionally, the Federal Government is making a similar commitment to federal contractors who work shoulder-to-shoulder supporting federal employees every day, beginning with an announcement from the Department of Energy on their effort to pivot towards skills-based hiring in IT and cyber contracts.

"Today marks an important moment in the vital work to build the Nation's cybersecurity workforce, a mission that is imperative to our national security and our economic prosperity in our increasingly digital world," said National Cyber Director Harry Coker, Jr. "Thanks to a lot of work across federal agencies, we're leading by example, ensuring that more Americans will have access to cybersecurity jobs in the Federal Government whether they are an employee or a contractor. I'm equally as pleased to see a whole new set of private sector companies from more than a dozen industries publicly highlight their efforts to expand our national cyber workforce. We need cybersecurity talent in every industry. Today we demonstrate the true value that our office - ONCD - can bring facilitating a nation-wide effort to skill-based hiring demonstrating partnership, collaboration and a dedication to building the talent pipeline and open opportunities to good paying jobs in cybersecurity."

"The Biden-Harris Administration is committed to recruiting the best talent for in-demand federal positions," said OPM Deputy Director Rob Shriver. "Skills-based hiring is a key priority, particularly with the emergence of new technologies like AI and machine learning. Americans with the right skills should have the chance to join the federal workforce, regardless of how they gained those skills."

"The President's Investing in America Agenda is rebuilding our nation's infrastructure, revitalizing American manufacturing, and creating a clean energy renaissance - and cyber security underpins our success in each critical sector. Skills-based hiring and quality job training programs, including earn-and-learn registered apprenticeship programs, will help us build the workforce that the cyber industry needs," saidWhite House Domestic Policy Advisor Neera Tanden.

Skills-based hiring opens up opportunities to workers who have learned skills in programs like apprenticeships and other training programs rather than relying solely on two or four-year college degree requirements. The Biden-Harris Administration has prioritized expanding registered apprenticeships and has invested $440 million in related programs. In March 2024, President Biden signed an Executive Order to expand registered apprenticeship programs in the Federal Government. Thanks to a registered apprenticeship sprint for cybersecurity workers, more than 7,000 individuals were hired into a paid apprenticeship role across the nation.

Last July, ONCD published President Biden's National Cyber Workforce and Education Strategy addressing the short- and long-term needs to fill the hundreds of thousands of cyber job vacancies across our nation, a national security imperative as the Biden-Harris Administration is making generational investments to prepare our country to lead in the digital economy. ONCD has been leading the efforts to transition to skills-based hiring for cyber jobs in both public and private sectors.

Today, ONCD was pleased to announce additional commitments from private sector companies all stepping up to build the nation's cybersecurity workforce. They all utilize skill-based hiring and remove the four-year degree requirement in job postings when appropriate and bolster the talent pipeline through apprenticeships, scholarships and trainings. They include:

ArcBest
ArcBest is investing $1M in the Peak Innovation Center to equip over 40,000 students from 22 regional school districts with real-world skills that enable them to secure jobs within the STEM disciplines. ArcBest also commits to continue exploring a skills-based approach across recruiting and retention efforts, including creating a development program for cyber talent.

Blue Valley Technologies
Blue Valley is committed to using skills-based hiring when recruiting new talent and to providing paid cyber job training for all employees.

Cisco
Cisco Networking Academy and Wichita State University Tech are piloting an innovative educational curriculum designed to cultivate essentials cybersecurity skills within the manufacturing sector.

Eaton
Eaton will invest more than $500,000 over the next three years to facilitate ongoing education and training at RIT's ESL Global Cybersecurity Institute.

Entergy
Entergy committed to hiring more than 100 interns annually to enhance its workforce pipeline for entry-level talent.

Fusion Cyber
Fusion Cyber commits to train 30 paid security operations center apprentices as part of a goal of training over 1,000 total students for cyber careers in 2024 and 10,000 by 2028.

Glendale Community College
Glendale Community College (GCC) commits to maintaining a live security operations center (SOC) where 19 paid interns will monitor, detect, and inform partnering rural municipalities at no cost, providing with over 300 hours of competency-based experience as a SOC Analyst or SOC Engineer by the end of 2024.

Merck & Co., Inc.
Merck & Co., Inc's Information Technology organization commits to embracing the company's Skills-First talent practices by removing four-year degree hiring requirements to even more roles, having already doubled the number of roles posted without the requirement since 2021.

Motorola Solutions
Motorola Solutions commits to extending their strong investment in programs and partnerships that bolster their talent, culture and cybersecurity posture with a diverse range of technical organizations such as the National Society of Black Engineers, the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, the Society of Women Engineers and Women in Cybersecurity.

Pearson VUE
Pearson VUE commits to extending the availability of its IT Specialist: Cybersecurity training resources and certification exams available at no charge to its network of learning and assessment centers to all US locations through 2024. This builds on Pearson VUE's initial commitments to provide these services to learners in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and North Carolina.

Per Scholas
Per Scholas commits to train 5,000 cyber learners over the next 5 years and grow its national Registered Cybersecurity Apprenticeship Program to 40 cyber apprentices in 2024.

Pineland Telephone
Pineland Telephone works closely with middle and high school students to demonstrate the skills needed for a fulfilling cybersecurity career.

SANS
SANS has collaborated with numerous partners to launch over 100 reskilling academy cohorts in the United States over the last decade. The Academies will enroll more than 800 students on full scholarships between now and the end of 2025.

Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad commits to enhancing its cyber workforce by providing experiential, hands-on learning through rotational programs, which are offered to all Information Assurance employees, to strengthen their skillsets. The railroad is also building a pipeline of future talent, actively recruiting 200 college students for its year-round and summer internships nationwide.

Verizon, Inc
Verizon's Skill Forward Program, in collaboration with edX, provides tuition-free technical and professional learning pathways. This initiative is designed to prepare 500,000 U.S. workers for future tech careers in fields such as cybersecurity and AI by 2030, reinforcing Verizon's commitment to workforce diversity and skilled employee retention.
Federal Government
Department of Energy
As part of the Department of Energy's (DOE) continued work on advancing the Biden-Harris Administration's priority to implement the National Cyber Workforce and Education Strategy, DOE is shifting towards skills-based hiring for federal and contractor IT & cybersecurity jobs including working to remove degree requirements in federal IT contracts.

Department of Labor
To support the President's priority to serve veterans and their families, The Department of Labor (DOL) is leading an initiative to prepare veterans, separating service members, and military spouses for entry or advancement in good-paying and high-demand cyber occupations. DOL-VETS would drive public-private partnerships that support job training, industry certifications, and upskilling, produce enhanced resources for Veterans seeking roles in the cyber workforce and for employers seeking Veteran employees, Furthermore, enhance VETS Employment Navigator and Partnership Program (ENPP), and offer the United Services Military Apprenticeship Program (USMAP), DOL's largest Registered Apprenticeship program which includes 15 cybersecurity occupations.

Office of Personnel Management
As part of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management's continued work on advancing the Biden-Harris Administration's priority to strengthen our Federal workforce and implementing the National Cyber Workforce and Education Strategy (NCWES) to advance the Administration's national strategic cyber objectives, OPM is working on transitioning the Federal sector Information Technology Management Occupation series, called 2210, to a skills-based hiring approach to enable Americans with the right skills to join the Federal workforce, regardless of how they gained those skills. OPM is currently reviewing Federal agency skill qualification requirements, including the 2210 IT Specialist Qualification and Classification Standard, and will use this pilot to expand the use of competency-based hiring more broadly across the Federal Government in FY 2025.
National Science Foundation
This summer, the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Experiential Learning for Emerging and Novel Technologies (ExLENT) program will invest $20 million in additional teams across three tracks this summer - including the new Explorations track - to expand practical STEM and cyber learning opportunities and grow U.S. jobs,. In addition, NSF announced a new funding opportunity to jumpstart a region's innovation ecosystem with up to $160M of NSF funding over 10 years.

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Press Release: National Cyber Director Encourages Adoption of Skill-Based Hiring to Connect Americans to Good-Paying Cyber Jobs | ONCD | The White House

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At White House Cyber Workforce Convening, Commitments from the Federal Government and Private Sector Demonstrate Progress Building the Nation's Cybersecurity Workforce April 29, 2024 WASHINGTON - Today, the White House Office of the National Cyber Director hosted a first-of-its-kind convening at the White House where representatives from more than 30 companies and institutions representing a...

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Excerpt from the Barclays Report: Most critical skills required of the workforce

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Excerpt from the Barclays Report: Most critical skills required of the workforce

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They're not necessarily what you’d expect!

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See especially Chapter 6 (Education).

Total 500+ pages, so use the TOC!

Maslej, Fattorini, Perrault, Parli, Reuel, Brynjolfsson, Etchemendy, Ligett, Lyons, Manyika, Niebles, Shoham, Wald, & Clark. “The AI Index 2024 Annual Report,” AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, April 2024.

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Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence | The White House

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Executive Order 14110: Establishment of a White House AI Council (10.30.23)

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Executive Order 14110: Establishment of a White House AI Council (10.30.23)

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Section 2, points b), c) & d) are especially relevant.

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By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

Section 1. Purpose. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds extraordinary potential for both promise and peril. Responsible AI use has the potential to help solve urgent challenges while making our world more prosperous, productive, innovative, and secure. At the same time, irresponsible use could exacerbate societal harms such as fraud, discrimination, bias, and disinformation; displace and disempower workers; stifle competition; and pose risks to national security. Harnessing AI for good and realizing its myriad benefits requires mitigating its substantial risks. This endeavor demands a society-wide effort that includes government, the private sector, academia, and civil society.

My Administration places the highest urgency on governing the development and use of AI safely and responsibly, and is therefore advancing a coordinated, Federal Government-wide approach to doing so. The rapid speed at which AI capabilities are advancing compels the United States to lead in this moment for the sake of our security, economy, and society.

In the end, AI reflects the principles of the people who build it, the people who use it, and the data upon which it is built. I firmly believe that the power of our ideals; the foundations of our society; and the creativity, diversity, and decency of our people are the reasons that America thrived in past eras of rapid change. They are the reasons we will succeed again in this moment. We are more than capable of harnessing AI for justice, security, and opportunity for all.

Sec. 2. Policy and Principles. It is the policy of my Administration to advance and govern the development and use of AI in accordance with eight guiding principles and priorities. When undertaking the actions set forth in this order, executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, adhere to these principles, while, as feasible, taking into account the views of other agencies, industry, members of academia, civil society, labor unions, international allies and partners, and other relevant organizations:

(a) Artificial Intelligence must be safe and secure. Meeting this goal requires robust, reliable, repeatable, and standardized evaluations of AI systems, as well as policies, institutions, and, as appropriate, other mechanisms to test, understand, and mitigate risks from these systems before they are put to use. It also requires addressing AI systems' most pressing security risks - including with respect to biotechnology, cybersecurity, critical infrastructure, and other national security dangers - while navigating AI's opacity and complexity. Testing and evaluations, including post-deployment performance monitoring, will help ensure that AI systems function as intended, are resilient against misuse or dangerous modifications, are ethically developed and operated in a secure manner, and are compliant with applicable Federal laws and policies. Finally, my Administration will help develop effective labeling and content provenance mechanisms, so that Americans are able to determine when content is generated using AI and when it is not. These actions will provide a vital foundation for an approach that addresses AI's risks without unduly reducing its benefits.

(b) Promoting responsible innovation, competition, and collaboration will allow the United States to lead in AI and unlock the technology's potential to solve some of society's most difficult challenges. This effort requires investments in AI-related education, training, development, research, and capacity, while simultaneously tackling novel intellectual property (IP) questions and other problems to protect inventors and creators. Across the Federal Government, my Administration will support programs to provide Americans the skills they need for the age of AI and attract the world's AI talent to our shores - not just to study, but to stay - so that the companies and technologies of the future are made in America. The Federal Government will promote a fair, open, and competitive ecosystem and marketplace for AI and related technologies so that small developers and entrepreneurs can continue to drive innovation. Doing so requires stopping unlawful collusion and addressing risks from dominant firms' use of key assets such as semiconductors, computing power, cloud storage, and data to disadvantage competitors, and it requires supporting a marketplace that harnesses the benefits of AI to provide new opportunities for small businesses, workers, and entrepreneurs.

(c) The responsible development and use of AI require a commitment to supporting American workers. As AI creates new jobs and industries, all workers need a seat at the table, including through collective bargaining, to ensure that they benefit from these opportunities. My Administration will seek to adapt job training and education to support a diverse workforce and help provide access to opportunities that AI creates. In the workplace itself, AI should not be deployed in ways that undermine rights, worsen job quality, encourage undue worker surveillance, lessen market competition, introduce new health and safety risks, or cause harmful labor-force disruptions. The critical next steps in AI development should be built on the views of workers, labor unions, educators, and employers to support responsible uses of AI that improve workers' lives, positively augment human work, and help all people safely enjoy the gains and opportunities from technological innovation.

(d) Artificial Intelligence policies must be consistent with my Administration's dedication to advancing equity and civil rights. My Administration cannot - and will not - tolerate the use of AI to disadvantage those who are already too often denied equal opportunity and justice. From hiring to housing to healthcare, we have seen what happens when AI use deepens discrimination and bias, rather than improving quality of life. Artificial Intelligence systems deployed irresponsibly have reproduced and intensified existing inequities, caused new types of harmful discrimination, and exacerbated online and physical harms. My Administration will build on the important steps that have already been taken - such as issuing the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, the AI Risk Management Framework, and Executive Order 14091 of February 16, 2023 (Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government) - in seeking to ensure that AI complies with all Federal laws and to promote robust technical evaluations, careful oversight, engagement with affected communities, and rigorous regulation. It is necessary to hold those developing and deploying AI accountable to standards that protect against unlawful discrimination and abuse, including in the justice system and the Federal Government. Only then can Americans trust AI to advance civil rights, civil liberties, equity, and justice for all.

(e) The interests of Americans who increasingly use, interact with, or purchase AI and AI-enabled products in their daily lives must be protected. Use of new technologies, such as AI, does not excuse organizations from their legal obligations, and hard-won consumer protections are more important than ever in moments of technological change. The Federal Government will enforce existing consumer protection laws and principles and enact appropriate safeguards against fraud, unintended bias, discrimination, infringements on privacy, and other harms from AI. Such protections are especially important in critical fields like healthcare, financial services, education, housing, law, and transportation, where mistakes by or misuse of AI could harm patients, cost consumers or small businesses, or jeopardize safety or rights. At the same time, my Administration will promote responsible uses of AI that protect consumers, raise the quality of goods and services, lower their prices, or expand selection and availability.

(f) Americans' privacy and civil liberties must be protected as AI continues advancing. Artificial Intelligence is making it easier to extract, re-identify, link, infer, and act on sensitive information about people's identities, locations, habits, and desires. Artificial Intelligence's capabilities in these areas can increase the risk that personal data could be exploited and exposed. To combat this risk, the Federal Government will ensure that the collection, use, and retention of data is lawful, is secure, and mitigates privacy and confidentiality risks. Agencies shall use available policy and technical tools, including privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) where appropriate, to protect privacy and to combat the broader legal and societal risks - including the chilling of First Amendment rights - that result from the improper collection and use of people's data.

(g) It is important to manage the risks from the Federal Government's own use of AI and increase its internal capacity to regulate, govern, and support responsible use of AI to deliver better results for Americans. These efforts start with people, our Nation's greatest asset. My Administration will take steps to attract, retain, and develop public service-oriented AI professionals, including from underserved communities, across disciplines - including technology, policy, managerial, procurement, regulatory, ethical, governance, and legal fields - and ease AI professionals' path into the Federal Government to help harness and govern AI. The Federal Government will work to ensure that all members of its workforce receive adequate training to understand the benefits, risks, and limitations of AI for their job functions, and to modernize Federal Government information technology infrastructure, remove bureaucratic obstacles, and ensure that safe and rights-respecting AI is adopted, deployed, and used.

(h) The Federal Government should lead the way to global societal, economic, and technological progress, as the United States has in previous eras of disruptive innovation and change. This leadership is not measured solely by the technological advancements our country makes. Effective leadership also means pioneering those systems and safeguards needed to deploy technology responsibly - and building and promoting those safeguards with the rest of the world. My Administration will engage with international allies and partners in developing a framework to manage AI's risks, unlock AI's potential for good, and promote common approaches to shared challenges. The Federal Government will seek to promote responsible AI safety and security principles and actions with other nations, including our competitors, while leading key global conversations and collaborations to ensure that AI benefits the whole world, rather than exacerbating inequities, threatening human rights, and causing other harms.

Sec. 3. Definitions. For purposes of this order:

(a) The term "agency" means each agency described in 44 U.S.C. 3502(1), except for the independent regulatory agencies described in 44 U.S.C. 3502(5).

(b) The term "artificial intelligence" or "AI" has the meaning set forth in 15 U.S.C. 9401(3): a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments. Artificial intelligence systems use machine- and human-based inputs to perceive real and virtual environments; abstract such perceptions into models through analysis in an automated manner; and use model inference to formulate options for information or action.

(c) The term "AI model" means a component of an information system that implements AI technology and uses computational, statistical, or machine-learning techniques to produce outputs from a given set of inputs.

(d) The term "AI red-teaming" means a structured testing effort to find flaws and vulnerabilities in an AI system, often in a controlled environment and in collaboration with developers of AI. Artificial Intelligence red-teaming is most often performed by dedicated "red teams" that adopt adversarial methods to identify flaws and vulnerabilities, such as harmful or discriminatory outputs from an AI system, unforeseen or undesirable system behaviors, limitations, or potential risks associated with the misuse of the system.

(e) The term "AI system" means any data system, software, hardware, application, tool, or utility that operates in whole or in part using AI.

(f) The term "commercially available information" means any information or data about an individual or group of individuals, including an individual's or group of individuals' device or location, that is made available or obtainable and sold, leased, or licensed to the general public or to governmental or non-governmental entities.

(g) The term "crime forecasting" means the use of analytical techniques to attempt to predict future crimes or crime-related information. It can include machine-generated predictions that use algorithms to analyze large volumes of data, as well as other forecasts that are generated without machines and based on statistics, such as historical crime statistics.

(h) The term "critical and emerging technologies" means those technologies listed in the February 2022 Critical and Emerging Technologies List Update issued by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), as amended by subsequent updates to the list issued by the NSTC.

(i) The term "critical infrastructure" has the meaning set forth in section 1016(e) of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, 42 U.S.C. 5195c(e).

(j) The term "differential-privacy guarantee" means protections that allow information about a group to be shared while provably limiting the improper access, use, or disclosure of personal information about particular entities.

