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Demonstrate systematic understanding of
information-gathering techniques, which use a wide
range of sources, providing visual, contextual, and
business research as appropriate.

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Develop a range of possibilities leading
to generate innovative solutions

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Demonstrate highly effective transferable and
employability skills, assessing own abilities to
work independently, set goals, respond to change
and communicate effectively.

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Analyse research materials leading to the
generation of some new concepts with
existing key themes which inform and
underpin project development.

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Communicate projects and business solutions
effectively, creatively, and professionally (visual,
oral, or written form) to a wide range of situations
appropriate to the audience and the purpose of the
work.

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Professionally position personal identity in complex,
unpredictable contexts that require the selection and
application of varied techniques and information
sources.

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Demonstrate a confident working knowledge,
production skills, selection, application, and
systematic understanding of the creative potential of
a range of processes, materials, and methods

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The Blue Ocean: Post-surgery longwear that makes women feel empowered post-surgery.

Evidence: The gap in the market, the current product offering consists of pyjamas and sleepwear.

Aim to find pain points in period market through market research that limits demand.

e.g

Comfort: the fold over rather elastic band

Durability and Flexibility.

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Problem Statement: To fill the gap in the market of post surgery wear that is comfortable and stylish. This reinforces my personal connection to the idea as after my surgery I couldn't afford to miss 3-4 weeks off university but struggled to find comfortable clothes that still look presentable and stylish.

The lack of awareness and education on Endometriosis despite 1 in 10 women having in UK.

Range of Core Solutions:

Partnership with Endometriosis UK Charity: Provided more funding for Endometriosis as its one of the most under researched condition on the NHS and provides research and support for people who suffer or people who want to know more.

Range with Next: To create comfortable but stylish loungewear for people post surgery. Use materials that are breathable, leak proof but still use high quality materials to look fashionable. Some of the proceedings will go directly to Endometriosis UK as current diagnosis wait time is between 8-10 years.

Subscription Service: To provide women with period product service which is flexible and be tailored to their specific wants e.g absorbability.

Stakeholders:

Consumers

Patients

Medical Professionals

Marketers

Charities

Suppliers/ Manufacturers

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Substitute: Replace traditional fabrics with medical grade fabrics such as breathable and moisture locking materials that provide comfort for people are who are sensitive post surgery.

Combine: Combine fashionable with functionality by integrating adjustable waistbands or fold over waist bands to reduce irritation post-surgery.

Adapt: Adapt the post surgery collection by including features of Next's loungewear range such as their temperature regulating fabrics and most popular loungewear styes.

Modify: Modify the original designs of Next's loungewear for easier dressing and undressing post-surgery.

Put to another use: Utilize Next's fabrics as they are known for their signature quality.

Eliminate: Eliminate any design elements that could cause any discomfort such as tight waistbands or rough fabrics.

Reverse: Focus less on using on usual designs of loungewear to allow focus on comfort.

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08/08/2024

Complete any remaining sections of the report.

Finish writing any unfinished sections and read through whole report ensuring it fits in with word count. Check and update at least 100% of the references and bibliography entries to ensure they are complete.

Allocate all week to reading the report and checking for spelling and grammar.

This goal supports the completion of the report to a high standard ensuring all the hard work has paid off.

Complete by end of week ready for submission.

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30/07/2024

Finalize the presentation for the loungewear range report, ensuring it effectively communicates the key findings, recommendations, and background behind the project ready for hand in.

Develop a presentation with at least 25 well-designed slides, covering all major points of the report.

Set aside time all week to practice and ensure image references and everything is up to date.

The presentation should be well-preapred and presented confident to execute the passion behind the idea.

Complete by end of week on Friday as this is hand in day.

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23/06/2024

Create the Executive Summary for the business report on the loungewear range, summarizing the key points such as the purpose of the research, methodology, main findings, and background.

Write a Executive Summary of approximately 400-500 words that effectively encapsulates the entire report.

Allocate focused writing sessions. over the next week to develop the Executive Summary.

The Executive Summary is crucial for both the report and the presentation.

Complete by end of week 10.

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16/07/2024

Create initial Cads for the robe, fold-over trousers, oversized hoodie, tie jumpsuit, and tie dress, incorporating insights from market and primary research.

Develop all Cads for the "necessities" and the "basics" with tech packs

Work with tutors for any help with Cads.

