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Trust VS. Mistrust

Basic Needs such as nourishment were met.

Trust: If the caregiver is reliable, consistent, and nurturing, the child will develop trust, believing that the world is safe, and that people are dependable and affectionate.

The sense of trust allows the child to feel secure even when threatened and extends into their other relationships, maintaining their sense of security amidst potential threats.

Mistrust: if the caregiver fails to provide consistent, adequate care and affection, the child may develop a sense of mistrust and insecurity. Potentially this could lead to a belief in an inconsistent and unpredictable world, fostering a sense of mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety.

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Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Able to develop a sense of independence.

Autonomy: If encouraged and supported in their increased independence, children will become more confident and secure in their ability to survive. They will feel comfortable making decisions, explore their surroundings more freely, and have a sense of self-control. Achieving this autonomy helps them feel able and capable of leading their lives.

Shame/Doubt: On the other hand, if children are overly controlled or criticized, they may begin to feel ashamed of their autonomy and doubt their abilities.This can lead to a lack of confidence, fear of trying new things, and a sense of inadequacy about their self-control abilities.

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Initiative vs. Guilt

Take initiative on some activities, will develop guilt if overstepped.

Initiative: When caregivers encourage and support children to take the initiative, they can start planning activities, accomplish tasks, and face challenges. The children will learn to take the initiative and assert control over their environment.

Guilt: If caregivers discourage the pursuit of independent activities or dismiss or criticize their efforts, children may feel guilty about their desires and initiatives. This could potentially lead to feelings of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative.

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Industry VS. Inferiority

Develop self confidence in abilities when competent but will have inferiority when not.

Industry: If children are encouraged by parents and teachers to develop skills, they gain a sense of industry, a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. They start learning to work and cooperate with others and begin to understand that they can use their skills to complete tasks. This leads to a sense of confidence in their ability to achieve goals.

Inferiority: if children receive negative feedback or are not allowed to demonstrate their skills, they may develop a sense of inferiority. They may start to feel that they aren’t as good as their peers or that their efforts aren’t valued, leading to a lack of self-confidence and a feeling of inadequacy.

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Identity VS Confusion

Experiment with/develop identity and roles.

Identity: If adolescents are supported in their exploration and given the freedom to explore different roles, they are likely to emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. This process involves exploring their interests, values, and goals, which helps them form their own unique identity.

Confusion: If adolescents are restricted and not given the space to explore or find the process too overwhelming or distressing, they may experience role confusion. This could mean being unsure about one’s place in the world, values, and future direction. They may struggle to identify their purpose or path, leading to confusion about their personal identity.

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Intimacy VS Isolation

Establishing relationships with others.

Intimacy: Individuals who successfully navigate this stage are able to form intimate, reciprocal relationships with others. They can form close bonds and are comfortable with mutual dependency. Intimacy involves the ability to be open and share oneself with others, as well as the willingness to commit to relationships and make personal sacrifices for the sake of these relationships.

Isolation: If individuals struggle to form these close relationships, perhaps due to earlier unresolved identity crises or fear of rejection, they may experience isolation.

Isolation refers to the inability to form meaningful, intimate relationships with others. This could lead to feelings of loneliness, alienation, and exclusion.

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Generativity VS Stagnation

Contribute to society and be part of a family.

Generativity: If individuals feel they are making valuable contributions to the world, for instance, through raising children or contributing to positive changes in society, they will feel a sense of generativity. Generativity involves concern for others and the desire to contribute to future generations, often through parenting, mentoring, leadership roles, or creative output that adds value to society.

Stagnation: If individuals feel they are not making a positive impact or are not involved in productive or creative tasks, they may experience stagnation. Stagnation involves feeling unproductive and uninvolved, leading to self-absorption, lack of growth, and feelings of emptiness.

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Integrity VS Despair

Make sense of life and meaning of contribution

Integrity: If individuals feel they have lived a fulfilling and meaningful life, they will experience ego integrity. This is characterized by a sense of acceptance of their life as it was, the ability to find coherence and purpose in their experiences, and a sense of wisdom and fulfillment.

Despair: On the other hand, if individuals feel regretful about their past, feel they have made poor decisions, or believe they’ve failed to achieve their life goals, they may experience despair. Despair involves feelings of regret, bitterness, and disappointment with one’s life, and a fear of impending death.