(k) The term "dual-use foundation model" means an AI model that is trained on broad data; generally uses self-supervision; contains at least tens of billions of parameters; is applicable across a wide range of contexts; and that exhibits, or could be easily modified to exhibit, high levels of performance at tasks that pose a serious risk to security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters, such as by:

(i) substantially lowering the barrier of entry for non-experts to design, synthesize, acquire, or use chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons;

(ii) enabling powerful offensive cyber operations through automated vulnerability discovery and exploitation against a wide range of potential targets of cyber attacks; or

(iii) permitting the evasion of human control or oversight through means of deception or obfuscation.

Models meet this definition even if they are provided to end users with technical safeguards that attempt to prevent users from taking advantage of the relevant unsafe capabilities.

(l) The term "Federal law enforcement agency" has the meaning set forth in section 21(a) of Executive Order 14074 of May 25, 2022 (Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices To Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety).

(m) The term "floating-point operation" means any mathematical operation or assignment involving floating-point numbers, which are a subset of the real numbers typically represented on computers by an integer of fixed precision scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base.

(n) The term "foreign person" has the meaning set forth in section 5(c) of Executive Order 13984 of January 19, 2021 (Taking Additional Steps To Address the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities).

(o) The terms "foreign reseller" and "foreign reseller of United States Infrastructure as a Service Products" mean a foreign person who has established an Infrastructure as a Service Account to provide Infrastructure as a Service Products subsequently, in whole or in part, to a third party.

(p) The term "generative AI" means the class of AI models that emulate the structure and characteristics of input data in order to generate derived synthetic content. This can include images, videos, audio, text, and other digital content.

(q) The terms "Infrastructure as a Service Product," "United States Infrastructure as a Service Product," "United States Infrastructure as a Service Provider," and "Infrastructure as a Service Account" each have the respective meanings given to those terms in section 5 of Executive Order 13984.

(r) The term "integer operation" means any mathematical operation or assignment involving only integers, or whole numbers expressed without a decimal point.

(s) The term "Intelligence Community" has the meaning given to that term in section 3.5(h) of Executive Order 12333 of December 4, 1981 (United States Intelligence Activities), as amended.

(t) The term "machine learning" means a set of techniques that can be used to train AI algorithms to improve performance at a task based on data.

(u) The term "model weight" means a numerical parameter within an AI model that helps determine the model's outputs in response to inputs.

(v) The term "national security system" has the meaning set forth in 44 U.S.C. 3552(b)(6).

(w) The term "omics" means biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, that make up a cell or cellular system.

(x) The term "Open RAN" means the Open Radio Access Network approach to telecommunications-network standardization adopted by the O-RAN Alliance, Third Generation Partnership Project, or any similar set of published open standards for multi-vendor network equipment interoperability.

(y) The term "personally identifiable information" has the meaning set forth in Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular No. A-130.

(z) The term "privacy-enhancing technology" means any software or hardware solution, technical process, technique, or other technological means of mitigating privacy risks arising from data processing, including by enhancing predictability, manageability, disassociability, storage, security, and confidentiality. These technological means may include secure multiparty computation, homomorphic encryption, zero-knowledge proofs, federated learning, secure enclaves, differential privacy, and synthetic-data-generation tools. This is also sometimes referred to as "privacy-preserving technology."

(aa) The term "privacy impact assessment" has the meaning set forth in OMB Circular No. A-130.

(bb) The term "Sector Risk Management Agency" has the meaning set forth in 6 U.S.C. 650(23).

(cc) The term "self-healing network" means a telecommunications network that automatically diagnoses and addresses network issues to permit self-restoration.

(dd) The term "synthetic biology" means a field of science that involves redesigning organisms, or the biomolecules of organisms, at the genetic level to give them new characteristics. Synthetic nucleic acids are a type of biomolecule redesigned through synthetic-biology methods.

(ee) The term "synthetic content" means information, such as images, videos, audio clips, and text, that has been significantly modified or generated by algorithms, including by AI.

(ff) The term "testbed" means a facility or mechanism equipped for conducting rigorous, transparent, and replicable testing of tools and technologies, including AI and PETs, to help evaluate the functionality, usability, and performance of those tools or technologies.

(gg) The term "watermarking" means the act of embedding information, which is typically difficult to remove, into outputs created by AI - including into outputs such as photos, videos, audio clips, or text - for the purposes of verifying the authenticity of the output or the identity or characteristics of its provenance, modifications, or conveyance.
Sec. 4. Ensuring the Safety and Security of AI Technology.

4.1. Developing Guidelines, Standards, and Best Practices for AI Safety and Security. (a) Within 270 days of the date of this order, to help ensure the development of safe, secure, and trustworthy AI systems, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in coordination with the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Commerce may deem appropriate, shall:

(i) Establish guidelines and best practices, with the aim of promoting consensus industry standards, for developing and deploying safe, secure, and trustworthy AI systems, including:

(A) developing a companion resource to the AI Risk Management Framework, NIST AI 100-1, for generative AI;

(B) developing a companion resource to the Secure Software Development Framework to incorporate secure development practices for generative AI and for dual-use foundation models; and

(C) launching an initiative to create guidance and benchmarks for evaluating and auditing AI capabilities, with a focus on capabilities through which AI could cause harm, such as in the areas of cybersecurity and biosecurity.

(ii) Establish appropriate guidelines (except for AI used as a component of a national security system), including appropriate procedures and processes, to enable developers of AI, especially of dual-use foundation models, to conduct AI red-teaming tests to enable deployment of safe, secure, and trustworthy systems. These efforts shall include:

(A) coordinating or developing guidelines related to assessing and managing the safety, security, and trustworthiness of dual-use foundation models; and

(B) in coordination with the Secretary of Energy and the Director of the National Science Foundation (NSF), developing and helping to ensure the availability of testing environments, such as testbeds, to support the development of safe, secure, and trustworthy AI technologies, as well as to support the design, development, and deployment of associated PETs, consistent with section 9(b) of this order.

(b) Within 270 days of the date of this order, to understand and mitigate AI security risks, the Secretary of Energy, in coordination with the heads of other Sector Risk Management Agencies (SRMAs) as the Secretary of Energy may deem appropriate, shall develop and, to the extent permitted by law and available appropriations, implement a plan for developing the Department of Energy's AI model evaluation tools and AI testbeds. The Secretary shall undertake this work using existing solutions where possible, and shall develop these tools and AI testbeds to be capable of assessing near-term extrapolations of AI systems' capabilities. At a minimum, the Secretary shall develop tools to evaluate AI capabilities to generate outputs that may represent nuclear, nonproliferation, biological, chemical, critical infrastructure, and energy-security threats or hazards. The Secretary shall do this work solely for the purposes of guarding against these threats, and shall also develop model guardrails that reduce such risks. The Secretary shall, as appropriate, consult with private AI laboratories, academia, civil society, and third-party evaluators, and shall use existing solutions.

4.2. Ensuring Safe and Reliable AI. (a) Within 90 days of the date of this order, to ensure and verify the continuous availability of safe, reliable, and effective AI in accordance with the Defense Production Act, as amended, 50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq., including for the national defense and the protection of critical infrastructure, the Secretary of Commerce shall require:

(i) Companies developing or demonstrating an intent to develop potential dual-use foundation models to provide the Federal Government, on an ongoing basis, with information, reports, or records regarding the following:

(A) any ongoing or planned activities related to training, developing, or producing dual-use foundation models, including the physical and cybersecurity protections taken to assure the integrity of that training process against sophisticated threats;

(B) the ownership and possession of the model weights of any dual-use foundation models, and the physical and cybersecurity measures taken to protect those model weights; and

(C) the results of any developed dual-use foundation model's performance in relevant AI red-team testing based on guidance developed by NIST pursuant to subsection 4.1(a)(ii) of this section, and a description of any associated measures the company has taken to meet safety objectives, such as mitigations to improve performance on these red-team tests and strengthen overall model security. Prior to the development of guidance on red-team testing standards by NIST pursuant to subsection 4.1(a)(ii) of this section, this description shall include the results of any red-team testing that the company has conducted relating to lowering the barrier to entry for the development, acquisition, and use of biological weapons by non-state actors; the discovery of software vulnerabilities and development of associated exploits; the use of software or tools to influence real or virtual events; the possibility for self-replication or propagation; and associated measures to meet safety objectives; and

(ii) Companies, individuals, or other organizations or entities that acquire, develop, or possess a potential large-scale computing cluster to report any such acquisition, development, or possession, including the existence and location of these clusters and the amount of total computing power available in each cluster.

(b) The Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Energy, and the Director of National Intelligence, shall define, and thereafter update as needed on a regular basis, the set of technical conditions for models and computing clusters that would be subject to the reporting requirements of subsection 4.2(a) of this section. Until such technical conditions are defined, the Secretary shall require compliance with these reporting requirements for:

(i) any model that was trained using a quantity of computing power greater than 10 ²⁶ integer or floating-point operations, or using primarily biological sequence data and using a quantity of computing power greater than 10 ²³ integer or floating-point operations; and

(ii) any computing cluster that has a set of machines physically co-located in a single datacenter, transitively connected by data center networking of over 100 Gbit/s, and having a theoretical maximum computing capacity of 10 ²⁰ integer or floating-point operations per second for training AI.

(c) Because I find that additional steps must be taken to deal with the national emergency related to significant malicious cyber-enabled activities declared in Executive Order 13694 of April 1, 2015 (Blocking the Property of Certain Persons Engaging in Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities), as amended by Executive Order 13757 of December 28, 2016 (Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities), and further amended by Executive Order 13984, to address the use of United States Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Products by foreign malicious cyber actors, including to impose additional record-keeping obligations with respect to foreign transactions and to assist in the investigation of transactions involving foreign malicious cyber actors, I hereby direct the Secretary of Commerce, within 90 days of the date of this order, to:

(i) Propose regulations that require United States IaaS Providers to submit a report to the Secretary of Commerce when a foreign person transacts with that United States IaaS Provider to train a large AI model with potential capabilities that could be used in malicious cyber-enabled activity (a "training run"). Such reports shall include, at a minimum, the identity of the foreign person and the existence of any training run of an AI model meeting the criteria set forth in this section, or other criteria defined by the Secretary in regulations, as well as any additional information identified by the Secretary.

(ii) Include a requirement in the regulations proposed pursuant to subsection 4.2(c)(i) of this section that United States IaaS Providers prohibit any foreign reseller of their United States IaaS Product from providing those products unless such foreign reseller submits to the United States IaaS Provider a report, which the United States IaaS Provider must provide to the Secretary of Commerce, detailing each instance in which a foreign person transacts with the foreign reseller to use the United States IaaS Product to conduct a training run described in subsection 4.2(c)(i) of this section. Such reports shall include, at a minimum, the information specified in subsection 4.2(c)(i) of this section as well as any additional information identified by the Secretary.

(iii) Determine the set of technical conditions for a large AI model to have potential capabilities that could be used in malicious cyber-enabled activity, and revise that determination as necessary and appropriate. Until the Secretary makes such a determination, a model shall be considered to have potential capabilities that could be used in malicious cyber-enabled activity if it requires a quantity of computing power greater than 10 ²⁶ integer or floating-point operations and is trained on a computing cluster that has a set of machines physically co-located in a single datacenter, transitively connected by data center networking of over 100 Gbit/s, and having a theoretical maximum compute capacity of 10 ²⁰ integer or floating-point operations per second for training AI.

(d) Within 180 days of the date of this order, pursuant to the finding set forth in subsection 4.2(c) of this section, the Secretary of Commerce shall propose regulations that require United States IaaS Providers to ensure that foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products verify the identity of any foreign person that obtains an IaaS account (account) from the foreign reseller. These regulations shall, at a minimum:

(i) Set forth the minimum standards that a United States IaaS Provider must require of foreign resellers of its United States IaaS Products to verify the identity of a foreign person who opens an account or maintains an existing account with a foreign reseller, including:

(A) the types of documentation and procedures that foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products must require to verify the identity of any foreign person acting as a lessee or sub-lessee of these products or services;

(B) records that foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products must securely maintain regarding a foreign person that obtains an account, including information establishing:

(1) the identity of such foreign person, including name and address;

(2) the means and source of payment (including any associated financial institution and other identifiers such as credit card number, account number, customer identifier, transaction identifiers, or virtual currency wallet or wallet address identifier);

(3) the electronic mail address and telephonic contact information used to verify a foreign person's identity; and

(4) the Internet Protocol addresses used for access or administration and the date and time of each such access or administrative action related to ongoing verification of such foreign person's ownership of such an account; and

(C) methods that foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products must implement to limit all third-party access to the information described in this subsection, except insofar as such access is otherwise consistent with this order and allowed under applicable law;

(ii) Take into consideration the types of accounts maintained by foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products, methods of opening an account, and types of identifying information available to accomplish the objectives of identifying foreign malicious cyber actors using any such products and avoiding the imposition of an undue burden on such resellers; and

(iii) Provide that the Secretary of Commerce, in accordance with such standards and procedures as the Secretary may delineate and in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Director of National Intelligence, may exempt a United States IaaS Provider with respect to any specific foreign reseller of their United States IaaS Products, or with respect to any specific type of account or lessee, from the requirements of any regulation issued pursuant to this subsection. Such standards and procedures may include a finding by the Secretary that such foreign reseller, account, or lessee complies with security best practices to otherwise deter abuse of United States IaaS Products.

(e) The Secretary of Commerce is hereby authorized to take such actions, including the promulgation of rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq., as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of subsections 4.2(c) and (d) of this section. Such actions may include a requirement that United States IaaS Providers require foreign resellers of United States IaaS Products to provide United States IaaS Providers verifications relative to those subsections.

4.3. Managing AI in Critical Infrastructure and in Cybersecurity. (a) To ensure the protection of critical
infrastructure, the following actions shall be taken:

(i) Within 90 days of the date of this order, and at least annually thereafter, the head of each agency with relevant regulatory authority over critical infrastructure and the heads of relevant SRMAs, in coordination with the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency within the Department of Homeland Security for consideration of cross-sector risks, shall evaluate and provide to the Secretary of Homeland Security an assessment of potential risks related to the use of AI in critical infrastructure sectors involved, including ways in which deploying AI may make critical infrastructure systems more vulnerable to critical failures, physical attacks, and cyber attacks, and shall consider ways to mitigate these vulnerabilities. Independent regulatory agencies are encouraged, as they deem appropriate, to contribute to sector-specific risk assessments.

(ii) Within 150 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury shall issue a public report on best practices for financial institutions to manage AI-specific cybersecurity risks.

(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of Commerce and with SRMAs and other regulators as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall incorporate as appropriate the AI Risk Management Framework, NIST AI 100-1, as well as other appropriate security guidance, into relevant safety and security guidelines for use by critical infrastructure owners and operators.

(iv) Within 240 days of the completion of the guidelines described in subsection 4.3(a)(iii) of this section, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Director of OMB, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall coordinate work by the heads of agencies with authority over critical infrastructure to develop and take steps for the Federal Government to mandate such guidelines, or appropriate portions thereof, through regulatory or other appropriate action. Independent regulatory agencies are encouraged, as they deem appropriate, to consider whether to mandate guidance through regulatory action in their areas of authority and responsibility.

(v) The Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish an Artificial Intelligence Safety and Security Board as an advisory committee pursuant to section 871 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-296). The Advisory Committee shall include AI experts from the private sector, academia, and government, as appropriate, and provide to the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Federal Government's critical infrastructure community advice, information, or recommendations for improving security, resilience, and incident response related to AI usage in critical infrastructure.

(b) To capitalize on AI's potential to improve United States cyber defenses:

(i) The Secretary of Defense shall carry out the actions described in subsections 4.3(b)(ii) and (iii) of this section for national security systems, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall carry out these actions for non-national security systems. Each shall do so in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security may deem appropriate.

(ii) As set forth in subsection 4.3(b)(i) of this section, within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall, consistent with applicable law, each develop plans for, conduct, and complete an operational pilot project to identify, develop, test, evaluate, and deploy AI capabilities, such as large-language models, to aid in the discovery and remediation of vulnerabilities in critical United States Government software, systems, and networks.

(iii) As set forth in subsection 4.3(b)(i) of this section, within 270 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall each provide a report to the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs on the results of actions taken pursuant to the plans and operational pilot projects required by subsection 4.3(b)(ii) of this section, including a description of any vulnerabilities found and fixed through the development and deployment of AI capabilities and any lessons learned on how to identify, develop, test, evaluate, and deploy AI capabilities effectively for cyber defense.

4.4. Reducing Risks at the Intersection of AI and CBRN Threats. (a) To better understand and mitigate the risk of AI being misused to assist in the development or use of CBRN threats - with a particular focus on biological weapons - the following actions shall be taken:

(i) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), shall evaluate the potential for AI to be misused to enable the development or production of CBRN threats, while also considering the benefits and application of AI to counter these threats, including, as appropriate, the results of work conducted under section 8(b) of this order. The Secretary of Homeland Security shall:

(A) consult with experts in AI and CBRN issues from the Department of Energy, private AI laboratories, academia, and third-party model evaluators, as appropriate, to evaluate AI model capabilities to present CBRN threats - for the sole purpose of guarding against those threats - as well as options for minimizing the risks of AI model misuse to generate or exacerbate those threats; and

(B) submit a report to the President that describes the progress of these efforts, including an assessment of the types of AI models that may present CBRN risks to the United States, and that makes recommendations for regulating or overseeing the training, deployment, publication, or use of these models, including requirements for safety evaluations and guardrails for mitigating potential threats to national security.

(ii) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Director of OSTP, shall enter into a contract with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct - and submit to the Secretary of Defense, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Director of the Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy, the Director of OSTP, and the Chair of the Chief Data Officer Council - a study that:

(A) assesses the ways in which AI can increase biosecurity risks, including risks from generative AI models trained on biological data, and makes recommendations on how to mitigate these risks;

(B) considers the national security implications of the use of data and datasets, especially those associated with pathogens and omics studies, that the United States Government hosts, generates, funds the creation of, or otherwise owns, for the training of generative AI models, and makes recommendations on how to mitigate the risks related to the use of these data and datasets;

(C) assesses the ways in which AI applied to biology can be used to reduce biosecurity risks, including recommendations on opportunities to coordinate data and high-performance computing resources; and

(D) considers additional concerns and opportunities at the intersection of AI and synthetic biology that the Secretary of Defense deems appropriate.

(b) To reduce the risk of misuse of synthetic nucleic acids, which could be substantially increased by AI's capabilities in this area, and improve biosecurity measures for the nucleic acid synthesis industry, the following actions shall be taken:

(i) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Director of OSTP, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Director of National Intelligence, and the heads of other relevant agencies as the Director of OSTP may deem appropriate, shall establish a framework, incorporating, as appropriate, existing United States Government guidance, to encourage providers of synthetic nucleic acid sequences to implement comprehensive, scalable, and verifiable synthetic nucleic acid procurement screening mechanisms, including standards and recommended incentives. As part of this framework, the Director of OSTP shall:

(A) establish criteria and mechanisms for ongoing identification of biological sequences that could be used in a manner that would pose a risk to the national security of the United States; and

(B) determine standardized methodologies and tools for conducting and verifying the performance of sequence synthesis procurement screening, including customer screening approaches to support due diligence with respect to managing security risks posed by purchasers of biological sequences identified in subsection 4.4(b)(i)(A) of this section, and processes for the reporting of concerning activity to enforcement entities.