To produce a final collection that aligns with the needs and preferences identified during research and tech packs which explain the detail of each product and why it meets the needs and preferences of the consumer.

Complete all cads by Week 10.

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09/07/2024

Create a contents page to follow business report structure. This includes: Literature Review, Methodology, Results and Findings, Discussion, Recommendations, and Conclusion.

This serves as plan or road map for writing the report.

Consistently over next for weeks follow the structure and refine it to make sure all ideas fit in.

A well-structured report is essential for the overall success of business report.

Complete report by week 10.

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03/07/24

Begin drafting the report by focusing on the Results and Findings section, which will detail the findings of the primary and secondary research conducted for the loungewear range.

Write at least 1,500 words for the Results and Findings using graphs and ensuring consent forms and appropriate links are in appendices.

Allocate times over the next two weeks to focus exclusively on the Results and Findings section.

Starting with results and findings will help with discussion section of report which is all about the range. All the research and findings is what will influence the ranges outcomes e.g fabrics, colors, marketing strategies.

Complete the first draft of the Results and Findings section by the end of week 10 ready for the presentation.

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To conduct in-depth primary and secondary research.

To ensure my background and connection is communicated authentically in presentation and report.

To convey effectively the problem: the gap in the market and the solution: A brand extension with Next for a loungewear for ladies with endometriosis post-surgery.

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26/06/24

Arrange and conduct a structured interview with a Next sales assistant to gather insights on consumer preferences, popular loungewear styles, and the typical Next customer profile.

Prepare 10 questions, try to conduct the interview, and document the key findings. Ensure that the interview provides at least 3 insights that can be directly applied to the loungewear range strategy.

Coordinate with the Next sales assistant to schedule the interview.

The interview will provide valuable consumer insights into needs and preferences.

Complete the interview, including preparation, conduction, and findings, by the end of week 9 to put into presentation

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18/06/24

Organize and conduct interview, surveys and focus groups with women who have undergone surgery for endometriosis to understand their loungewear preferences and needs.

Conduct at least 2 in-depth interviews with a minimum of 2 participants and 2 focus groups with a minimum of 4 participants each. Complete 2 surveys with a minimum of 65 respondents.

Use social media and family and friends to find participants.

To gain insights into target market so loungewear range collection can cater towards endometriosis suffers.

Complete by Week 10 in time to incorporate into presentation.

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11/06/2024

Complete the development of the Research Onion framework for the loungewear range report

Identify each layer including research philosophy, approaches, strategies, choices, time horizons, and techniques/procedures.

Provide a detailed description of at least one method or strategy selected for each layer.

Ensure all intended methodologies that I use make sure they are incorporated into the research onion.

The Research Onion is essential for structuring the research methodology, ensuring a organized approach to gathering data and research.

Complete the entire Research Onion , including it being incorporated into report under methodology with a diagram and table explaining layers by the end of week 11.

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04/06/2024

Complete a detailed analysis of the loungewear range using the SCAMPER model (Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put to another use, Eliminate, and Reverse) and the Blue Ocean Strategy to identify unique value propositions and innovative design elements.

Identify at least 5 actionable insights from the SCAMPER

Allocate dedicated research and analysis time each week, using fashion reports, market trends analysis and trends on WGSN

Allocate dedicated research and analysis time each week, using fashion reports, sustainability reports, EDI resources and research into competitive and market analysis.

This analysis will provide strategic direction for

differentiating the loungewear range in a competitive market, ensuring the collection meets unmet consumer needs and opens up new market opportunities.

Complete by Week 3 but incorporate into report by Week 8.

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Pragmatism- Used Both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Inductive- Started with a observation and used qualitative data to come up with my outcome.

Case Study: Created in-depth research on a specific topic- endometriosis.

Multi Method: Used 2 or more research methods to gain better understanding of two target markets.

Longitudinal: Looked over long period of time as endometriosis has only gained awareness in recent years.

Interview, Surveys and Questionnaires

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28/05/204

Conduct Market Research

Perform market research into current period market and understand the pain points that limit demand to understand what consumers want from post surgery clothing

Produce findings via a report this will include quantitate and qualitative data

In order to complete by Week 4 this will require 10 hours a week

The purpose of this is to the fill the gap in market and discover consumer needs and wants.

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Market Research: Technology impact on loungewear

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Market Research: Technology impact on loungewear

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Celliant is an infrared technology embedded into textiles that helps to maximise the body’s potential.

Those that use Celliant are able to use it as a springboard for promoting health and wellness features in products where these benefits wouldn’t ordinarily be available.

In a post-pandemic environment, there is a renewed focus and attention on wellness, and products that promote a healthy lifestyle are in demand. Celliant is arguably the easiest point of entry into light therapy, because the user can receive the benefits simply by being in, on or next to the products that contain it.

Been used for special projects for brands such as Palm Angels, Calvin Klein and Levi’s.

Sustainable element: Leveraging its proprietary regeneration technology, Repreve has transformed more than 35 billion plastic bottles into recycled fibre that delivers enhanced comfort, great performance and superior durability.

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Infusing fashion with wellness: introducing infrared powered fabrics

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The benefits of infrared energy are trending in the beauty and wellness industries. Now one company is bringing the power of heat-active, thermo-reactive minerals to functional clothing.

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Sustainability, EDI, and endometriosis

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In March, I had surgery to diagnose my endometriosis all over my pelvis. After, I was left with 3 painful incisions and swollen tummy for several days. I couldn't afford to take weeks off university and work but I struggled with what to wear due to the sensitivity and placing of my stitches. This fuelled my passion to create this loungewear range not only because on my own journey but for the millions of other ladies who to deserve as well to feel empowered during their own recovery.

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A collective for digital content that can be easily consumed.

Some examples:

10% of women world wide have endometriosis - that’s 176 million worldwide ((‘Endometriosis Facts and Figures | Endometriosis UK’ 2024).

On average it takes 8 years 10 months from the first GP visit to get a diagnosis (Endometriosis UK Diagnosis Report, 2024)

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Our clothing uses Outlast® technology, which is a phase change material that is continuously working to absorb and release excess heat. This is because it's constantly absorbing, storing and releasing heat, the material keeps you at just the right temperature, no matter what you're doing.

The fabric we use is made up of Thermocules™, which are tiny polymer shells in which the Outlast® phase change materials are enclosed. This encapsulation process makes the Thermocules™ durable and allows our clothing to regulate your skin's microclimate.

Think of it like ice cubes in a drink. As the ice cubes melt, they absorb heat and cool the drink - keeping it at the temperature you wanted, for longer. Our material does the same thing.

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How Our Clothing Works | Fifty One Apparel

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Learn how Fifty One Apparel's menopause clothing works to keep you cool and comfortable, day and night.

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The UK Fashion DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) Report reveals both progress and persistent gaps within the industry.

The report discusses how the fashion industry has been effective in increasing inclusivity and diversity in campaigns and cat walks but have failed in the workplace. Some of the findings of the report found:

9% of executive teams are people of colour

Those in power do not think there is a issue where members of diverse groups who work in industry do

39% of executive teams are women

A diverse workforce improves decision-making up 87% of the time

The top quartile in companies in terms of female and ethnically diverse representation are 39% more likely to financially out perform.

The report calls for a more authentic and sustained approach to DEI, urging companies to adopt practices that foster genuine inclusion and equity.

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The British Fashion Council, The Outsiders Perspective and the (Fashion) Minority Report together with the support of knowledge partner McKinsey & Company have brought together a wealth of industry expertise to create the inaugural UK Fashion DEI Report 2024. The report released on 23rd January 2024, is a first-of-its-kind review of the state of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in the UK fashion industry based upon the findings from The UK Fashion DEI Census and other new data sets. The report sets out in-depth findings and showcases great examples to enable companies to achieve meaningful progress and help grow the UK economy. The report examines the current state of DEI in the UK fashion industry and identifies a dual reality; despite a demonstrable positive shift in fashion’s public-facing persona, the sector has more it can achieve through diversifying its corporate representation, including executive positions. The report reveals the intrinsic link between leadership diversity and company performance – and sets out a business case with measurable levers to help accelerate widespread industry improvements and talent recruitment and retention strategies.

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The State of Fashion 2024 report explores the industry's ongoing struggle with sustainability, highlighting both significant progress and persistent challenges.