(ii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of NIST, in coordination with the Director of OSTP, and in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of HHS, and the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Commerce may deem appropriate, shall initiate an effort to engage with industry and relevant stakeholders, informed by the framework developed under subsection 4.4(b)(i) of this section, to develop and refine for possible use by synthetic nucleic acid sequence providers:

(A) specifications for effective nucleic acid synthesis procurement screening;

(B) best practices, including security and access controls, for managing sequence-of-concern databases to support such screening;

(C) technical implementation guides for effective screening; and

(D) conformity-assessment best practices and mechanisms.

(iii) Within 180 days of the establishment of the framework pursuant to subsection 4.4(b)(i) of this section, all agencies that fund life-sciences research shall, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, establish that, as a requirement of funding, synthetic nucleic acid procurement is conducted through providers or manufacturers that adhere to the framework, such as through an attestation from the provider or manufacturer. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Director of OSTP shall coordinate the process of reviewing such funding requirements to facilitate consistency in implementation of the framework across funding agencies.

(iv) In order to facilitate effective implementation of the measures described in subsections 4.4(b)(i)-(iii) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Homeland Security may deem appropriate, shall:

(A) within 180 days of the establishment of the framework pursuant to subsection 4.4(b)(i) of this section, develop a framework to conduct structured evaluation and stress testing of nucleic acid synthesis procurement screening, including the systems developed in accordance with subsections 4.4(b)(i)-(ii) of this section and implemented by providers of synthetic nucleic acid sequences; and

(B) following development of the framework pursuant to subsection 4.4(b)(iv)(A) of this section, submit an annual report to the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Director of the Office of Pandemic Preparedness and Response Policy, and the Director of OSTP on any results of the activities conducted pursuant to subsection 4.4(b)(iv)(A) of this section, including recommendations, if any, on how to strengthen nucleic acid synthesis procurement screening, including customer screening systems.

4.5. Reducing the Risks Posed by Synthetic Content.

To foster capabilities for identifying and labeling synthetic content produced by AI systems, and to establish the authenticity and provenance of digital content, both synthetic and not synthetic, produced by the Federal Government or on its behalf:

(a) Within 240 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Commerce may deem appropriate, shall submit a report to the Director of OMB and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs identifying the existing standards, tools, methods, and practices, as well as the potential development of further science-backed standards and techniques, for:

(i) authenticating content and tracking its provenance;

(ii) labeling synthetic content, such as using watermarking;

(iii) detecting synthetic content;

(iv) preventing generative AI from producing child sexual abuse material or producing non-consensual intimate imagery of real individuals (to include intimate digital depictions of the body or body parts of an identifiable individual);

(v) testing software used for the above purposes; and

(vi) auditing and maintaining synthetic content.

(b) Within 180 days of submitting the report required under subsection 4.5(a) of this section, and updated periodically thereafter, the Secretary of Commerce, in coordination with the Director of OMB, shall develop guidance regarding the existing tools and practices for digital content authentication and synthetic content detection measures. The guidance shall include measures for the purposes listed in subsection 4.5(a) of this section.

(c) Within 180 days of the development of the guidance required under subsection 4.5(b) of this section, and updated periodically thereafter, the Director of OMB, in consultation with the Secretary of State; the Secretary of Defense; the Attorney General; the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of NIST; the Secretary of Homeland Security; the Director of National Intelligence; and the heads of other agencies that the Director of OMB deems appropriate, shall - for the purpose of strengthening public confidence in the integrity of official United States Government digital content - issue guidance to agencies for labeling and authenticating such content that they produce or publish.

(d) The Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council shall, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, consider amending the Federal Acquisition Regulation to take into account the guidance established under subsection 4.5 of this section.

4.6. Soliciting Input on Dual-Use Foundation Models with Widely Available Model Weights. When the weights for a dual-use foundation model are widely available - such as when they are publicly posted on the Internet - there can be substantial benefits to innovation, but also substantial security risks, such as the removal of safeguards within the model. To address the risks and potential benefits of dual-use foundation models with widely available weights, within 270 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall:

(a) solicit input from the private sector, academia, civil society, and other stakeholders through a public consultation process on potential risks, benefits, other implications, and appropriate policy and regulatory approaches related to dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available, including:

(i) risks associated with actors fine-tuning dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available or removing those models' safeguards;

(ii) benefits to AI innovation and research, including research into AI safety and risk management, of dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available; and

(iii) potential voluntary, regulatory, and international mechanisms to manage the risks and maximize the benefits of dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available; and

(b) based on input from the process described in subsection 4.6(a) of this section, and in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Commerce deems appropriate, submit a report to the President on the potential benefits, risks, and implications of dual-use foundation models for which the model weights are widely available, as well as policy and regulatory recommendations pertaining to those models.

4.7. Promoting Safe Release and Preventing the Malicious Use of Federal Data for AI Training.To improve public data access and manage security risks, and consistent with the objectives of the Open, Public, Electronic, and Necessary Government Data Act (title II of Public Law 115-435) to expand public access to Federal data assets in a machine-readable format while also taking into account security considerations, including the risk that information in an individual data asset in isolation does not pose a security risk but, when combined with other available information, may pose such a risk:

(a) within 270 days of the date of this order, the Chief Data Officer Council, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Director of National Intelligence, shall develop initial guidelines for performing security reviews, including reviews to identify and manage the potential security risks of releasing Federal data that could aid in the development of CBRN weapons as well as the development of autonomous offensive cyber capabilities, while also providing public access to Federal Government data in line with the goals stated in the Open, Public, Electronic, and Necessary Government Data Act (title II of Public Law 115-435); and

(b) within 180 days of the development of the initial guidelines required by subsection 4.7(a) of this section, agencies shall conduct a security review of all data assets in the comprehensive data inventory required under 44 U.S.C. 3511(a)(1) and (2)(B) and shall take steps, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, to address the highest-priority potential security risks that releasing that data could raise with respect to CBRN weapons, such as the ways in which that data could be used to train AI systems.

4.8. Directing the Development of a National Security Memorandum. To develop a coordinated executive branch approach to managing AI's security risks, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy shall oversee an interagency process with the purpose of, within 270 days of the date of this order, developing and submitting a proposed National Security Memorandum on AI to the President. The memorandum shall address the governance of AI used as a component of a national security system or for military and intelligence purposes. The memorandum shall take into account current efforts to govern the development and use of AI for national security systems. The memorandum shall outline actions for the Department of Defense, the Department of State, other relevant agencies, and the Intelligence Community to address the national security risks and potential benefits posed by AI. In particular, the memorandum shall:

(a) provide guidance to the Department of Defense, other relevant agencies, and the Intelligence Community on the continued adoption of AI capabilities to advance the United States national security mission, including through directing specific AI assurance and risk-management practices for national security uses of AI that may affect the rights or safety of United States persons and, in appropriate contexts, non-United States persons; and

(b) direct continued actions, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, to address the potential use of AI systems by adversaries and other foreign actors in ways that threaten the capabilities or objectives of the Department of Defense or the Intelligence Community, or that otherwise pose risks to the security of the United States or its allies and partners.

Sec. 5. Promoting Innovation and Competition.

5.1. Attracting AI Talent to the United States. (a) Within 90 days of the date of this order, to attract and retain talent in AI and other critical and emerging technologies in the United States economy, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall take appropriate steps to:

(i) streamline processing times of visa petitions and applications, including by ensuring timely availability of visa appointments, for noncitizens who seek to travel to the United States to work on, study, or conduct research in AI or other critical and emerging technologies; and

(ii) facilitate continued availability of visa appointments in sufficient volume for applicants with expertise in AI or other critical and emerging technologies.

(b) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of State shall:

(i) consider initiating a rulemaking to establish new criteria to designate countries and skills on the Department of State's Exchange Visitor Skills List as it relates to the 2-year foreign residence requirement for certain J-1 nonimmigrants, including those skills that are critical to the United States;

(ii) consider publishing updates to the 2009 Revised Exchange Visitor Skills List (74 FR 20108); and

(iii) consider implementing a domestic visa renewal program under 22 C.F.R. 41.111(b) to facilitate the ability of qualified applicants, including highly skilled talent in AI and critical and emerging technologies, to continue their work in the United States without unnecessary interruption.

(c) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of State shall:

(i) consider initiating a rulemaking to expand the categories of nonimmigrants who qualify for the domestic visa renewal program covered under 22 C.F.R. 41.111(b) to include academic J-1 research scholars and F-1 students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); and

(ii) establish, to the extent permitted by law and available appropriations, a program to identify and attract top talent in AI and other critical and emerging technologies at universities, research institutions, and the private sector overseas, and to establish and increase connections with that talent to educate them on opportunities and resources for research and employment in the United States, including overseas educational components to inform top STEM talent of nonimmigrant and immigrant visa options and potential expedited adjudication of their visa petitions and applications.

(d) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall:

(i) review and initiate any policy changes the Secretary determines necessary and appropriate to clarify and modernize immigration pathways for experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies, including O-1A and EB-1 noncitizens of extraordinary ability; EB-2 advanced-degree holders and noncitizens of exceptional ability; and startup founders in AI and other critical and emerging technologies using the International Entrepreneur Rule; and

(ii) continue its rulemaking process to modernize the H-1B program and enhance its integrity and usage, including by experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies, and consider initiating a rulemaking to enhance the process for noncitizens, including experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies and their spouses, dependents, and children, to adjust their status to lawful permanent resident.

(e) Within 45 days of the date of this order, for purposes of considering updates to the "Schedule A" list of occupations, 20 C.F.R. 656.5, the Secretary of Labor shall publish a request for information (RFI) to solicit public input, including from industry and worker-advocate communities, identifying AI and other STEM-related occupations, as well as additional occupations across the economy, for which there is an insufficient number of ready, willing, able, and qualified United States workers.

(f) The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall, consistent with applicable law and implementing regulations, use their discretionary authorities to support and attract foreign nationals with special skills in AI and other critical and emerging technologies seeking to work, study, or conduct research in the United States.

(g) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Director of OSTP, shall develop and publish informational resources to better attract and retain experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies, including:

(i) a clear and comprehensive guide for experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies to understand their options for working in the United States, to be published in multiple relevant languages on AI.gov; and

(ii) a public report with relevant data on applications, petitions, approvals, and other key indicators of how experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies have utilized the immigration system through the end of Fiscal Year 2023.

5.2. Promoting Innovation. (a) To develop and strengthen public-private partnerships for advancing innovation, commercialization, and risk-mitigation methods for AI, and to help promote safe, responsible, fair, privacy-protecting, and trustworthy AI systems, the Director of NSF shall take the following steps:

(i) Within 90 days of the date of this order, in coordination with the heads of agencies that the Director of NSF deems appropriate, launch a pilot program implementing the National AI Research Resource (NAIRR), consistent with past recommendations of the NAIRR Task Force. The program shall pursue the infrastructure, governance mechanisms, and user interfaces to pilot an initial integration of distributed computational, data, model, and training resources to be made available to the research community in support of AI-related research and development. The Director of NSF shall identify Federal and private sector computational, data, software, and training resources appropriate for inclusion in the NAIRR pilot program. To assist with such work, within 45 days of the date of this order, the heads of agencies whom the Director of NSF identifies for coordination pursuant to this subsection shall each submit to the Director of NSF a report identifying the agency resources that could be developed and integrated into such a pilot program. These reports shall include a description of such resources, including their current status and availability; their format, structure, or technical specifications; associated agency expertise that will be provided; and the benefits and risks associated with their inclusion in the NAIRR pilot program. The heads of independent regulatory agencies are encouraged to take similar steps, as they deem appropriate.

(ii) Within 150 days of the date of this order, fund and launch at least one NSF Regional Innovation Engine that prioritizes AI-related work, such as AI-related research, societal, or workforce needs.

(iii) Within 540 days of the date of this order, establish at least four new National AI Research Institutes, in addition to the 25 currently funded as of the date of this order.

(b) Within 120 days of the date of this order, to support activities involving high-performance and data-intensive computing, the Secretary of Energy, in coordination with the Director of NSF, shall, in a manner consistent with applicable law and available appropriations, establish a pilot program to enhance existing successful training programs for scientists, with the goal of training 500 new researchers by 2025 capable of meeting the rising demand for AI talent.

(c) To promote innovation and clarify issues related to AI and inventorship of patentable subject matter, the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO Director) shall:

(i) within 120 days of the date of this order, publish guidance to USPTO patent examiners and applicants addressing inventorship and the use of AI, including generative AI, in the inventive process, including illustrative examples in which AI systems play different roles in inventive processes and how, in each example, inventorship issues ought to be analyzed;

(ii) subsequently, within 270 days of the date of this order, issue additional guidance to USPTO patent examiners and applicants to address other considerations at the intersection of AI and IP, which could include, as the USPTO Director deems necessary, updated guidance on patent eligibility to address innovation in AI and critical and emerging technologies; and

(iii) within 270 days of the date of this order or 180 days after the United States Copyright Office of the Library of Congress publishes its forthcoming AI study that will address copyright issues raised by AI, whichever comes later, consult with the Director of the United States Copyright Office and issue recommendations to the President on potential executive actions relating to copyright and AI. The recommendations shall address any copyright and related issues discussed in the United States Copyright Office's study, including the scope of protection for works produced using AI and the treatment of copyrighted works in AI training.

(d) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to assist developers of AI in combatting AI-related IP risks, the Secretary of Homeland Security, acting through the Director of the National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center, and in consultation with the Attorney General, shall develop a training, analysis, and evaluation program to mitigate AI-related IP risks. Such a program shall:

(i) include appropriate personnel dedicated to collecting and analyzing reports of AI-related IP theft, investigating such incidents with implications for national security, and, where appropriate and consistent with applicable law, pursuing related enforcement actions;

(ii) implement a policy of sharing information and coordinating on such work, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation; United States Customs and Border Protection; other agencies; State and local agencies; and appropriate international organizations, including through work-sharing agreements;

(iii) develop guidance and other appropriate resources to assist private sector actors with mitigating the risks of AI-related IP theft;

(iv) share information and best practices with AI developers and law enforcement personnel to identify incidents, inform stakeholders of current legal requirements, and evaluate AI systems for IP law violations, as well as develop mitigation strategies and resources; and

(v) assist the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator in updating the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator Joint Strategic Plan on Intellectual Property Enforcement to address AI-related issues.

(e) To advance responsible AI innovation by a wide range of healthcare technology developers that promotes the welfare of patients and workers in the healthcare sector, the Secretary of HHS shall identify and, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law and the activities directed in section 8 of this order, prioritize grantmaking and other awards, as well as undertake related efforts, to support responsible AI development and use, including:

(i) collaborating with appropriate private sector actors through HHS programs that may support the advancement of AI-enabled tools that develop personalized immune-response profiles for patients, consistent with section 4 of this order;

(ii) prioritizing the allocation of 2024 Leading Edge Acceleration Project cooperative agreement awards to initiatives that explore ways to improve healthcare-data quality to support the responsible development of AI tools for clinical care, real-world-evidence programs, population health, public health, and related research; and

(iii) accelerating grants awarded through the National Institutes of Health Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Consortium to Advance Health Equity and Researcher Diversity (AIM-AHEAD) program and showcasing current AIM-AHEAD activities in underserved communities.

(f) To advance the development of AI systems that improve the quality of veterans' healthcare, and in order to support small businesses' innovative capacity, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs shall:

(i) within 365 days of the date of this order, host two 3-month nationwide AI Tech Sprint competitions; and

(ii) as part of the AI Tech Sprint competitions and in collaboration with appropriate partners, provide participants access to technical assistance, mentorship opportunities, individualized expert feedback on products under development, potential contract opportunities, and other programming and resources.

(g) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to support the goal of strengthening our Nation's resilience against climate change impacts and building an equitable clean energy economy for the future, the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Chair of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Director of OSTP, the Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, the Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor, and the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Energy may deem appropriate, shall:

(i) issue a public report describing the potential for AI to improve planning, permitting, investment, and operations for electric grid infrastructure and to enable the provision of clean, affordable, reliable, resilient, and secure electric power to all Americans;

(ii) develop tools that facilitate building foundation models useful for basic and applied science, including models that streamline permitting and environmental reviews while improving environmental and social outcomes;

(iii) collaborate, as appropriate, with private sector organizations and members of academia to support development of AI tools to mitigate climate change risks;

(iv) take steps to expand partnerships with industry, academia, other agencies, and international allies and partners to utilize the Department of Energy's computing capabilities and AI testbeds to build foundation models that support new applications in science and energy, and for national security, including partnerships that increase community preparedness for climate-related risks, enable clean-energy deployment (including addressing delays in permitting reviews), and enhance grid reliability and resilience; and

(v) establish an office to coordinate development of AI and other critical and emerging technologies across Department of Energy programs and the 17 National Laboratories.

(h) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to understand AI's implications for scientific research, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology shall submit to the President and make publicly available a report on the potential role of AI, especially given recent developments in AI, in research aimed at tackling major societal and global challenges. The report shall include a discussion of issues that may hinder the effective use of AI in research and practices needed to ensure that AI is used responsibly for research.

5.3. Promoting Competition. (a) The head of each agency developing policies and regulations related to AI shall use their authorities, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, to promote competition in AI and related technologies, as well as in other markets. Such actions include addressing risks arising from concentrated control of key inputs, taking steps to stop unlawful collusion and prevent dominant firms from disadvantaging competitors, and working to provide new opportunities for small businesses and entrepreneurs. In particular, the Federal Trade Commission is encouraged to consider, as it deems appropriate, whether to exercise the Commission's existing authorities, including its rulemaking authority under the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. 41 et seq., to ensure fair competition in the AI marketplace and to ensure that consumers and workers are protected from harms that may be enabled by the use of AI.

(b) To promote competition and innovation in the semiconductor industry, recognizing that semiconductors power AI technologies and that their availability is critical to AI competition, the Secretary of Commerce shall, in implementing division A of Public Law 117-167, known as the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) Act of 2022, promote competition by:

(i) implementing a flexible membership structure for the National Semiconductor Technology Center that attracts all parts of the semiconductor and microelectronics ecosystem, including startups and small firms;

(ii) implementing mentorship programs to increase interest and participation in the semiconductor industry, including from workers in underserved communities;

(iii) increasing, where appropriate and to the extent permitted by law, the availability of resources to startups and small businesses, including:

(A) funding for physical assets, such as specialty equipment or facilities, to which startups and small businesses may not otherwise have access;

(B) datasets - potentially including test and performance data - collected, aggregated, or shared by CHIPS research and development programs;

(C) workforce development programs;

(D) design and process technology, as well as IP, as appropriate; and

(E) other resources, including technical and intellectual property assistance, that could accelerate commercialization of new technologies by startups and small businesses, as appropriate; and

(iv) considering the inclusion, to the maximum extent possible, and as consistent with applicable law, of competition-increasing measures in notices of funding availability for commercial research-and-development facilities focused on semiconductors, including measures that increase access to facility capacity for startups or small firms developing semiconductors used to power AI technologies.