One of the most notable trends in 2024 is the shift from merely talking about sustainability to taking more actionable steps. Brands are investing in innovative materials, such as bio-based and recycled fibers, and are exploring circular economy models, including resale, rental, and recycling initiatives. These efforts aim to reduce waste and lower the carbon footprint of fashion production. The push for transparency in supply chains is also gaining traction, with companies more frequently disclosing information about their sourcing, manufacturing processes, and labor practices.

This could be because of new sustainability initiatives such as:

California SB 253 - Large companies in California are now required to report on Scope 3 emissions.

New York Fashion Sustainability and Social Accountability Act- Fashion brands in New York will be required to report on their impacts.

Waste Frame Directive- This EU law required brands to pay for the disposal of their life and the end of their cycle.

Waste Shipment Regulation- aims to promote recycling in Europe but prevent shipment of waste to Global South.

Despite these positive developments, the report underscores that the pace of change is not yet sufficient to meet global climate targets or to address the vast environmental and social impacts of the fashion industry. Fast fashion remains a dominant force, with the continued emphasis on rapid production and over-consumption.

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Analysing Next adverts for the logo:

Identified:

The message " CHRISTMAS" is bigger than next to get the point across

The message needs to have the same spacing as the Next writing does

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Next's colorful logo on their instagram to show support for LGBTQ+

Can incorporate color for the endometriosis as they do differ from the sophisticated balck logo to show support for social issues.

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Nexts font for their logo is existing typeface NEXT Display Sans.

6 Weights 158 Glyphs

Adobe illustrator has Gill Sands which is the closet font.

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The ability to critically evaluate the subject of study
as well as your own performance at all stages of the
project; to synthesise and evaluate a range of
information and develop a course of action; to reflect
on performance and independently set personal
learning goals.

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Survey for Endometriosis Sufferers Consent Forms: 

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Survey for Endometriosis Sufferers Consent Forms: 

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For Both Survey and Questionnaire

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FMP Participant Consent Statement JUN 23 (1)

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Consent Form Endometriosis Specialist Advisor: 

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Consent Form Endometriosis Specialist Advisor: 

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The UK Fashion DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) Report reveals both progress and persistent gaps within the industry.

The report discusses how the fashion industry has been effective in increasing inclusivity and diversity in campaigns and cat walks but have failed in the workplace. Some of the findings of the report found:

9% of executive teams are people of colour

Those in power do not think there is a issue where members of diverse groups who work in industry do

39% of executive teams are women

A diverse workforce improves decision-making up 87% of the time

The top quartile in companies in terms of female and ethnically diverse representation are 39% more likely to financially out perform.

The report calls for a more authentic and sustained approach to DEI, urging companies to adopt practices that foster genuine inclusion and equity.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The British Fashion Council, The Outsiders Perspective and the (Fashion) Minority Report together with the support of knowledge partner McKinsey & Company have brought together a wealth of industry expertise to create the inaugural UK Fashion DEI Report 2024. The report released on 23rd January 2024, is a first-of-its-kind review of the state of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in the UK fashion industry based upon the findings from The UK Fashion DEI Census and other new data sets. The report sets out in-depth findings and showcases great examples to enable companies to achieve meaningful progress and help grow the UK economy. The report examines the current state of DEI in the UK fashion industry and identifies a dual reality; despite a demonstrable positive shift in fashion’s public-facing persona, the sector has more it can achieve through diversifying its corporate representation, including executive positions. The report reveals the intrinsic link between leadership diversity and company performance – and sets out a business case with measurable levers to help accelerate widespread industry improvements and talent recruitment and retention strategies.

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What was found:

Fashion remains one of the most polluting industries with fossil fuels burned at every stage of production. However, our report finds that despite the escalating climate crisis, big brands’ reduction targets are not ambitious enough to meet the global goal of limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Overall Score:

The average score of 250 of the world’s largest fashion brands
creeps up by 2 percentage points to just 26%.
For the first time in 2023, two brands scored 80% or higher.
However, 70 out of 250 brands (28%) still score in the 0-10%
range.

The Luxury Sector:

More luxury brands than ever are disclosing their factory lists.
A luxury brand is among the top scoring brands for the first time, with
an overall average score of 80%.
Five luxury brands saw the biggest increase in their score,
compared to last year, by up to 21%.