(c) To support small businesses innovating and commercializing AI, as well as in responsibly adopting and deploying AI, the Administrator of the Small Business Administration shall:

(i) prioritize the allocation of Regional Innovation Cluster program funding for clusters that support planning activities related to the establishment of one or more Small Business AI Innovation and Commercialization Institutes that provide support, technical assistance, and other resources to small businesses seeking to innovate, commercialize, scale, or otherwise advance the development of AI;

(ii) prioritize the allocation of up to $2 million in Growth Accelerator Fund Competition bonus prize funds for accelerators that support the incorporation or expansion of AI-related curricula, training, and technical assistance, or other AI-related resources within their programming; and

(iii) assess the extent to which the eligibility criteria of existing programs, including the State Trade Expansion Program, Technical and Business Assistance funding, and capital-access programs - such as the 7(a) loan program, 504 loan program, and Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program - support appropriate expenses by small businesses related to the adoption of AI and, if feasible and appropriate, revise eligibility criteria to improve support for these expenses.

(d) The Administrator of the Small Business Administration, in coordination with resource partners, shall conduct outreach regarding, and raise awareness of, opportunities for small businesses to use capital-access programs described in subsection 5.3(c) of this section for eligible AI-related purposes, and for eligible investment funds with AI-related expertise - particularly those seeking to serve or with experience serving underserved communities - to apply for an SBIC license.

Sec. 6. Supporting Workers.(a) To advance the Government's understanding of AI's implications for workers, the following actions shall be taken within 180 days of the date of this order:

(i) The Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers shall prepare and submit a report to the President on the labor-market effects of AI.

(ii) To evaluate necessary steps for the Federal Government to address AI-related workforce disruptions, the Secretary of Labor shall submit to the President a report analyzing the abilities of agencies to support workers displaced by the adoption of AI and other technological advancements. The report shall, at a minimum:

(A) assess how current or formerly operational Federal programs designed to assist workers facing job disruptions - including unemployment insurance and programs authorized by the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (Public Law 113-128) - could be used to respond to possible future AI-related disruptions; and

(B) identify options, including potential legislative measures, to strengthen or develop additional Federal support for workers displaced by AI and, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Education, strengthen and expand education and training opportunities that provide individuals pathways to occupations related to AI.

(b) To help ensure that AI deployed in the workplace advances employees' well-being:

(i) The Secretary of Labor shall, within 180 days of the date of this order and in consultation with other agencies and with outside entities, including labor unions and workers, as the Secretary of Labor deems appropriate, develop and publish principles and best practices for employers that could be used to mitigate AI's potential harms to employees' well-being and maximize its potential benefits. The principles and best practices shall include specific steps for employers to take with regard to AI, and shall cover, at a minimum:

(A) job-displacement risks and career opportunities related to AI, including effects on job skills and evaluation of applicants and workers;

(B) labor standards and job quality, including issues related to the equity, protected-activity, compensation, health, and safety implications of AI in the workplace; and

(C) implications for workers of employers' AI-related collection and use of data about them, including transparency, engagement, management, and activity protected under worker-protection laws.

(ii) After principles and best practices are developed pursuant to subsection (b)(i) of this section, the heads of agencies shall consider, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, encouraging the adoption of these guidelines in their programs to the extent appropriate for each program and consistent with applicable law.

(iii) To support employees whose work is monitored or augmented by AI in being compensated appropriately for all of their work time, the Secretary of Labor shall issue guidance to make clear that employers that deploy AI to monitor or augment employees' work must continue to comply with protections that ensure that workers are compensated for their hours worked, as defined under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 29 U.S.C. 201 et seq., and other legal requirements.

(c) To foster a diverse AI-ready workforce, the Director of NSF shall prioritize available resources to support AI-related education and AI-related workforce development through existing programs. The Director shall additionally consult with agencies, as appropriate, to identify further opportunities for agencies to allocate resources for those purposes. The actions by the Director shall use appropriate fellowship programs and awards for these purposes.

Sec. 7. Advancing Equity and Civil Rights.

7.1. Strengthening AI and Civil Rights in the Criminal Justice System. (a) To address unlawful discrimination and other harms that may be exacerbated by AI, the Attorney General shall:

(i) consistent with Executive Order 12250 of November 2, 1980 (Leadership and Coordination of Nondiscrimination Laws), Executive Order 14091, and 28 C.F.R. 0.50-51, coordinate with and support agencies in their implementation and enforcement of existing Federal laws to address civil rights and civil liberties violations and discrimination related to AI;

(ii) direct the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Civil Rights Division to convene, within 90 days of the date of this order, a meeting of the heads of Federal civil rights offices - for which meeting the heads of civil rights offices within independent regulatory agencies will be encouraged to join - to discuss comprehensive use of their respective authorities and offices to: prevent and address discrimination in the use of automated systems, including algorithmic discrimination; increase coordination between the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division and Federal civil rights offices concerning issues related to AI and algorithmic discrimination; improve external stakeholder engagement to promote public awareness of potential discriminatory uses and effects of AI; and develop, as appropriate, additional training, technical assistance, guidance, or other resources; and

(iii) consider providing, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, guidance, technical assistance, and training to State, local, Tribal, and territorial investigators and prosecutors on best practices for investigating and prosecuting civil rights violations and discrimination related to automated systems, including AI.

(b) To promote the equitable treatment of individuals and adhere to the Federal Government's fundamental obligation to ensure fair and impartial justice for all, with respect to the use of AI in the criminal justice system, the Attorney General shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Director of OSTP:

(i) within 365 days of the date of this order, submit to the President a report that addresses the use of AI in the criminal justice system, including any use in:

(A) sentencing;

(B) parole, supervised release, and probation;

(C) bail, pretrial release, and pretrial detention;

(D) risk assessments, including pretrial, earned time, and early release or transfer to home-confinement determinations;

(E) police surveillance;

(F) crime forecasting and predictive policing, including the ingestion of historical crime data into AI systems to predict high-density "hot spots";

(G) prison-management tools; and

(H) forensic analysis;

(ii) within the report set forth in subsection 7.1(b)(i) of this section:

(A) identify areas where AI can enhance law enforcement efficiency and accuracy, consistent with protections for privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties; and

(B) recommend best practices for law enforcement agencies, including safeguards and appropriate use limits for AI, to address the concerns set forth in section 13(e)(i) of Executive Order 14074 as well as the best practices and the guidelines set forth in section 13(e)(iii) of Executive Order 14074; and

(iii) supplement the report set forth in subsection 7.1(b)(i) of this section as appropriate with recommendations to the President, including with respect to requests for necessary legislation.

(c) To advance the presence of relevant technical experts and expertise (such as machine-learning engineers, software and infrastructure engineering, data privacy experts, data scientists, and user experience researchers) among law enforcement professionals:

(i) The interagency working group created pursuant to section 3 of Executive Order 14074 shall, within 180 days of the date of this order, identify and share best practices for recruiting and hiring law enforcement professionals who have the technical skills mentioned in subsection 7.1(c) of this section, and for training law enforcement professionals about responsible application of AI.

(ii) Within 270 days of the date of this order, the Attorney General shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, consider those best practices and the guidance developed under section 3(d) of Executive Order 14074 and, if necessary, develop additional general recommendations for State, local, Tribal, and territorial law enforcement agencies and criminal justice agencies seeking to recruit, hire, train, promote, and retain highly qualified and service-oriented officers and staff with relevant technical knowledge. In considering this guidance, the Attorney General shall consult with State, local, Tribal, and territorial law enforcement agencies, as appropriate.

(iii) Within 365 days of the date of this order, the Attorney General shall review the work conducted pursuant to section 2(b) of Executive Order 14074 and, if appropriate, reassess the existing capacity to investigate law enforcement deprivation of rights under color of law resulting from the use of AI, including through improving and increasing training of Federal law enforcement officers, their supervisors, and Federal prosecutors on how to investigate and prosecute cases related to AI involving the deprivation of rights under color of law pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 242.

7.2. Protecting Civil Rights Related to Government Benefits and Programs. (a) To advance equity and civil rights, consistent with the directives of Executive Order 14091, and in addition to complying with the guidance on Federal Government use of AI issued pursuant to section 10.1(b) of this order, agencies shall use their respective civil rights and civil liberties offices and authorities - as appropriate and consistent with applicable law - to prevent and address unlawful discrimination and other harms that result from uses of AI in Federal Government programs and benefits administration. This directive does not apply to agencies' civil or criminal enforcement authorities. Agencies shall consider opportunities to ensure that their respective civil rights and civil liberties offices are appropriately consulted on agency decisions regarding the design, development, acquisition, and use of AI in Federal Government programs and benefits administration. To further these objectives, agencies shall also consider opportunities to increase coordination, communication, and engagement about AI as appropriate with community-based organizations; civil-rights and civil-liberties organizations; academic institutions; industry; State, local, Tribal, and territorial governments; and other stakeholders.

(b) To promote equitable administration of public benefits:

(i) The Secretary of HHS shall, within 180 days of the date of this order and in consultation with relevant agencies, publish a plan, informed by the guidance issued pursuant to section 10.1(b) of this order, addressing the use of automated or algorithmic systems in the implementation by States and localities of public benefits and services administered by the Secretary, such as to promote: assessment of access to benefits by qualified recipients; notice to recipients about the presence of such systems; regular evaluation to detect unjust denials; processes to retain appropriate levels of discretion of expert agency staff; processes to appeal denials to human reviewers; and analysis of whether algorithmic systems in use by benefit programs achieve equitable and just outcomes.

(ii) The Secretary of Agriculture shall, within 180 days of the date of this order and as informed by the guidance issued pursuant to section 10.1(b) of this order, issue guidance to State, local, Tribal, and territorial public-benefits administrators on the use of automated or algorithmic systems in implementing benefits or in providing customer support for benefit programs administered by the Secretary, to ensure that programs using those systems:

(A) maximize program access for eligible recipients;

(B) employ automated or algorithmic systems in a manner consistent with any requirements for using merit systems personnel in public-benefits programs;

(C) identify instances in which reliance on automated or algorithmic systems would require notification by the State, local, Tribal, or territorial government to the Secretary;

(D) identify instances when applicants and participants can appeal benefit determinations to a human reviewer for reconsideration and can receive other customer support from a human being;

(E) enable auditing and, if necessary, remediation of the logic used to arrive at an individual decision or determination to facilitate the evaluation of appeals; and

(F) enable the analysis of whether algorithmic systems in use by benefit programs achieve equitable outcomes.

7.3. Strengthening AI and Civil Rights in the Broader Economy. (a) Within 365 days of the date of this order, to prevent unlawful discrimination from AI used for hiring, the Secretary of Labor shall publish guidance for Federal contractors regarding nondiscrimination in hiring involving AI and other technology-based hiring systems.

(b) To address discrimination and biases against protected groups in housing markets and consumer financial markets, the Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency and the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau are encouraged to consider using their authorities, as they deem appropriate, to require their respective regulated entities, where possible, to use appropriate methodologies including AI tools to ensure compliance with Federal law and:

(i) evaluate their underwriting models for bias or disparities affecting protected groups; and

(ii) evaluate automated collateral-valuation and appraisal processes in ways that minimize bias.

(c) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to combat unlawful discrimination enabled by automated or algorithmic tools used to make decisions about access to housing and in other real estate-related transactions, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall, and the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is encouraged to, issue additional guidance:

(i) addressing the use of tenant screening systems in ways that may violate the Fair Housing Act (Public Law 90-284), the Fair Credit Reporting Act (Public Law 91-508), or other relevant Federal laws, including how the use of data, such as criminal records, eviction records, and credit information, can lead to discriminatory outcomes in violation of Federal law; and

(ii) addressing how the Fair Housing Act, the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 (title X of Public Law 111-203), or the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Public Law 93-495) apply to the advertising of housing, credit, and other real estate-related transactions through digital platforms, including those that use algorithms to facilitate advertising delivery, as well as on best practices to avoid violations of Federal law.

(d) To help ensure that people with disabilities benefit from AI's promise while being protected from its risks, including unequal treatment from the use of biometric data like gaze direction, eye tracking, gait analysis, and hand motions, the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board is encouraged, as it deems appropriate, to solicit public participation and conduct community engagement; to issue technical assistance and recommendations on the risks and benefits of AI in using biometric data as an input; and to provide people with disabilities access to information and communication technology and transportation services.

Sec. 8. Protecting Consumers, Patients, Passengers, and Students. (a) Independent regulatory agencies are encouraged, as they deem appropriate, to consider using their full range of authorities to protect American consumers from fraud, discrimination, and threats to privacy and to address other risks that may arise from the use of AI, including risks to financial stability, and to consider rulemaking, as well as emphasizing or clarifying where existing regulations and guidance apply to AI, including clarifying the responsibility of regulated entities to conduct due diligence on and monitor any third-party AI services they use, and emphasizing or clarifying requirements and expectations related to the transparency of AI models and regulated entities' ability to explain their use of AI models.

(b) To help ensure the safe, responsible deployment and use of AI in the healthcare, public-health, and human-services sectors:

(i) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, establish an HHS AI Task Force that shall, within 365 days of its creation, develop a strategic plan that includes policies and frameworks - possibly including regulatory action, as appropriate - on responsible deployment and use of AI and AI-enabled technologies in the health and human services sector (including research and discovery, drug and device safety, healthcare delivery and financing, and public health), and identify appropriate guidance and
resources to promote that deployment, including in the following areas:

(A) development, maintenance, and use of predictive and generative AI-enabled technologies in healthcare delivery and financing - including quality measurement, performance improvement, program integrity, benefits administration, and patient experience - taking into account considerations such as appropriate human oversight of the application of AI-generated output;

(B) long-term safety and real-world performance monitoring of AI-enabled technologies in the health and human services sector, including clinically relevant or significant modifications and performance across population groups, with a means to communicate product updates to regulators, developers, and users;

(C) incorporation of equity principles in AI-enabled technologies used in the health and human services sector, using disaggregated data on affected populations and representative population data sets when developing new models, monitoring algorithmic performance against discrimination and bias in existing models, and helping to identify and mitigate discrimination and bias in current systems;

(D) incorporation of safety, privacy, and security standards into the software-development lifecycle for protection of personally identifiable information, including measures to address AI-enhanced cybersecurity threats in the health and human services sector;

(E) development, maintenance, and availability of documentation to help users determine appropriate and safe uses of AI in local settings in the health and human services sector;

(F) work to be done with State, local, Tribal, and territorial health and human services agencies to advance positive use cases and best practices for use of AI in local settings; and

(G) identification of uses of AI to promote workplace efficiency and satisfaction in the health and human services sector, including reducing administrative burdens.

(ii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall direct HHS components, as the Secretary of HHS deems appropriate, to develop a strategy, in consultation with relevant agencies, to determine whether AI-enabled technologies in the health and human services sector maintain appropriate levels of quality, including, as appropriate, in the areas described in subsection (b)(i) of this section. This work shall include the development of AI assurance policy - to evaluate important aspects of the performance of AI-enabled healthcare tools - and infrastructure needs for enabling pre-market assessment and post-market oversight of AI-enabled healthcare-technology algorithmic system performance against real-world data.

(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall, in consultation with relevant agencies as the Secretary of HHS deems appropriate, consider appropriate actions to advance the prompt understanding of, and compliance with, Federal nondiscrimination laws by health and human services providers that receive Federal financial assistance, as well as how those laws relate to AI. Such actions may include:

(A) convening and providing technical assistance to health and human services providers and payers about their obligations under Federal nondiscrimination and privacy laws as they relate to AI and the potential consequences of noncompliance; and

(B) issuing guidance, or taking other action as appropriate, in response to any complaints or other reports of noncompliance with Federal nondiscrimination and privacy laws as they relate to AI.

(iv) Within 365 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, establish an AI safety program that, in partnership with voluntary federally listed Patient Safety Organizations:

(A) establishes a common framework for approaches to identifying and capturing clinical errors resulting from AI deployed in healthcare settings as well as specifications for a central tracking repository for associated incidents that cause harm, including through bias or discrimination, to patients, caregivers, or other parties;

(B) analyzes captured data and generated evidence to develop, wherever appropriate, recommendations, best practices, or other informal guidelines aimed at avoiding these harms; and

(C) disseminates those recommendations, best practices, or other informal guidance to appropriate stakeholders, including healthcare providers.

(v) Within 365 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS shall develop a strategy for regulating the use of AI or AI-enabled tools in drug-development processes. The strategy shall, at a minimum:

(A) define the objectives, goals, and high-level principles required for appropriate regulation throughout each phase of drug development;

(B) identify areas where future rulemaking, guidance, or additional statutory authority may be necessary to implement such a regulatory system;

(C) identify the existing budget, resources, personnel, and potential for new public/private partnerships necessary for such a regulatory system; and

(D) consider risks identified by the actions undertaken to implement section 4 of this order.

(c) To promote the safe and responsible development and use of AI in the transportation sector, in consultation with relevant agencies:

(i) Within 30 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Transportation shall direct the Nontraditional and Emerging Transportation Technology (NETT) Council to assess the need for information, technical assistance, and guidance regarding the use of AI in transportation. The Secretary of Transportation shall further direct the NETT Council, as part of any such efforts, to:

(A) support existing and future initiatives to pilot transportation-related applications of AI, as they align with policy priorities articulated in the Department of Transportation's (DOT) Innovation Principles, including, as appropriate, through technical assistance and connecting stakeholders;

(B) evaluate the outcomes of such pilot programs in order to assess when DOT, or other Federal or State agencies, have sufficient information to take regulatory actions, as appropriate, and recommend appropriate actions when that information is available; and

(C) establish a new DOT Cross-Modal Executive Working Group, which will consist of members from different divisions of DOT and coordinate applicable work among these divisions, to solicit and use relevant input from appropriate stakeholders.

(ii) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Transportation shall direct appropriate Federal Advisory Committees of the DOT to provide advice on the safe and responsible use of AI in transportation. The committees shall include the Advanced Aviation Advisory Committee, the Transforming Transportation Advisory Committee, and the Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Advisory Committee.

(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Transportation shall direct the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Infrastructure (ARPA-I) to explore the transportation-related opportunities and challenges of AI - including regarding software-defined AI enhancements impacting autonomous mobility ecosystems. The Secretary of Transportation shall further encourage ARPA-I to prioritize the allocation of grants to those opportunities, as appropriate. The work tasked to ARPA-I shall include soliciting input on these topics through a public consultation process, such as an RFI.

(d) To help ensure the responsible development and deployment of AI in the education sector, the Secretary of Education shall, within 365 days of the date of this order, develop resources, policies, and guidance regarding AI. These resources shall address safe, responsible, and nondiscriminatory uses of AI in education, including the impact AI systems have on vulnerable and underserved communities, and shall be developed in consultation with stakeholders as appropriate. They shall also include the development of an "AI toolkit" for education leaders implementing recommendations from the Department of Education's AI and the Future of Teaching and Learning report, including appropriate human review of AI decisions, designing AI systems to enhance trust and safety and align with privacy-related laws and regulations in the educational context, and developing education-specific guardrails.

(e) The Federal Communications Commission is encouraged to consider actions related to how AI will affect communications networks and consumers, including by:

(i) examining the potential for AI to improve spectrum management, increase the efficiency of non-Federal spectrum usage, and expand opportunities for the sharing of non-Federal spectrum;

(ii) coordinating with the National Telecommunications and Information Administration to create opportunities for sharing spectrum between Federal and non-Federal spectrum operations;

(iii) providing support for efforts to improve network security, resiliency, and interoperability using next-generation technologies that incorporate AI, including self-healing networks, 6G, and Open RAN; and

(iv) encouraging, including through rulemaking, efforts to combat unwanted robocalls and robotexts that are facilitated or exacerbated by AI and to deploy AI technologies that better serve consumers by blocking unwanted robocalls and robotexts.

Sec. 9. Protecting Privacy. (a) To mitigate privacy risks potentially exacerbated by AI - including by AI's facilitation of the collection or use of information about individuals, or the making of inferences about individuals - the Director of OMB shall:

(i) evaluate and take steps to identify commercially available information (CAI) procured by agencies, particularly CAI that contains personally identifiable information and including CAI procured from data brokers and CAI procured and processed indirectly through vendors, in appropriate agency inventory and reporting processes (other than when it is used for the purposes of national security);

(ii) evaluate, in consultation with the Federal Privacy Council and the Interagency Council on Statistical Policy, agency standards and procedures associated with the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, and disposition of CAI that contains personally identifiable information (other than when it is used for the purposes of national security) to inform potential guidance to agencies on ways to mitigate privacy and confidentiality risks from agencies' activities related to CAI;

(iii) within 180 days of the date of this order, in consultation with the Attorney General, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, and the Director of OSTP, issue an RFI to inform potential revisions to guidance to agencies on implementing the privacy provisions of the E-Government Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-347). The RFI shall seek feedback regarding how privacy impact assessments may be more effective at mitigating privacy risks, including those that are further exacerbated by AI; and

(iv) take such steps as are necessary and appropriate, consistent with applicable law, to support and advance the near-term actions and long-term strategy identified through the RFI process, including issuing new or updated guidance or RFIs or consulting other agencies or the Federal Privacy Council.

(b) Within 365 days of the date of this order, to better enable agencies to use PETs to safeguard Americans' privacy from the potential threats exacerbated by AI, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of NIST, shall create guidelines for agencies to evaluate the efficacy of differential-privacy-guarantee protections, including for AI. The guidelines shall, at a minimum, describe the significant factors that bear on differential-privacy safeguards and common risks to realizing differential privacy in practice.

(c) To advance research, development, and implementation related to PETs:

(i) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Director of NSF, in collaboration with the Secretary of Energy, shall fund the creation of a Research Coordination Network (RCN) dedicated to advancing privacy research and, in particular, the development, deployment, and scaling of PETs. The RCN shall serve to enable privacy researchers to share information, coordinate and collaborate in research, and develop standards for the privacy-research community.

(ii) Within 240 days of the date of this order, the Director of NSF shall engage with agencies to identify ongoing work and potential opportunities to incorporate PETs into their operations. The Director of NSF shall, where feasible and appropriate, prioritize research - including efforts to translate research discoveries into practical applications - that encourage the adoption of leading-edge PETs solutions for agencies' use, including through research engagement through the RCN described in subsection (c)(i) of this section.

(iii) The Director of NSF shall use the results of the United States-United Kingdom PETs Prize Challenge to inform the approaches taken, and opportunities identified, for PETs research and adoption.

Sec. 10. Advancing Federal Government Use of AI.

10.1. Providing Guidance for AI Management. (a) To coordinate the use of AI across the Federal Government, within 60 days of the date of this order and on an ongoing basis as necessary, the Director of OMB shall convene and chair an interagency council to coordinate the development and use of AI in agencies' programs and operations, other than the use of AI in national security systems. The Director of OSTP shall serve as Vice Chair for the interagency council. The interagency council's membership shall include, at minimum, the heads of the agencies identified in 31 U.S.C. 901(b), the Director of National Intelligence, and other agencies as identified by the Chair. Until agencies designate their permanent Chief AI Officers consistent with the guidance described in subsection 10.1(b) of this section, they shall be represented on the interagency council by an appropriate official at the Assistant Secretary level or equivalent, as determined by the head of each agency.

(b) To provide guidance on Federal Government use of AI, within 150 days of the date of this order and updated periodically thereafter, the Director of OMB, in coordination with the Director of OSTP, and in consultation with the interagency council established in subsection 10.1(a) of this section, shall issue guidance to agencies to strengthen the effective and appropriate use of AI, advance AI innovation, and manage risks from AI in the Federal Government. The Director of OMB's guidance shall specify, to the extent appropriate and consistent with applicable law:

(i) the requirement to designate at each agency within 60 days of the issuance of the guidance a Chief Artificial Intelligence Officer who shall hold primary responsibility in their agency, in coordination with other responsible officials, for coordinating their agency's use of AI, promoting AI innovation in their agency, managing risks from their agency's use of AI, and carrying out the responsibilities described in section 8(c) of Executive Order 13960 of December 3, 2020 (Promoting the Use of Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in the Federal Government), and section 4(b) of Executive Order 14091;

(ii) the Chief Artificial Intelligence Officers' roles, responsibilities, seniority, position, and reporting structures;

(iii) for the agencies identified in 31 U.S.C. 901(b), the creation of internal Artificial Intelligence Governance Boards, or other appropriate mechanisms, at each agency within 60 days of the issuance of the guidance to coordinate and govern AI issues through relevant senior leaders from across the agency;

(iv) required minimum risk-management practices for Government uses of AI that impact people's rights or safety, including, where appropriate, the following practices derived from OSTP's Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights and the NIST AI Risk Management Framework: conducting public consultation; assessing data quality; assessing and mitigating disparate impacts and algorithmic discrimination; providing notice of the use of AI; continuously monitoring and evaluating deployed AI; and granting human consideration and remedies for adverse decisions made using AI;

(v) specific Federal Government uses of AI that are presumed by default to impact rights or safety;

(vi) recommendations to agencies to reduce barriers to the responsible use of AI, including barriers related to information technology infrastructure, data, workforce, budgetary restrictions, and cybersecurity processes;

(vii) requirements that agencies identified in 31 U.S.C. 901(b) develop AI strategies and pursue high-impact AI use cases;

(viii) in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other appropriate agencies as determined by the Director of OMB, recommendations to agencies regarding:

(A) external testing for AI, including AI red-teaming for generative AI, to be developed in coordination with the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency;

(B) testing and safeguards against discriminatory, misleading, inflammatory, unsafe, or deceptive outputs, as well as against producing child sexual abuse material and against producing non-consensual intimate imagery of real individuals (including intimate digital depictions of the body or body parts of an identifiable individual), for generative AI;

(C) reasonable steps to watermark or otherwise label output from generative AI;

(D) application of the mandatory minimum risk-management practices defined under subsection 10.1(b)(iv) of this section to procured AI;

(E) independent evaluation of vendors' claims concerning both the effectiveness and risk mitigation of their AI offerings;

(F) documentation and oversight of procured AI;

(G) maximizing the value to agencies when relying on contractors to use and enrich Federal Government data for the purposes of AI development and operation;

(H) provision of incentives for the continuous improvement of procured AI; and

(I) training on AI in accordance with the principles set out in this order and in other references related to AI listed herein; and

(ix) requirements for public reporting on compliance with this guidance.

(c) To track agencies' AI progress, within 60 days of the issuance of the guidance established in subsection 10.1(b) of this section and updated periodically thereafter, the Director of OMB shall develop a method for agencies to track and assess their ability to adopt AI into their programs and operations, manage its risks, and comply with Federal policy on AI. This method should draw on existing related efforts as appropriate and should address, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, the practices, processes, and capabilities necessary for responsible AI adoption, training, and governance across, at a minimum, the areas of information technology infrastructure, data, workforce, leadership, and risk management.

(d) To assist agencies in implementing the guidance to be established in subsection 10.1(b) of this section:

(i) within 90 days of the issuance of the guidance, the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of NIST, and in coordination with the Director of OMB and the Director of OSTP, shall develop guidelines, tools, and practices to support implementation of the minimum risk-management practices described in subsection 10.1(b)(iv) of this section; and

(ii) within 180 days of the issuance of the guidance, the Director of OMB shall develop an initial means to ensure that agency contracts for the acquisition of AI systems and services align with the guidance described in subsection 10.1(b) of this section and advance the other aims identified in section 7224(d)(1) of the Advancing American AI Act (Public Law 117-263, div. G, title LXXII, subtitle B).

(e) To improve transparency for agencies' use of AI, the Director of OMB shall, on an annual basis, issue instructions to agencies for the collection, reporting, and publication of agency AI use cases, pursuant to section 7225(a) of the Advancing American AI Act. Through these instructions, the Director shall, as appropriate, expand agencies' reporting on how they are managing risks from their AI use cases and update or replace the guidance originally established in section 5 of Executive Order 13960.

(f) To advance the responsible and secure use of generative AI in the Federal Government:

(i) As generative AI products become widely available and common in online platforms, agencies are discouraged from imposing broad general bans or blocks on agency use of generative AI. Agencies should instead limit access, as necessary, to specific generative AI services based on specific risk assessments; establish guidelines and limitations on the appropriate use of generative AI; and, with appropriate safeguards in place, provide their personnel and programs with access to secure and reliable generative AI capabilities, at least for the purposes of experimentation and routine tasks that carry a low risk of impacting Americans' rights. To protect Federal Government information, agencies are also encouraged to employ risk-management practices, such as training their staff on proper use, protection, dissemination, and disposition of Federal information; negotiating appropriate terms of service with vendors; implementing measures designed to ensure compliance with record-keeping, cybersecurity, confidentiality, privacy, and data protection requirements; and deploying other measures to prevent misuse of Federal Government information in generative AI.

(ii) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Administrator of General Services, in coordination with the Director of OMB, and in consultation with the Federal Secure Cloud Advisory Committee and other relevant agencies as the Administrator of General Services may deem appropriate, shall develop and issue a framework for prioritizing critical and emerging technologies offerings in the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program authorization process, starting with generative AI offerings that have the primary purpose of providing large language model-based chat interfaces, code-generation and debugging tools, and associated application programming interfaces, as well as prompt-based image generators. This framework shall apply for no less than 2 years from the date of its issuance. Agency Chief Information Officers, Chief Information Security Officers, and authorizing officials are also encouraged to prioritize generative AI and other critical and emerging technologies in granting authorities for agency operation of information technology systems and any other applicable release or oversight processes, using continuous authorizations and approvals wherever feasible.

(iii) Within 180 days of the date of this order, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), in coordination with the Director of OMB, shall develop guidance on the use of generative AI for work by the Federal workforce.

(g) Within 30 days of the date of this order, to increase agency investment in AI, the Technology Modernization Board shall consider, as it deems appropriate and consistent with applicable law, prioritizing funding for AI projects for the Technology Modernization Fund for a period of at least 1 year. Agencies are encouraged to submit to the Technology Modernization Fund project funding proposals that include AI - and particularly generative AI - in service of mission delivery.

(h) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to facilitate agencies' access to commercial AI capabilities, the Administrator of General Services, in coordination with the Director of OMB, and in collaboration with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Director of National Intelligence, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the head of any other agency identified by the Administrator of General Services, shall take steps consistent with applicable law to facilitate access to Federal Government-wide acquisition solutions for specified types of AI services and products, such as through the creation of a resource guide or other tools to assist the acquisition workforce. Specified types of AI capabilities shall include generative AI and specialized computing infrastructure.

(i) The initial means, instructions, and guidance issued pursuant to subsections 10.1(a)-(h) of this section shall not apply to AI when it is used as a component of a national security system, which shall be addressed by the proposed National Security Memorandum described in subsection 4.8 of this order.

10.2. Increasing AI Talent in Government. (a) Within 45 days of the date of this order, to plan a national surge in AI talent in the Federal Government, the Director of OSTP and the Director of OMB, in consultation with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, the Assistant to the President and Domestic Policy Advisor, and the Assistant to the President and Director of the Gender Policy Council, shall identify priority mission areas for increased Federal Government AI talent, the types of talent that are highest priority to recruit and develop to ensure adequate implementation of this order and use of relevant enforcement and regulatory authorities to address AI risks, and accelerated hiring pathways.

(b) Within 45 days of the date of this order, to coordinate rapid advances in the capacity of the Federal AI workforce, the Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy, in coordination with the Director of OSTP and the Director of OMB, and in consultation with the National Cyber Director, shall convene an AI and Technology Talent Task Force, which shall include the Director of OPM, the Director of the General Services Administration's Technology Transformation Services, a representative from the Chief Human Capital Officers Council, the Assistant to the President for Presidential Personnel, members of appropriate agency technology talent programs, a representative of the Chief Data Officer Council, and a representative of the interagency council convened under subsection 10.1(a) of this section. The Task Force's purpose shall be to accelerate and track the hiring of AI and AI-enabling talent across the Federal Government, including through the following actions:

(i) within 180 days of the date of this order, tracking and reporting progress to the President on increasing AI capacity across the Federal Government, including submitting to the President a report and recommendations for further increasing capacity;

(ii) identifying and circulating best practices for agencies to attract, hire, retain, train, and empower AI talent, including diversity, inclusion, and accessibility best practices, as well as to plan and budget adequately for AI workforce needs;

(iii) coordinating, in consultation with the Director of OPM, the use of fellowship programs and agency technology-talent programs and human-capital teams to build hiring capabilities, execute hires, and place AI talent to fill staffing gaps; and

(iv) convening a cross-agency forum for ongoing collaboration between AI professionals to share best practices and improve retention.

(c) Within 45 days of the date of this order, to advance existing Federal technology talent programs, the United States Digital Service, Presidential Innovation Fellowship, United States Digital Corps, OPM, and technology talent programs at agencies, with support from the AI and Technology Talent Task Force described in subsection 10.2(b) of this section, as appropriate and permitted by law, shall develop and begin to implement plans to support the rapid recruitment of individuals as part of a Federal Government-wide AI talent surge to accelerate the placement of key AI and AI-enabling talent in high-priority areas and to advance agencies' data and technology strategies.

(d) To meet the critical hiring need for qualified personnel to execute the initiatives in this order, and to improve Federal hiring practices for AI talent, the Director of OPM, in consultation with the Director of OMB, shall:

(i) within 60 days of the date of this order, conduct an evidence-based review on the need for hiring and workplace flexibility, including Federal Government-wide direct-hire authority for AI and related data-science and technical roles, and, where the Director of OPM finds such authority is appropriate, grant it; this review shall include the following job series at all General Schedule (GS) levels: IT Specialist (2210), Computer Scientist (1550), Computer Engineer (0854), and Program Analyst (0343) focused on AI, and any subsequently developed job series derived from these job series;

(ii) within 60 days of the date of this order, consider authorizing the use of excepted service appointments under 5 C.F.R. 213.3102(i)(3) to address the need for hiring additional staff to implement directives of this order;

(iii) within 90 days of the date of this order, coordinate a pooled-hiring action informed by subject-matter experts and using skills-based assessments to support the recruitment of AI talent across agencies;

(iv) within 120 days of the date of this order, as appropriate and permitted by law, issue guidance for agency application of existing pay flexibilities or incentive pay programs for AI, AI-enabling, and other key technical positions to facilitate appropriate use of current pay incentives;

(v) within 180 days of the date of this order, establish guidance and policy on skills-based, Federal Government-wide hiring of AI, data, and technology talent in order to increase access to those with nontraditional academic backgrounds to Federal AI, data, and technology roles;

(vi) within 180 days of the date of this order, establish an interagency working group, staffed with both human-resources professionals and recruiting technical experts, to facilitate Federal Government-wide hiring of people with AI and other technical skills;

(vii) within 180 days of the date of this order, review existing Executive Core Qualifications (ECQs) for Senior Executive Service (SES) positions informed by data and AI literacy competencies and, within 365 days of the date of this order, implement new ECQs as appropriate in the SES assessment process;

(viii) within 180 days of the date of this order, complete a review of competencies for civil engineers (GS-0810 series) and, if applicable, other related occupations, and make recommendations for ensuring that adequate AI expertise and credentials in these occupations in the Federal Government reflect the increased use of AI in critical infrastructure; and

(ix) work with the Security, Suitability, and Credentialing Performance Accountability Council to assess mechanisms to streamline and accelerate personnel-vetting requirements, as appropriate, to support AI and fields related to other critical and emerging technologies.

(e) To expand the use of special authorities for AI hiring and retention, agencies shall use all appropriate hiring authorities, including Schedule A(r) excepted service hiring and direct-hire authority, as applicable and appropriate, to hire AI talent and AI-enabling talent rapidly. In addition to participating in OPM-led pooled hiring actions, agencies shall collaborate, where appropriate, on agency-led pooled hiring under the Competitive Service Act of 2015 (Public Law 114-137) and other shared hiring. Agencies shall also, where applicable, use existing incentives, pay-setting authorities, and other compensation flexibilities, similar to those used for cyber and information technology positions, for AI and data-science professionals, as well as plain-language job titles, to help recruit and retain these highly skilled professionals. Agencies shall ensure that AI and other related talent needs (such as technology governance and privacy) are reflected in strategic workforce planning and budget formulation.

(f) To facilitate the hiring of data scientists, the Chief Data Officer Council shall develop a position-description library for data scientists (job series 1560) and a hiring guide to support agencies in hiring data scientists.

(g) To help train the Federal workforce on AI issues, the head of each agency shall implement - or increase the availability and use of - AI training and familiarization programs for employees, managers, and leadership in technology as well as relevant policy, managerial, procurement, regulatory, ethical, governance, and legal fields. Such training programs should, for example, empower Federal employees, managers, and leaders to develop and maintain an operating knowledge of emerging AI technologies to assess opportunities to use these technologies to enhance the delivery of services to the public, and to mitigate risks associated with these technologies. Agencies that provide professional-development opportunities, grants, or funds for their staff should take appropriate steps to ensure that employees who do not serve in traditional technical roles, such as policy, managerial, procurement, or legal fields, are nonetheless eligible to receive funding for programs and courses that focus on AI, machine learning, data science, or other related subject areas.