Supply Chain Traceability:

For the first time, more than half (52%) of major fashion brands
disclosed their first-tier supplier lists.
The overall average score in the Traceability section, however, is 23%
with nearly half (45%) of brands telling us little to nothing, scoring
just 0-1% overall in this section.

WASTE & OVERPRODUCTION:

88% of major fashion brands still do not disclose their annual
production volumes, obscuring the scale and truth of
overproduction.
99% of brands do not disclose a commitment to reduce the
number of new items they produce.

THE CLIMATE CRISIS:

Only 9% of major fashion brands share what actions they are
taking to support their suppliers to switch to renewable energy.
94% of brands still don’t tell us what fuel is used in the
manufacturing of their clothes.
Only 2 out of 250 brands have shared a commitment to degrowth
at a time when the industry desperately needs to slow down and scale
back.

SOURCING MATERIALS:

51% of major fashion brands publish targets on sustainable materials
yet only 44% define what they mean by ‘sustainable’.
Just 42% of brands disclose progress against these targets.
Only 29% of brands disclose the breakdown of fibres sourced
annually.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a motivational theory model showing a five tier model system of human needs ranging from basic psychological need s to self-actualization. At the most basic level the new loungewear range meets the psychological needs as fashion and clothing satisfies the desire for self esteem and recognition. Through inclusive sizing it ensures that all women regardless of their size can wear clothing that will make them feel good about themselves. The loungewear range helps women feel more confident and empowered as they navigate their recovery, reinforcing their-self esteem. The range also advocates for awareness and women's health. By the ladies purchasing the range they are not only meeting their own needs but also contributing to a larger cause achieving self-actualization.

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The Social identity Theory 1979 explores how real-word groups relate to social identity. The new loungewear range is more than just clothing as it represents a community who share similar experiences and challenges caused by endometriosis. By embracing this loungewear range ladies are showing their belonging to a group who also understands their journey and what they are going through providing them by a sense of solidarity.

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Harrods released first sustainability report, the report detailed their achievements, actions taken and future sustainability goals of the company.

Their sustainability initiatives:

Harrods has had a 2.4% reduction in Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions from 2022's level.

installation of solar panels at Thames Valley distribution centre, making up 41% of
the overall facility’s annual power requirement.

The launch of the
Harrods beauty recycling scheme.

the introduction of the
Community Pillar strategy which aims to empower global
communities by working with charity partners.

Report demonstrates Harrod's shows some milestones that Harrods have achieved in sustainability commitments but they still have more to do in the future.

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Substantive Learning Outcome:

A substantive learning objective focuses on deepening your knowledge of a particular topic, theory, or concept. This objective is not merely about learning facts or processes but about gaining a profound understanding that can lead to rethinking or enhancing existing concepts or models.

My Reflection:

Reflecting on my work and performance, I can see significant growth in both my understanding and application of key concepts. For example, understanding Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs allowed me to design loungewear that catered to both the physical comfort and psychological empowerment of the target audience as clothing is a basic human need in order to survive. Similarly, by using the Social Identity theory I was able to create a loungewear range that could foster a sense of community among a group that share the same experience.

The process also involved rethinking the traditional loungewear and adapting it to cater to the needs of women post-surgery. This involved the fabrics, strategically placing the hems and thinking about underlays on zips to avoid irritation.

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Processual Learning Outcome:

Processual skills and concepts reflect on problems and solutions implementing techniques, concepts and models.

My reflection:

One significant challenge was creating the loungewear to be comfortable whilst remaining fashionable and empowering. However, the SCAMPER model came essential in refining the product concept. By reimagining each aspect of the loungewear, I was able to create a loungewear range that was still true to Next's signature style but adapted it to be more supportive of women post-surgery. However, balancing the sustainability goals with the practicalities and supportive needs of the loungewear range proved difficult. To address this I incorporated materials such as viscose and organic cotton as Next has vowed to import these from responsible sources by 2025.

Additionally, another challenge I faced was the difficulty in obtaining responses to my surveys and for Next employees to take the time to respond to me about setting up a interview or answering questions via email. To overcome this, I decided to connect with employees via Linkedin where I finally engaged with a employee. I also posted my survey into a facebook group chat and got my specialist to pass round my survey which allowed me to reach a larger audience.

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Methodological Learning Outcome:

This type of learning focuses on the way knowledge is generated from data. The focus is on the way in which research is undertaken by using methodological skills and processes.