(h) Within 180 days of the date of this order, to address gaps in AI talent for national defense, the Secretary of Defense shall submit a report to the President through the Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs that includes:

(i) recommendations to address challenges in the Department of Defense's ability to hire certain noncitizens, including at the Science and Technology Reinvention Laboratories;

(ii) recommendations to clarify and streamline processes for accessing classified information for certain noncitizens through Limited Access Authorization at Department of Defense laboratories;

(iii) recommendations for the appropriate use of enlistment authority under 10 U.S.C. 504(b)(2) for experts in AI and other critical and emerging technologies; and

(iv) recommendations for the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security to work together to enhance the use of appropriate authorities for the retention of certain noncitizens of vital importance to national security by the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security.

Sec. 11. Strengthening American Leadership Abroad. (a) To strengthen United States leadership of global efforts to unlock AI's potential and meet its challenges, the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, the Director of OSTP, and the heads of other relevant agencies as appropriate, shall:

(i) lead efforts outside of military and intelligence areas to expand engagements with international allies and partners in relevant bilateral, multilateral, and multi-stakeholder fora to advance those allies' and partners' understanding of existing and planned AI-related guidance and policies of the United States, as well as to enhance international collaboration; and

(ii) lead efforts to establish a strong international framework for managing the risks and harnessing the benefits of AI, including by encouraging international allies and partners to support voluntary commitments similar to those that United States companies have made in pursuit of these objectives and coordinating the activities directed by subsections (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section, and to develop common regulatory and other accountability principles for foreign nations, including to manage the risk that AI systems pose.

(b) To advance responsible global technical standards for AI development and use outside of military and intelligence areas, the Secretary of Commerce, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the heads of other relevant agencies as appropriate, shall lead preparations for a coordinated effort with key international allies and partners and with standards development organizations, to drive the development and implementation of AI-related consensus standards, cooperation and coordination, and information sharing. In particular, the Secretary of Commerce shall:

(i) within 270 days of the date of this order, establish a plan for global engagement on promoting and developing AI standards, with lines of effort that may include:

(A) AI nomenclature and terminology;

(B) best practices regarding data capture, processing, protection, privacy, confidentiality, handling, and analysis;

(C) trustworthiness, verification, and assurance of AI systems; and

(D) AI risk management;

(ii) within 180 days of the date the plan is established, submit a report to the President on priority actions taken pursuant to the plan; and

(iii) ensure that such efforts are guided by principles set out in the NIST AI Risk Management Framework and United States Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology.

(c) Within 365 days of the date of this order, to promote safe, responsible, and rights-affirming development and deployment of AI abroad:

(i) The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the director of NIST, shall publish an AI in Global Development Playbook that incorporates the AI Risk Management Framework's principles, guidelines, and best practices into the social, technical, economic, governance, human rights, and security conditions of contexts beyond United States borders. As part of this work, the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall draw on lessons learned from programmatic uses of AI in global development.

(ii) The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in collaboration with the Secretary of Energy and the Director of NSF, shall develop a Global AI Research Agenda to guide the objectives and implementation of AI-related research in contexts beyond United States borders. The Agenda shall:

(A) include principles, guidelines, priorities, and best practices aimed at ensuring the safe, responsible, beneficial, and sustainable global development and adoption of AI; and

(B) address AI's labor-market implications across international contexts, including by recommending risk mitigations.

(d) To address cross-border and global AI risks to critical infrastructure, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of State, and in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies as the Secretary of Homeland Security deems appropriate, shall lead efforts with international allies and partners to enhance cooperation to prevent, respond to, and recover from potential critical infrastructure disruptions resulting from incorporation of AI into critical infrastructure systems or malicious use of AI.

(i) Within 270 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall develop a plan for multilateral engagements to encourage the adoption of the AI safety and security guidelines for use by critical infrastructure owners and operators developed in section 4.3(a) of this order.

(ii) Within 180 days of establishing the plan described in subsection (d)(i) of this section, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit a report to the President on priority actions to mitigate cross-border risks to critical United States infrastructure.

Sec. 12. Implementation. (a) There is established, within the Executive Office of the President, the White House Artificial Intelligence Council (White House AI Council). The function of the White House AI Council is to coordinate the activities of agencies across the Federal Government to ensure the effective formulation, development, communication, industry engagement related to, and timely implementation of AI-related policies, including policies set forth in this order.

(b) The Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy shall serve as Chair of the White House AI Council.

(c) In addition to the Chair, the White House AI Council shall consist of the following members, or their designees:

(i) the Secretary of State;

(ii) the Secretary of the Treasury;

(iii) the Secretary of Defense;

(iv) the Attorney General;

(v) the Secretary of Agriculture;

(vi) the Secretary of Commerce;

(vii) the Secretary of Labor;

(viii) the Secretary of HHS;

(ix) the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development;

(x) the Secretary of Transportation;

(xi) the Secretary of Energy;

(xii) the Secretary of Education;

(xiii) the Secretary of Veterans Affairs;

(xiv) the Secretary of Homeland Security;

(xv) the Administrator of the Small Business Administration;

(xvi) the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development;

(xvii) the Director of National Intelligence;

(xviii) the Director of NSF;

(xix) the Director of OMB;

(xx) the Director of OSTP;

(xxi) the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs;

(xxii) the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy;

(xxiii) the Assistant to the President and Domestic Policy Advisor;

(xxiv) the Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the Vice President;

(xxv) the Assistant to the President and Director of the Gender Policy Council;

(xxvi) the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers;

(xxvii) the National Cyber Director;

(xxviii) the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and

(xxix) the heads of such other agencies, independent regulatory agencies, and executive offices as the Chair may from time to time designate or invite to participate.

(d) The Chair may create and coordinate subgroups consisting of White House AI Council members or their designees, as appropriate.

Sec. 13. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.

THE WHITE HOUSE,
October 30, 2023.

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Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence | The White House

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By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Purpose. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds extraordinary potential for both promise and peril. Responsible AI use has the potential to help solve urgent challenges…

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Information and links on state policies regulating the use of AI technologies in education.

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Infographic from WEF's 2023 Future of Jobs Report

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Just the infographic -- World Economic Forum:

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Just the infographic -- World Economic Forum:

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This image is sourced from the website linked in the previous post.

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WEF's infographic on the top 10 rising job skills

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CISA= Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. See p. 13 for "Line of Effort 5: Expand AI Expertise in our Workforce." 11/23

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Executive Summary of Microsoft's 2024 Work Trend Index Annual Report

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Executive Summary of Microsoft's 2024 Work Trend Index Annual Report

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The 1-page executive summary of Microsoft's 38-page report is uploaded here - click on the image above to read it.

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If there is no officially sanctioned AI tool, employees will use whatever tools they can.

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If there is no officially sanctioned AI tool, employees will use whatever tools they can.

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B. Kinsella's blog post with analysis of Microsoft's 2024 Work Trends Index report.

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Microsoft's 2024 Work Trend Index Report surveyed 31,000 people across 31 countries and uncovered new information related to AI adoption by business users. A key finding was that 75% of knowledge workers worldwide are already using generative AI. While some executives lament the slow uptake by workers of internally supplied generative AI solutions, they aren't seeing the broader trend of shadow AI use.

The report found that 78% of knowledge workers bring their own AI (BYOAI) to work. For GenZ, the figure is 85%. However, even Baby Boomers are BYOAI at a rate of 73%. This suggests that the behavior is broad-based.

The implications of these findings are threefold:

1. Workers are clearly seeing benefits from using generative AI.

2. Companies that don't successfully provide approved and integrated generative AI solutions are not fully accessing the potential value and are increasing risks that customer data or security issues will arise through unmonitored AI use.

3. The trend of worker use of AI will be hard to reverse.

Humans are natural problem solvers. This is particularly true when it impacts their livelihoods. The report identified several generative AI adoption drivers that indicate generative AI has become the solution to a festering problem for knowledge workers.

Email overload is a continuing problem

68% of employees said they struggle with the pace and volume of work

69% say AI can help get them promoted faster, and 79% say AI skills broaden their

job opportunities

76% of people say they need AI skills to remain competitive in the job market

Whether or not employers are rolling out generative AI tools, the ease of access and tangible benefits of time savings and quality improvement are making the adoption inevitable.

Wherever there are words that need to be read, transformed, or created, you are likely to see generative AI adoption. Workers want to streamline their tasks, and AI is helping them get through work overload, which is often the result of information overload.

A final point on generative AI adoption in the enterprise. Employers are starting to preference candidates with AI skills. Microsoft found that 66% of business leaders would not hire someone without AI skills and that they intend to use the technology to augment the capabilities of early-career employees.

Whether it is to cope with high workloads, achieve more in their role, or simply look attractive to prospective employers, generative AI is becoming commonplace among knowledge workers. That adoption trend is very likely to expand and deepen.

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Employees Are Bringing Their Own AI to Work Regardless of Company Support

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New report from Microsoft and LinkedIn sheds light on the AI transformation of business

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A good model of what a well-resourced institution can do.

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ASU unveils first-of-its-kind organization to advance AI across the enterprise | ASU Enterprise Technology

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Recognized as the nation's most innovative university by U.S. News and World Report for eight years and counting, ASU is at the forefront of cutting-edge technology.

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HBP Education's Must Reads: Readying Students for the Workforce: Aligning Today's Curriculum With Tomorrow's Careers

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From HBR: "Readying Students for the AI Workforce: Aligning Today's Curriculum with Tomorrow's Careers"

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From HBR: "Readying Students for the AI Workforce: Aligning Today's Curriculum with Tomorrow's Careers"

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I used Adobe Acrobat's AI Assistant to generate the following summary of key points in this 56-page document, accessible via the link above.

Traditional career services in higher education institutions are no longer sufficient to prepare students for the rapidly transforming job market.

To create a career-focused curriculum, educators must go beyond teaching technical skills and focus on cultivating students’ abilities to think creatively, solve problems, and collaborate effectively. Integrating career services into the student experience through technology can provide safe spaces for students to explore their ideas and gain inspiration.

Delaware State University's College of Business has created an innovation and maker space called "The Garage" where students can solve problems, innovate, and gain real-world experience.

Mt. San Antonio College has developed the Entrepreneur Interview Project, where students interview entrepreneurs and learn about starting and running a business.

Mt. San Antonio College also created the ConsultaPedia website, which provides comprehensive career and job resources for students.

Hult International Business School encourages students to apply for various jobs, even those they may not be interested in, to gain experience with the interview process and handle rejection.
Brigham Young University's Marriott School of Business offers programs like Founders Launchpad, which pairs students with mentors to work on new business ventures.

Higher education institutions need to prepare students for the demands of modern employers, who look for candidates with both technical and soft skills.

BYU provides data analytics programs and opportunities for students to gain cultural sensitivity and collaboration skills.

Educators can incorporate soft-skills development into their curriculum through methods like group work, discussion-based sessions, and project-based learning.

Partnering with industry employers can help educators better understand the skills students will need and provide opportunities for internships and future placements.

Employers and educators need to invest time and effort in partnerships, using best practices to align training and education with industry needs, establish relationships for recruitment and hiring, and make informed supply-and-demand decisions.

Students should build a personal brand through social media, engage with respected industry leaders, and join online communities related to their major or industry of interest.

Educators should focus on reaching a few students in depth, create a safe classroom culture, and help students manage their expectations.

Traditional lecture-based courses may not adequately prepare students for post-graduation success.

A case-based approach to teaching can help develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and other skills needed in the workplace.

A case-based course should involve industry professionals, emphasize group work and collaboration, and shift the instructor's role to that of a facilitator.

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HBP Education's Must Reads: Readying Students for the Workforce: Aligning Today's Curriculum With Tomorrow's Careers

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HBP Education's Must Reads: Readying Students for the Workforce: Aligning Today's Curriculum With Tomorrow's Careers

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Don't miss this collection of popular articles from Inspiring Minds. Included in these articles are insights and ideas on how school administrators and educators can develop more career-focused programs and teaching methods that produce workforce-ready graduates who possess adaptable skill sets.

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PwC's Global Artificial Intelligence Study: Sizing the prize

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PwC= PriceWaterhouseCooper, a global accounting firm. Discusses which regions stand to make the biggest productivity gains due to AI.

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AI-powered diagnostics use the patient's unique history as a baseline against which small deviations flag a possible health condition in need of further investigation and treatment. AI is initially likely to be adopted as an aid, rather than replacement, for human physicians. It will augment physicians' diagnoses, but in the process also provide valuable insights for the AI to learn continuously and improve. This continuous interaction between human physicians and the AI-powered diagnostics will enhance the accuracy of the systems and, over time, provide enough confidence for humans to delegate the task entirely to the AI system to operate autonomously.

Barriers to overcome
It would be necessary to address concerns over the privacy and protection of sensitive health data. The complexity of human biology and the need for further technological development also mean than some of the more advanced applications may take time to reach their potential and gain acceptance from patients, healthcare providers and regulators.

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PwC's Global Artificial Intelligence Study: Sizing the prize

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AI-powered diagnostics use the patient's unique history as a baseline against which small deviations flag a possible health condition in need of further investigation and treatment. AI is initially likely to be adopted as an aid, rather than replacement, for human physicians.

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AI revolution: Impact Series | Barclays Investment Bank

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Link to Barclay's report on AI's effects on the economy.

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RESEARCH  |  IMPACT SERIES  |  INNOVATION EDGE

AI revolution: productivity boom and beyond

The world operates in a digitised economy, yet information technology (IT) hasn't brought the long-term boost many had hoped for. In fact, productivity growth has been on a downswing since the 2000s. In partnership with the IBM Institute for Business Value, Barclays Research explores Artificial Intelligence's potential to power a productivity boom that bolsters economies far into the future.

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Curated market insights, delivered right to your inbox.

Excitement has mounted over "generative" Artificial Intelligence - which uses powerful computer models to produce high-quality text, images and other content, based on the data they were trained on. Many are wondering whether this technology could amount to a game-changing moment in labour productivity, akin to the inventions of the steam engine, electricity and the personal computer.

Positive effects on productivity have historically lagged the invention of new technologies, but our Research analysts, working in partnership with analysts at the IBM Institute for Business Value, see good reasons for optimism when it comes to the potential of GenAI to boost growth.

For one thing, the basic technology is accessible to a very wide audience on infrastructure that already exists. A user can issue instructions to a tool such as ChatGPT, the bot developed by OpenAI and launched in November 2022, without having to learn any special programming language.

For another, these tools are not confined to any particular task, function, problem or sector. This makes them usable across different disciplines. Once a Large Language Model is trained on a body of text, for example, it can summarise a legal document as well as it can a medical document, or an insurance document. Few occupations are likely to be unaffected. As Jerry Kaplan, a Stanford academic, put it several years ago: "automation is blind to the colour of your collar."

Those two core attributes - accessibility and versatility - suggest that a broad rollout of GenAI could encounter fewer obstacles than previous advances in technology, and thus provide a genuine boost to the production of goods and services.

However, ensuring that we unlock the full potential of AI technology and limit any of its negative effects will require the right policy mix to be in place, both from a regulatory standpoint and at the enterprise level.

Two of the biggest challenges for the global economy in coming decades are, on the one hand, ageing populations in advanced economies and, on the other, low productivity in developing economies. AI could help in both respects.

For countries such as Japan, Germany and Italy, for example, workforces are shrinking rapidly enough to require big leaps in labour productivity, just to maintain the kind of GDP growth levels that prevailed before the pandemic.

But such advances are possible. According to our analysts' estimates, most countries would have to attain similar levels of growth in labour productivity that they achieved between 1990 and 1994, to reclaim the average pre-COVID rates of GDP growth in 2033.

In the emerging world, the picture is different: working-age populations are still expanding, on the whole, and in some cases very quickly. But skills and education levels tend to be limited, on average, compared to advanced economies, which manifests in low GDP-per-hour-worked.

What's more, economists are observing what some have described as a "premature de-industrialisation", in which developing nations no longer experience the industrialisation that typically resulted in large gains in productivity and real income, as workers moved from agriculture into manufacturing.

With AI, however, such a productivity-boosting effect may now be possible, if such workers shift into AI-aided services industries. "Service-isation" could take on the role that industrialisation played in the past.

The policies adopted by companies, industries, and regulators will have a large bearing on the delivery of the promised benefits of AI, and how those benefits will be distributed. Cost will be a critical factor too, as the acquisition of data and computing capacity (and the energy it requires) is not cheap.

Our analysts argue that two guiding principles are especially crucial in the development of AI. The first is that the technology be used as a complement to labour, rather than as a substitute for it. A recent survey by the IBM Institute for Business Value indicated that companies' overriding aim is to allow a sharpened focus on uniquely human talents such as creativity, social and interpersonal skills, and empathy. In that context, critical skills include time management, the ability to prioritise and an affinity for working in teams.

Second, it is vital that policies should encourage the spread of AI across the economy. Regulation around accessing data to train or to deploy specialist technology is likely to play a critical role, and questions related to security, privacy and ethics need to be addressed. Our analysts are encouraged by initiatives such as the AI Alliance, a global network of technology firms, universities, non-profits and government groups that has come together to, in its words, "responsibly maximise benefits to people and society everywhere."

The opportunity set for AI looks wide. Yet fully exploiting the benefits is likely to require a very human response: a collaborative effort from industries and regulators, and a wholesale reimagining of business models and workflows.

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AI revolution: Impact Series | Barclays Investment Bank

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Barclays Research partners with the IBM Institute for Business Value to explore how recent breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence could provide a boost to productivity, similar to past periods of revolutionary technology change.

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Goldman Sachs: Estimated Impact of AI on Growth and Employment

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Goldman Sachs: Estimated Impact of AI on Growth and Employment

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The Potentially Large Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth (Briggs/Kodnani)

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Americans' Confidence in Higher Education Down Sharply

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(or, one part of the problem). Other parts of the problem include resistance to change, tech anxiety, and a need to get up-to-speed quickly.

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Story Highlights

36% have "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in higher education

Confidence down from 48% in 2018 and 57% in 2015

All major subgroups less confident, with Republicans dropping the most

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Americans' confidence in higher education has fallen to 36%, sharply lower than in two prior readings in 2015 (57%) and 2018 (48%). In addition to the 17% of U.S. adults who have "a great deal" and 19% "quite a lot" of confidence, 40% have "some" and 22% "very little" confidence.

The latest decline in the public's trust in higher education is from a June 1-22 Gallup poll that also found confidence in 16 other institutions has been waning in recent years. Many of these entities, which are tracked more often than higher education, are now also at or near their lowest points in confidence. Although diminished, higher education ranks fourth in confidence among the 17 institutions measured, with small business, the military and the police in the top three spots. This was also the case in 2018, the last time higher education was included in the list of institutions.

All Major Subgroups, Led by Republicans, Less Confident in Higher Ed

In 2015, majorities of Americans in all key subgroups expressed confidence in higher education, with one exception -- independents (48%). By 2018, though, confidence had fallen across all groups, with the largest drop, 17 percentage points, among Republicans. In the latest measure, confidence once again fell across the board, but Republicans' sank the most -- 20 points to 19%, the lowest of any group. Confidence among adults without a college degree and those aged 55 and older dropped nearly as much as Republicans' since 2018.

Even though all subgroups show declining confidence in higher education, significant gaps persist among political, educational, gender and age subgroups. Notably, the only key subgroup with majority-level confidence in higher education is Democrats (59%).

Bottom Line

Americans' confidence in higher education, which showed a marked decrease between 2015 and 2018, has declined further to a new low point. While Gallup did not probe for reasons behind the recent drop in confidence, the rising costs of postsecondary education likely play a significant role.

There is a growing divide between Republicans' and Democrats' confidence in higher education. Previous Gallup polling found that Democrats expressed concern about the costs, while Republicans registered concern about politics in higher education.

To stay up to date with the latest Gallup News insights and updates, follow us on Twitter.
Learn more about how the Gallup Poll Social Series works. View complete question responses and trends (PDF download).

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Americans' Confidence in Higher Education Down Sharply

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Americans' confidence in higher education has fallen to 36%, marking a 12-percentage-point decline from the prior reading in 2018.

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Teacher perceptions inform teacher practices. It's important to understand their perceptions in order to support AI adoption and implementation.

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Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to develop students' 21st century skills

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Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to develop students' 21st century skills

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21st-century skills must now include AI literacy and AI ethics. UNESCO white paper.

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368077.locale=en

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Developing 21 st century teaching skills 

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Helping educators learn to use Problem-Based Learning (PBL)

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Helping educators learn to use Problem-Based Learning (PBL)

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PBL is a progressive instructional approach that prepares students to thrive and solve real-world challenges. Many instructors still need guidance on how to use PBL. PBL is also "resistant" to simple AI cheating. Open-Access/CC article by C. Martinez, 2021.

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Includes predictions on which jobs will be most affected by GAI. See pp. 12-13 for a startling table.

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State of Generative AI in the Enterprise 2024

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Deloitte’s "State of Generative AI in the Enterprise" report

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Deloitte’s "State of Generative AI in the Enterprise" report

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You can find the full 34-page Quarter 1 report via the link above. AI-assisted summary of its key points below:

Deloitte's "State of Generative AI in the Enterprise" report for Q1 2024 states that excitement about generative AI is high, with 62% of business and technology leaders expressing enthusiasm. Many (79%) anticipate significant transformations within their organizations and industries over the next three years. A substantial number of leaders (44%) believe their organizations possess high or very high expertise in generative AI, although this confidence might be overstated due to the technology's rapid evolution.

Current generative AI applications primarily focus on tactical benefits like enhancing efficiency, productivity, and cost reduction (56% and 35% respectively). Strategic benefits such as innovation and growth are less prioritized (29%). Most organizations rely on off-the-shelf solutions, aligning with the early adoption phase's emphasis on improving existing processes.

The report identifies talent, governance, and risk as areas where preparedness for generative AI is lacking. 41% of organizations feel slightly or unprepared to address talent-related concerns, and a similar percentage feels unprepared for governance and risk issues. While technical infrastructure and strategy preparedness are higher, there's still room for improvement.

Notably, less than half of the surveyed leaders (47%) reported that their organizations are adequately educating employees on the capabilities, benefits, and value of generative AI. This lack of workforce education is concerning, especially given that survey respondents cited a lack of technical talent and skills as the biggest barriers to adoption.

Leaders acknowledge the potential societal impacts of generative AI, with 52% expecting it to centralize power in the global economy and 51% anticipating increased economic inequality. Concerns about trust erosion in institutions are also prevalent. In response to these challenges, 78% of leaders advocate for increased government regulation of AI, and 72% call for greater global collaboration to ensure responsible AI development.

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Generative AI: Optimism now.
What's next?

The defining time for generative AI is now. How we train, apply, govern and work with generative AI will determine its impact. The State of Generative AI in the Enterprise: Now Decides Next is a survey series tracking trends in use cases, sentiment, adoption, and challenges throughout 2024. Explore findings now, and stay tuned for what's next.

Insights from the leading edge of generative AI adoption

In our Q1 report, we find that expectations of generative AI remain high, but many leaders are feeling pressure to quickly realize value while managing risks. Greatest areas of concern include governance, talent, and potential for economic inequality. Download our current findings, and check back for quarterly reports throughout 2024. Download report

Now decides next

Gain insight and follow trends from the leading edge of generative AI adoption.

Q1 generative AI report

Explore Now decides next: Insights from the leading edge of generative AI adoption.

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State of Generative AI in the Enterprise 2024

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Explore findings from the Deloitte AI Institute's report, tracking generative AI trends, business impacts, and challenges throughout 2024.

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How instructors can adapt to teaching & learning with AI

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How instructors can adapt to teaching & learning with AI

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Mollick, E. & Mollick, L. Instructors as Innovators: a Future-focused Approach to New AI Learning Opportunities, With Prompts (April 22, 2024). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4802463 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4802463

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UNESCO's AI competency framework for students

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UNESCO's AI competency framework for students

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Compiled by Fengchun Miao, 2024. Refers to K-12, but transferable to higher ed. Check online for possible updated version.

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"State of Smart Manufacturing Report" from Rockwell Inc.

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"State of Smart Manufacturing Report" from Rockwell Inc.

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With the link above, you can download this visually-oriented corporate report: "How global manufacturers are harnessing emergent technology to maximize workforce potential, reduce risk, increase quality and deliver sustainable growth."

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State of Smart Manufacturing Report | Rockwell Automation

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Download this free report for the latest research about how leading manufacturers are harnessing smart manufacturing technology and how you can too.

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Infographic from Rockwell Automation's report on AI, p. 16

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Industry 4.0 skills shortages infographic

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AI's effects on the economy (especially advanced manufacturing), and skills needed. Oct. 2023

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This paper, developed by the World Economic Forum's Advanced Manufacturing Industry community, shows how advanced manufacturing can offer solutions to global disruptions and a path to more innovative, inclusive and sustainable industry transformation.

Global megatrends are creating increasingly frequent disruptions to economies and organizations, which in turn are reshaping global value chains and pushing industries and manufacturing to transform themselves. These megatrends include geopolitical tensions and economic instabilities, climate change, technology integration and changing people dynamics.

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This World Economic Forum report shows how advanced manufacturing can offer solutions to global challenges and a path to a more innovative, inclusive and sustainable industry transformation.

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Industrial #AI gives people ‘superpowers’ in advanced manufacturing. Here’s how

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Corporate representatives share their perspective on the WEF website.

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Industrial #AI gives people ‘superpowers’ in advanced manufacturing. Here’s how

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Industrial AI grants people unprecedented “superpowers,” ushering in an era of elevated efficiency, innovation, safety and sustainability. #WEF24 #AI

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Why Large Language Models (LLMs) are the future of manufacturing

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Why Large Language Models are the future of manufacturing

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Why Large Language Models are the future of manufacturing

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Yoon & Kim's 2024 article on the WEF website. Both are MakinaRocks employees.

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Why Large Language Models (LLMs) are the future of manufacturing

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Large language models (LLMs) will serve as a conversational gateway between humans and machines in the manufacturing industry, and their impact will be historic.

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How will conversational computing change our work and lives?

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How will conversational computing change our work and lives? 

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How will conversational computing change our work and lives? 

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T. Nguyen's 2024 article on the World Economic Forum website. Nguyen is a Microsoft employee.

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Image: Solen Feyissa/Unsplash

Follow

Conversational computing or natural language commanding (NLC) is reshaping human-computer interaction, making technology more intuitive and accessible.

NLC technologies can transform our lives and jobs, leading to a future where personalized digital assistants manage daily tasks for us.

However, the use of personal digital assistants also raises concerns regarding privacy, accuracy, bias prevention, and ethical concerns.

In the rapidly evolving technology landscape, a significant shift is occurring - one that redefines our interaction with machines. The emergence of natural language commanding (NLC) is at the forefront of this revolution, becoming the primary interface for human-machine interactions. Increasingly, it finds itself among various layers of computer operating systems. This transformative era introduces a new generation of autonomous agents, bringing profound implications, challenges, and opportunities in conversational computing.

The sphere of human-computer interaction, once dominated by graphical user interfaces and command-line inputs, is being revolutionized by advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. NLC enables users to interact with machines using conversational language, making technology more intuitive and widely accessible. This democratization of technology through NLC breaks down barriers to entry, facilitating an inclusive environment for users of all skill levels.

Platforms like ChatGPT highlight NLC's potential. Developed by OpenAI, ChatGPT leverages deep learning models to understand and generate human-like text, assisting users in tasks ranging from drafting emails to complex data analysis and content creation. A command such as "analyze customer feedback and identify key themes" can be processed effortlessly by ChatGPT, showcasing how NLC enhances productivity by simplifying sophisticated tasks with straightforward, conversational commands.

Monthly worldwide traffic to AI chat systems exceeds 2 billion visits Image: Similarweb

The integration of NLC goes beyond user interaction, embedding itself in the architecture of operating systems through intelligent agents driven by language models. These systems feature specialized agents for different tasks, coordinated by a central agent that acts as an orchestrator, transforming operating systems into hubs of intelligent activity.

As NLC integrates more deeply into our daily lives and operating systems, it opens up a future where people could have personalized digital assistants. These assistants, powered by advanced language models, could manage individual daily tasks such as scheduling, communications, and personal health. This vision extends beyond mere technological advancement - it aims to create a more connected, intuitive, and supportive world.

A New Layer of Personalization

Imagine a world where people have digital counterparts. Assistants that understand not only the words you speak but the context and emotion behind them. These assistants would manage everything from scheduling and communications to personal health and financial advice, all tailored specifically to the individual's preferences and life circumstances. It could help manage the elderly's medication schedules, assist students with their homework, or provide new parents with instant answers to myriad questions - all in their preferred language and communication style.

Enhancing Daily Life and Work

In professional settings, these assistants could transform workplaces by managing administrative tasks, optimizing workflows, and facilitating remote collaboration. They could become central to managing complex projects, ensuring that all team members are synchronized and informed. Ultimately, reducing stress and increasing productivity.

In personal settings, these assistants could help individuals balance their work-life dynamics by taking over time-consuming tasks like scheduling, budgeting, and suggesting leisure activities. They could play a critical role in personal wellness, gently nudging users towards healthier habits or mindfulness exercises based on daily routines and stress levels.

Bridging Global Divides

The global deployment of personal assistants has the potential to bridge economic and digital divides. By offering customized educational tools, language translation services, and professional development advice, these assistants could empower people in underserved communities to access opportunities previously beyond their reach. They could democratize education, healthcare, and economic participation, leveling the playing field for millions around the world.

The deployment of personal digital assistants will provide for transformative opportunities:

Accessibility and Inclusivity: Personal digital assistants can enhance technology access for diverse demographics, including those with disabilities or limited technical expertise through personalized support in multiple languages and contexts.

Efficiency and Productivity: Assistants can increase productivity by managing routine tasks like scheduling and communications, and streamline operations in professional environments through optimized workflows and administrative management.

Innovation and Global Empowerment: There is significant potential for innovation in healthcare, education, and customer service with tailored learning experiences and health monitoring. These technologies can empower individuals by bridging digital and economic divides through educational and professional development tools, empowering individuals in underserved and developing regions.

However, the widespread use of personal digital assistants also presents significant challenges:

Privacy and Security: Ensuring robust privacy and security measures is essential for handling personal data securely and respectfully, with clear protocols for data usage and storage.

Accuracy, Reliability, and Ethical Considerations: Personal digital assistants must accurately understand and process nuanced human language to prevent misunderstandings. Ethical concerns, such as autonomy, surveillance, and the potential for job displacement, require continuous AI improvements and societal policy adjustments.

Inclusivity and Bias Prevention: It is crucial to develop these assistants using diverse datasets that encompass various languages, dialects, and cultural contexts, to ensure they provide equitable access and functionality for all users.

Conclusion

The potential for a future where every individual has a personal digital assistant opens up a new dimension of human-computer interaction that is more intuitive and integrated into our daily lives. While this future promises greater efficiency, enhanced accessibility, and broader inclusivity, the challenges it presents require concerted efforts from technologists, policymakers, and the global community.

By addressing these challenges head-on, we can harness the full potential of conversational computing, paving the way for a future that is not only technologically advanced but also ethically grounded and universally beneficial.

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World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

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How will conversational computing change our work and lives?

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Conversastional Computing is allowing for personalized digital assistants managing daily tasks - but we must also consider privacy, bias and other ethical concerns.

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Oguz Acar's 2023 article on the Harvard Business Review (HBR) website: A 4-Step Framework to Prepare Learners for a ChatGPT World.

The four steps are quoted below:

1. "Problem formulation: Students define the problem or challenge they want to solve.

2. AI tool selection: Students choose the best generative AI tools to help them with their problem. They learn how to explore, compare, and evaluate different generative AI tools and their features.

3. Interaction: Students use the generative AI tools to solve their problem. They experiment with different inputs and outputs and see how the generative AI tools affect their problem-solving process and outcome.

4. Reflection: Students assess and report their experiences with the generative AI tools."

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Generative AI technologies like ChatGPT are revolutionizing the world, and education is no exception. Some educational institutions have opted for a defensive stance, banning or restricting these tools due to worries about academic dishonesty, inaccuracies, bias, and the proliferation of harmful content. But is this cautious approach the best way to address the rise of generative AI?

Instead of prohibiting generative AI tools from our classrooms, we should empower students to harness them. The rationale is simple: Generative AI will disrupt many aspects of work and life, and students need to prepare for that. A recent study found that ChatGPT and similar models could affect more than 80 percent of US jobs and change most tasks for nearly 20 percent of workers. Thankfully, this doesn't necessarily mean that AI will totally take over these jobs. But it does underscore the increasingly pervasive role AI will play in our future. As educators, we must ask ourselves: What skills do our students need to effectively wield this evolving technology, and how can we foster these skills?

Based on my research around the psychology of AI and student learning, I have defined five key skills I believe students need to effectively use generative AI. To help you target and teach these skills, I'm also sharing a framework I developed and a corresponding sample assignment that you can use to incorporate this learning into your own classroom. In my experience, building into the syllabus activities that help students develop these skills has not only enhanced student engagement and learning, but has also led to a noticeable improvement in their work.

Five Key Skills Students Need to Harness Generative AI

Here are five pivotal skills I've identified-based on AI research, firsthand observations of student interactions with AI, and my own hands-on experiences with AI-that students need to develop to successfully use these tools.

1. Problem formulation, which is the ability to identify, analyze, and define problems. Students need to successfully translate what they hope to get from a generative AI tool into a well-defined problem that the large language models (LLMs) can understand. Problem formulation is the thinking you do before you attempt to prompt the AI; it's outlining the focus, scope, and boundaries of a problem. Simply put, without a deep understanding of the problem to be solved, your prompts won't be effective-no matter how well they're phrased for AI. (To learn more about problem formulation, read my HBR article, " AI Prompt Engineering Isn't the Future.")

2. Exploration. With so many new AI products emerging every week, it is increasingly important and difficult to identify the most suitable tool for the task at hand. To be able to do this, students must be familiar with major generative AI tools such as ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion, excel in using generative AI-enhanced search engines such as Microsoft Bing and Google Bard, and remain motivated and curious to keep up with whatever generative AI tools and enhancements are coming next.

3. Experimentation. Given the ever-evolving nature of these tools, one effective way to keep up is to just continue experimenting with them. Experimentation involves a hands-on interaction with the AI, a process of trial and error, and an assessment of the outcomes.

4. Critical thinking. Generative AI tools sometimes produce inaccurate or biased content-arguably their greatest limitation. Critical thinking helps identify and mitigate this limitation. It's about applying a disciplined, objective lens to evaluate the information or arguments generated, which also deepens students' learning.

5. Willingness to reflect. Engaging with generative AI systems can sometimes stir emotions, particularly when the tools are used for tasks closely tied to one's identity or self-worth. For example, if a student identifies as a great writer or creative designer, they may perceive assistance from AI on related tasks as a threat to their identity or worth. Adopting a reflective practice can help students understand these emotional reactions. Although it shares certain elements with critical thinking, reflection focuses on examining one's personal thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and actions, as opposed to the AI's output.

A Framework to Develop These Key Generative AI Skills

To target and improve the above skills in students, I developed the PAIR (problem, AI, interaction, reflection) framework to incorporate into relevant assignments.

PAIR consists of four steps (see Figure 1):

1. Problem formulation: Students define the problem or challenge they want to solve.

2. AI tool selection: Students choose the best generative AI tools to help them with their problem. They learn how to explore, compare, and evaluate different generative AI tools and their features.

3. Interaction: Students use the generative AI tools to solve their problem. They experiment with different inputs and outputs and see how the generative AI tools affect their problem-solving process and outcome.

4. Reflection: Students assess and report their experiences with the generative AI tools.

A Sample Assignment Using Generative AI and PAIR

To help my students become skilled generative AI users, I've developed an assignment for my class's Marketing Strategy and Planning module. I've outlined the assignment below; you'll see how I use PAIR's four components to pinpoint the key generative AI skills I'm seeking to develop in my students.

Educators can use the PAIR framework regardless of which discipline they teach. You'll simply want to modify the instructions to fit your course's context and the specific problem you'd like students to tackle.

Assignment

Your task is to develop a marketing campaign for a product or service using AI-assisted tools. The assignment is divided into four equally important components.

Component One: Problem Formulation
Identify a product or service for which you will create a marketing campaign. Conduct secondary research to better understand the relevant marketing environment. Based on this research, clearly delineate the objectives and target segment of your campaign.
Here, I'm building on the open inquiry approach from inquiry-based learning in which students act as independent researchers, defining the focus, scope, components, and parameters of their problems. This step is about inspiring students to skillfully spot, scrutinize, and articulate their problems, and in doing so, communicate their expectations for a generative AI tool with greater precision.

Start by encouraging students to consider the root cause of an issue (e.g., the Five Whys) and then to clearly define its boundaries-its context, target audience, and budgetary constraints, for example.
Component Two: AI Tool Selection
Research AI tools relevant to marketing (e.g., market research, content creation, visual design) and your specific objectives. Evaluate and select the most suitable AI tools for your problem, taking into account their features, functions, potential benefits, and limitations. As part of your exploration, record your findings in a table, documenting the tools you've explored and chosen or discarded, accompanied by brief justifications for your choices.

Here, I'm encouraging exploration. Students are asked to compare and assess the features of diverse generative AI tools and, through this process, isolate the best tools for their particular problem. Encouraging students to document their overall search process, detailing not just the chosen options but also the ones left behind, fuels a broader exploration of potential tools.