My Reflection:

Throughout the process of developing the loungewear range, I gained significant knowledge from the data collected which improved my methodological skills. The data I generated from surveys and interviews provided invaluable insights into consumer preferences, particularly in relation to the needs of women recovering from endometriosis surgery. This data helped shape the design, materials, and overall concept of the loungewear range, ensuring it was both functional and empowering.

From a methodological perspective, I developed a deeper understanding of both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. The use of surveys allowed me to gather a broad range of data quickly, while interviews provided more in-depth insights into consumer experiences and needs. This combination of methods enriched the data and enabled me to approach my research and findings from multiple angles, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the target market.

In terms of process, I learned the importance of flexibility and adaptability in research. When faced with challenges, such as low response rates, I had to think creatively and find alternative ways to gather the necessary information. This experience has not only strengthened my research skills but also my ability to navigate obstacles and remain focused on the end goal.

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Self-knowledge Learning Outcome:

The focus is mainly on self-knowledge, expanding your thinking and reflective abilities to understand your own learning and actions.

Personal Journey:

Reflecting on my actions also helped me identify areas for personal growth. I realized the importance of adaptability and the value of seeking feedback from others to refine my ideas and approaches. For instance, I was set on using linen for the range due to its stylishness and sophistication however I soon realized when it wasn't popular. I realized fabrics like cotton would be more suitable as they are lighter and more soft. This self-awareness has made me more open to constructive criticism and more willing to adjust my methods when necessary.

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For my FMP concept I took a exploratory research approach.

Exploratory Research:

Purpose:
To explore a problem or phenomenon when there is little or no existing information available.

It aims to gain insights, discover new ideas, and formulate hypotheses for further research.

Methods:
Qualitative techniques such as interviews, focus groups, and literature reviews.

As my FMP involved creating a loungewear range tailored for women with endometriosis post-surgery, an exploratory research approach was taken. This strategy allows for gathering insights about the specific needs and preferences of my target demographic, understanding the gap in the market, and exploring new product ideas that align with the emotional and physical needs of women post-surgery.

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Answers to Questionnaire Specialist advisor: 

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Answers to Questionnaire Specialist advisor: 

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She would suggest clothing is loose fitting, specifically around the waist and abdomen. Waist bands should avoid the common incision sites – umbilicus (belly button), around or just above knicker line. Soft materials, like cotton would also be comfortable, many feel discomfort and bloat following surgery and are looking for comfort. Elasticated waist bands will also be good as the abdomen will be distended/swollen after surgery so clothing should be stretchy, this bloat can last a few weeks, so having clothes which move with your body is helpful. Avoid things like buttons, tassels, zips etc that could catch wound sites.

As an additional, there can be some vaginal bleeding after surgery and many will have orange or bright coloured antiseptic put on them before surgery (you are then told not to wet the incision site for 24-48 hours so the orange stays on your body and may stain clothes), I am unsure if this could play into the colour choices you may want to choose from.

I’ve also found this post on our Health Unlocked Forum where a member is talking about wearing maternity clothes post-surgery, the comments have a lot of feedback from people discussing what they liked to wear post-op and what felt comfortable for them: Maternity clothes?: I'm having my next lap... - Endometriosis UK (healthunlocked.com).

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Talks about surgical management of endometriosis

Laparoscopy is the gold standard in both diagnosing and managing endometriotic lesions and implants.

Laparoscopy is the mainstay of surgical intervention due to decreased postoperative recovery time, pain and infection rates showing the need for post-surgery loungewear.

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hEndometriosis is a complex disease involving dysregulation of hormone expression, hormone receptor activation and gene activation. Studies have shown that the basis of lesion occurrence involves increased prostaglandins, cytokines, endogenous estradiol and lack of response to progesterone ( 9). Regardless of how the endometrial deposits were initiated the penetrance of disease in the population is extremely diverse. Due to the varied expression of disease severity, treatment of endometriosis cannot be considered a one size fits all paradigm. Patient chief complaint, presenting symptom, future fertility desires and age must all be considered in designing a treatment regiment for symptom relief. Traditionally patients have been offered conservative medical management such as oral contraceptives (OCP), progestins, gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa), danazol and aromatase inhibitors for first line therapy. However, surgical intervention has always been an adjunct to medical management in the treatment protocol for endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain (CPP). A careful discussion of risks involved with surgical intervention must be had between patient and provider, the balance of symptom relief and complication risk must be weighed. Laparoscopy is the gold standard in both diagnosing and managing endometriotic lesions and implants. Laparoscopy is the mainstay of surgical intervention due to decreased postoperative recovery time, pain and infection rates over laparotomy ( 2). Laparotomy conversion procedures are still performed in rare cases of difficult visualization with extensive disease and the need for multiple complex procedures involving other organ structures.