Component Three: Interaction
Engage actively with your chosen AI tools to generate content that can assist in developing your campaign. Provide feedback and guidance to the AI, experiment with different prompts, and critically assess the AI output. Refine your marketing campaign based on the AI's contributions. Keep a record of prompts that were successful and those that missed the target.
Here, I'm encouraging experimentation and critical thinking. Students are invited to engage with the tool in a variety of ways and evaluate the ensuing results. A helpful approach is asking students to compile an appendix, in which they can document both successful and unsuccessful prompts they have tried. Students are encouraged to place the AI's outputs under a microscope, differentiating what is beneficial and accurate from what is not and letting their critical thinking guide the way. I have found that my students are often startled to witness AI's capacity for convincingly presenting inaccurate information, such as fabrication of citations, statistics, or case studies.

Component Four: Reflection

Compose a reflective report in which you ponder over the lessons learned from your problem-solving process with the AI tools, how you can improve your skills and future application of AI in marketing, and your emotional reactions while using these tools.

Here, students are asked to introspect, evaluate, and document their experiences with generative AI tools. In the reflective report they're asked to ponder the lessons learned from working with generative AI tools, including how they can improve their AI skills and better understand their emotional reactions while using the tools.

There's a risk that students may not take this seriously. To overcome this, I recommend requesting a formal reflective report (without the aid of generative AI) that accounts for a small part of their grade.

To further promote reflection, students could be asked questions like the following:

What challenges did you encounter when using the AI tools and how did you overcome them?

In what ways did the AI tools enhance or hinder your problem-solving process?

How can you improve your skills for using AI tools in future marketing tasks?

What emotions did you experience while interacting with the AI tools?

What surprised you the most about your interactions with the AI tools?

Expanding Students' Understanding of AI's Potential-and Limitations

Generative AI tools offer more than just a novel interaction; they are catalysts for profound learning. In my classes, structured activities built upon the PAIR framework have been instrumental in promoting learning and expanding students' understanding of both AI's potential and its limitations.

Students who embraced my AI guidelines have produced great outcomes, outperforming those who chose not to. What's particularly striking is the notable surge in quality compared to similar activities in prior years-a time before generative AI tools were integrated into my courses.

With its focus on core transferable skills rather than specific algorithms, the PAIR framework is strategically designed to endure the fast-paced evolution of AI. Nevertheless, as the AI landscape continually evolves, our approach to assignments might require adjustments.

Regardless of how the future unfolds, one thing is certain: As educators, we need to get ready for this imminent disruption and prepare our students, too.

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To thrive in a world that now includes generative AI tools like ChatGPT, students need to develop five essential skills, says professor Oguz A. Acar. Use this four-step framework to empower your students and equip them for success in the digital age.

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With Generative AI we can reimagine education - and the sky is the limit

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Reimagining Education with generative AI

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Reimagining Education with generative AI

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O. Acar's 2024 guest article on the World Economic Forum website.

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Generative AI tools are already altering how educators and students interact.

And while there is much talk of risks, there are also many opportunities to reimagine how we educate in the age of Generative AI.

From helping teachers focus on teaching to allowing students to work on far more ambitious projects, AI has the potential to be a great force for good in education.

Educators are understandably concerned, often defaulting to a defensive response, ranging from hesitant observation to outright resistance. But by focusing too heavily on what can go wrong with AI, there's a chance we may be overlooking what can go right.

We must not forget the flaws of our current educational system - from inequitable access to teacher burnouts. AI is not just a challenge; it's an opportunity to address these long-standing issues and elevate human potential and creativity. To do this effectively, we must thoughtfully reimagine our approaches to skill development, assessment and teaching.

Which skills will be essential for learners in an AI-driven world? While no one knows the answer for sure, a reasonable first step is establishing a foundational understanding of AI - how it works, its strengths and its limitations. Developing this basic AI literacy is important to demystify AI and prevent misconceptions such as anthropomorphizing it. Fortunately, there are resources to impart this knowledge freely, quickly and effectively including King's College's course designed for higher education.

But this is just the beginning. A vital skill is problem formulation, often overshadowed by problem-solving. In a world abundant with AI tools offering instant solutions, the real ability lies in effectively identifying and dissecting problems, delineating their boundaries and creatively reframing them to broaden solution space.

The rapidly evolving AI landscape also calls for a skill set grounded in exploration and experimentation. As the influx of new and updated AI tools becomes the norm, the ability to adapt and learn on the fly is crucial. Given these tools lack an instruction manual and their real-world applications can surprise even their creators, cultivating an exploratory mindset and a readiness to learn through trial and error is key to keeping pace with ongoing advancements.

Critical thinking and reflective skills are becoming even more important. As the line between reality and artificiality blurs, and given AI tools sometimes generate outputs that are inaccurate or biased, we need people capable of engaging with information critically. In addition, reflecting on the broader implications of AI on our problem-solving methods, personal identities and societal structures is vital as AI increasingly infiltrates our lives.

Reimagining assessment and learning

The traditional methods the educational field has long used to assess students are becoming obsolete. This might be a good thing.

Once we recognize that students will use generative AI tools - whether it is officially approved or not - it opens up new avenues for what we can expect from them. This means looking beyond essays and problem sets to more sophisticated, contemporary and relevant outputs. These could include creating functioning prototypes, software or other artifacts, better preparing learners for the next steps in their life and career.

While embracing generative AI in assignments is a step forward, it is not enough. It is imperative to couple this with robust guidance and mentorship for students. This calls for new methods specifically designed for AI's role in learning yet grounded in proven educational theories. For example, the PAIR (Problem, AI, Interaction, Reflection) framework, which builds on problem-based and active learning, is being used by educators at King's College London and beyond. It presents a framework for educators to design assignments and learning activities to promote effective and responsible engagement with AI.

But this does not mean blanket application of AI across all forms of assessment. In-person evaluations still play a role in establishing a strong foundation, especially at the early stages of learning. A deep understanding of core domains remains vital to ensure we don't relinquish too much control to AI, and proficiently pose questions to and critically interact with AI tools. The key is to adopt a strategic and nuanced approach to incorporating AI.

Reimagining teaching and the classroom

Personalized education has long been a luxury for a privileged few. Generative AI stands to change this.

It offers a future where personalization becomes accessible to all, including those 250 million children currently not in school. Imagine a world where AI tutors generate learning materials and answers tailored to each student's specific needs, preferences and capabilities wherever they are in the world.

This might sound like science fiction, but it is already happening to some extent. Consider Khanmigo, an AI tutor assisting young students in various subjects made by Khan Academy. Similarly, it is now possible to create customized ChatGPT bots, GPTs, without any programming skills. I, for example, was able to develop a chatbot helping educators adapt the PAIR framework in just 10 minutes.

Generative AI also holds the promise to provide educators a suite of virtual assistants that can take on various tasks, from administrative duties to the creation of novel learning materials. Given the prevalence of teacher shortages and burnout, AI can be a game-changer, enabling educators to devote more time and energy to their true calling: teaching.

In a future where AI plays a pivotal role in delivering information, the purpose of the classroom itself should evolve. We could, for example, shift towards a flipped-classroom model, where class is spared for activities that promote active engagement and collaboration.

Generative AI is far more than the latest tech fad; it is a general-purpose technology that will impact, if not reshape, every facet of our lives. Perhaps the greatest threat to education in the age of AI is not the technology's inherent risks, but our reluctance to fully explore and thoughtfully harness AI's vast potential to foster a new era of learning, teaching and development.

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With Generative AI we can reimagine education - and the sky is the limit

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Generative AI can democratize personalized education, help students work on more ambitious projects and lift the burden of admin from educators' shoulders.

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Future of jobs: These are the most in-demand skills in 2023 - and beyond

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The World Economic Forum's 2023 Future of Jobs report:

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The World Economic Forum's 2023 Future of Jobs report:

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The World Economic Forum's Future of Jobs 2023 report finds analytical thinking, creative thinking and AI and big data will be top in-demand skills by 2027.

Leadership and social influence and curiosity and lifelong learning are among other skills expected to see growing demand.

Six in 10 workers will require training before 2027, but only half of workers are seen to have access to adequate training opportunities, according to the report.

In the future jobs market, it will pay to have skills that are in demand.

The World Economic Forum has predicted these likely skillsets - and how demand for them could grow - in its Future of Jobs 2023 report.

Between now and 2027, businesses predict that 44% of workers' core skills will be disrupted, because technology is moving faster than companies can design and scale up their training programmes.

Here are some key growth skills for workers and employers wanting to stay ahead of the change curve.

Almost half of core skills are expected to change. Image: World Economic Forum

The top 10 skills of 2023

Cognitive skills top the list of those deemed to be of greatest importance for workers in 2023.

Analytical thinking is considered to be a core skill by more companies than any other skill, making up, on average, 9.1% of the core skills reported by companies.

Creative thinking comes second, ahead of three self-efficacy skills - resilience, flexibility and agility; motivation and self-awareness; and curiosity and lifelong learning - which recognize the importance of workers' ability to adapt to disrupted workplaces.

"There's more of a focus and an interest in having people with analytical thinking, people with creativity," Saadia Zahidi, Managing Director of the World Economic Forum said in an interview for the Radio Davos podcast on the Future of Jobs Report 2023.

Cognitive skills top the list for 2023. Image: World Economic Forum

"But it's also become very important to have leadership skills and to have social influence, and the ability to work with other people. The traits that make us human, make us able to relate with each other and to get innovative, creative things done in the workplace."

Future skills - growing in importance

Future of Jobs Report 2023 Image: World Economic Forum

Analytical thinking also comes high on the list of skills predicted to grow in importance for workers - by 72% over the next five years, businesses report.

Their rationale is that reasoning and decision-making are currently the least automated workplace task, and account for just 26% of task automation.

Meanwhile, businesses surveyed for the report believe demand for creative thinking will grow faster in the next five years - by 73% - than demand for analytical thinking.

Technology literacy is the third-fastest growing core skill, while curiosity and lifelong learning; resilience, flexibility and agility; and motivation and self-awareness complete the top five.

Businesses surveyed deemed no skills to be in net decline, but some companies judge reading, writing and mathematics; global citizenship; sensory-processing abilities; and manual dexterity, endurance and precision to be of declining importance for their workers.

Skills training priorities

Six in 10 workers will require training before 2027, but only half of workers are seen to have access to adequate training opportunities today, according to the report. But companies recognize the need to upskill and reskill employees, with 82% planning to invest in learning and training on the job.

AI and big data rank seventh for skills growing in importance today, with 60% growth in demand predicted by 2027.

But when it comes to training priorities for companies over the next five years, AI and big data ranks third and will be prioritized by 42% of surveyed companies, the report found.

Leadership skills, which come ninth in the top skills for 2023 and 11th for skills growing in importance, will be the focus of four in 10 corporate skills strategies.

Upskilling workers in leadership is reported to be a particular priority in the automotive and aerospace and infrastructure industries. It's also the number one priority in the supply chain and transportation and advanced manufacturing industries.

World Economic Forum Growth Summit 2023

The event, which takes place between 2-3 May 2023 at the Forum's headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, will bring together business, government, civil society, international organizations and academic leaders to devise a plan for growth that is focused on people and equitable recovery.

"Rapidly advancing technology, restructured value chains and the green transition are creating enormous opportunities for economies and businesses to thrive," the Forum says.

"But, entire sectors of the global economy are also being disrupted in parallel, resulting in significant displacement of workers and decline in previously thriving geographies."

The developing human capital theme will include sessions on What Next for Jobs?; Skills for Growth: Creating a Future Ready Workforce; Generation AI and Reskilling Revolution: A Business Imperative.

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Future of jobs: These are the most in-demand skills in 2023 - and beyond

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The World Economic Forum's Future of Jobs Report 2023 finds analytical thinking, creative thinking, and AI and big data are among the core skills for 2027.

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Unlocking the Power of Creativity and AI: Preparing Students for the Future Workforce - EdSurge News

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Adobe for Education-sponsored article and link to webinar.

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Teaching creativity and creative thinking in K-12 has always been valued but often challenging to implement. Many standards and curricula don't call out creativity explicitly, and teachers aren't often trained on how to teach and assess creative thinking. As such, many students enter college and the workforce not having enough practice in key critical thinking skills that they need to be innovative problem-solvers and effective communicators.

Brian Johnsrud
Global Head of Education Learning and Advocacy at Adobe

The past two years have witnessed a notable surge in the use of artificial intelligence within education, marked by increased investment, deployment and integration into various educational practices. This surge has prompted a growing exploration of AI's potential to more easily bring creativity into the classroom, exemplified by the emergence of AI-powered tools capable of generating text, images, music and video with no coding necessary. However, amid this advancement, some educators new to teaching creative thinking wonder if creative AI will enable, or replace, students'creative thinking for students.

Recently, EdSurge webinar host Carl Hooker discussed with field experts about opportunities and challenges to fostering creativity in the classroom with AI, defining creative thinking beyond traditional artistic pursuits, addressing equity and ethical considerations, reimagining the role of teachers in the AI-enhanced classroom and helping students get jobs and careers that rely on creative and AI skills. Webinar panelists Stacie Johnson, leader of professional development at Khan Academy, Pat Yongpradit, chief academic officer at Code.org and leader of TeachAI, and Brian Johnsrud, global head of education learning and advocacy at Adobe, each offered unique and valuable perspectives on the intersection of AI and creativity.
EdSurge: Some people feel that being creative means being artistic and, therefore, claim to be "not creative." How would you respond to that?

Stacie Johnson
Leader of Professional Development at Khan Academy

Johnsrud: The World Economic Forum this past year reported that creative thinking is the number-one skill needed across industries globally in the next five years. By creative thinking, they do not mean they need people who can draw and paint well. Instead, creative thinking is the ability to create and innovate something that has value. What that skill looks like is brainstorming lots of different ideas, evaluating those ideas, designing and iterating, getting feedback, collaborating and sharing ideas effectively. That end-to-end process is creative thinking.
How can we help educators overcome the fear of the unknown regarding AI?
Johnson: This is a new phenomenon, so we have to acknowledge the emotions and the feelings that come from that [fear]. One thing we can do to support teachers is make AI accessible in a practical way to educators, [making it as easy as] asking about what's for dinner tonight or how I can plan my vacation. We need to do this before we try to apply it to the already overburdened, busy work schedule of educators, who need to experience the tool and build up their comfort. It falls on us as leaders and professionals to be committed to providing ongoing support and being a thought partner with the people on the front lines who bring AI to kids.

Pat Yongpradit
Chief Academic Officer at Code.org and Leader of TeachAI

Yongpradit: I often get to engage with policymakers and education leaders, and I would say that the most helpful thing to do is to get them interacting with the tools in a relevant way, connecting to something they're actually working on right now. If policymakers and education leaders can see how valuable the tools can be for [achieving] their existing goals, then they're hooked and more open to having the AI conversations and passing on that support to all the school districts and teachers whom they serve.
Watch the full "Unlocking the Power of Creativity and AI: Preparing Students for the Future Workforce" webinar on-demand now. What are the equity and ethical considerations when it comes to AI use?
Johnson: If we want to ensure equitable access, I want to really hammer home the point that teachers need training. AI isn't just a new tool; it is a shift in pedagogy. Training a couple of times a year during these PD days is not enough. Teachers need strategies and thought partnerships. They need to feel empowered and have ongoing support to bring AI into the classroom in a developmentally appropriate way that is best for their students.

Teachers need strategies and thought partnerships. They need to feel empowered and have ongoing support to bring AI into the classroom in a developmentally appropriate way that is best for their students.

- Stacie Johnson

AI can bring access in a way that we've never had before. The challenge facing us right now is ensuring that this access gets to everyone without widening that digital divide. As industry leaders and educational leaders, we have to be really intentional about focusing on historically underrepresented communities and doing whatever we can to ensure that access starts there and that we're empowering every community.

Yongpradit: The equity concern is more than the idea of a burgeoning AI divide in terms of access to the internet, devices and even the people who can teach students about this technology. Michael Trucano from the Brookings Institution commented that the divide we will see is where some kids get taught just by AI, and other kids get taught by AI plus a human, which is obviously way better.

Johnsrud: There are a lot of economic and career opportunities for students to have a very different future than their parents or grandparents did - if they have the assistance of AI. But if students have to learn about AI tools on their own because they don't have access to them in the classroom, that's an equity concern. It's not that AI will take their job; it's that someone using AI might get that job.
How will the role of a teacher evolve as AI becomes more prevalent in learning? Or are we overemphasizing the transformative nature of this tool?

There are a lot of economic and career opportunities for students to have a very different future than their parents or grandparents did - if they have the assistance of AI. But if students have to learn about AI tools on their own because they don't have access to them in the classroom, that's an equity concern.

- Brian Johnsrud

Johnson: It will be transformative, but I would actually flip that question back to the teams developing this technology. As we design these technologies for schools and teachers, we should focus on addressing the problems faced by the teacher, learner, classroom, and school. We have a responsibility to really explore that to its fullest potential. AI can't replace teachers; it lacks the human connection. Teachers inspire, mentor and understand students' unique individual needs. AI can aid and empower teaching, which will be transformative, but it can't replicate those human elements that really have an impact on students' lives.
How can educators address the concern about students using AI to cheat?
Yongpradit: There is research out of Stanford that found that the prevalence of cheating overall remained the same with the introduction of ChatGPT. Basically, a cheater is going to cheat; ChatGPT is not pushing students to cheat. So, we need students to understand: Hey, you're going to graduate and get a job, and you're not going to be able to perform if you keep on cheating; you're going to pay the price at some point.

Johnsrud: We have a lot of history of technology in the classroom that we can learn from. The fear when calculators were introduced in the math classroom wasn't just that students were going to cheat; it was that the reliance on calculators was going to affect the development of their conceptual mathematical-thinking skills; by the time they got to calculus, maybe they wouldn't be able to do conceptual math because they relied on calculators. That wasn't the case. Using calculators increased mathematical thinking skills, but not just by themselves; there was a lot of really thoughtful pedagogy on when and how to introduce calculators.

Recommended Resources:

For decades, this notion of authentic assessment has been on the table - this push to go beyond multiple choice with assessments that authentically evaluate what a student learns, how they learn and how they think. If it's really easy for your students to cheat and get an A on your assessment, is that an authentic assessment? An authentic assessment should be hard to cheat on because a student has to bring so much of themselves to it that it's kind of cheat-proof. I know that's not always easy to do, but I like that AI is pushing this vision of authentic assessments forward a bit.

Johnson: We have an obligation to think about transforming traditional assignments into something more interactive and problem-solving-based. We can make little changes to how we assess student understanding and emphasize fostering critical and creative thinking so that students are deeply engaged and working through iteration.

We also have an opportunity as educators to redefine the line between what cheating is and what efficiency is. When we find ourselves waiting for ChatGPT to come back online to write an email or a proposal but don't want our students to use that same sort of efficiency, we need to challenge our own thinking.

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Unlocking the Power of Creativity and AI: Preparing Students for the Future Workforce - EdSurge News

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Teaching creativity and creative thinking in K-12 has always been valued but often challenging to implement. Many standards and curricula don't call ...