Surgical procedures can be considered either conservative or definitive. Conservative therapy is fertility sparring and involves ablation or excision of peritoneal implants, resection of deep infiltrating implants and removal of endometriomas. While definitive surgical treatment is considered hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy, compromising further fertility. With endometriosis effecting 5-10% of women of reproductive age there is a large population of patients undergoing surgical management ( 7). Studies have shown that surgical intervention for endometriosis related pelvic pain significantly decreases postoperative pain ( 4, 5, 41). Abbott et al has shown that post operative pain scores and quality of life assessments were significantly improved in regards to dysmenorrheal, non-menstrual pelvic pain, dyspareunia and dyschezia for a period of up to 5 yrs postoperatively. A recent meta-analysis concluded statistically significant benefit of laparoscopic surgery for the effective treatment of pain due to endometriosis in comparison to diagnostic laparoscopy with no treatment ( 8).

Position and depth of invasion of endometriotic implants greatly impacts the procedure performed. Deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) consists of endometriotic nodules that invade greater than 5mm into the peritoneal or organ surface. The type of pelvic pain is correlated to the location of the DIE implants and can aid in pre-operative assessment of each patients individualized symptoms ( 1). Patients with DIE are more likely to have noncyclic CPP, most likely related to the infiltration of subperitoneal or visceral nerves by the implant. This is facilitated by activation of prostaglandins and chemokines associated with local angiogenic and neurogenic environments. This is thought to increase C-type nerve fibers and increase sensation of CPP due to the constant inflammatory state that endometriosis creates ( 15). The stroma of these lesions expresses receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF), which aids in recruitment of sensory nerve fibers ( 16). This increase in innervations allows for further pain perception in affected individuals. The increase in these nociceptors is further enhanced by sensitization with estrogen, which is found in abundance due to local implant estradiol (E2) production. Complete resection or ablation of these lesions is paramount in surgical treatment of endometriosis and more specifically DIE. This can involve resection of peritoneum, uterosacral ligament, posterior vagina, anterior rectum, and intestine (shaving or resection with anastomosis). Other procedures used in combination with traditional ablation and resection techniques are laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation (LUNA) and laparoscopic presacral neurectomy (LPSN). These adjunct procedures were thought to increase overall pain relief. LUNA was designed to disrupt efferent nerve fibers in the uterosacral ligaments to decrease uterine pain associated with dysmenorrhea. LPSN involves interrupting the sympathetic innervations to the uterus at the superior hypogastric plexus. However, after a Cochrane review it was noted that both LUNA and LPSN provided no increase in short term pain relief compared to conventional laparoscopic treatment ( 40). A large randomized controlled trial comparing results of conservative laparoscopic surgery to laparoscopic surgery with LUNA observed no difference between groups in the percentage of patients having recurrent dysmenorrhea one and three years following surgery ( 11). LPSN was noted to have some advantage in long-term pain relief in midline abdominal pain only. There is an increased incidence of post-operative constipation and urinary dysfunction due to PSN ( 14). It also must be considered that LPSN is a more technically challenging procedure with increased risk of bleeding complications due to surrounding venous plexus, requiring a skilled laparoscopic surgeon.

A recent meta-analysis of 10 RCTs showed that Laparoscopic surgery was associated with decreased overall pain (measured as 'pain better or improved') compared with diagnostic laparoscopy, both at six months (odds ratio (OR) 6.58, 95% CI 3.31 to 13.10) and at 12 months (OR 10.00, 95% CI 3.21 to 31.17) ( 17). Following successful procedures, the issue of disease recurrence or re-exacerbation can be high. In a study of 2-5 yr follow up, 33% of women required further surgical intervention, women who had more severe disease were more likely to require repeat procedures ( 5). In a retrospective study over 10 yrs and 486 laparoscopic cases for endometriosis, 51% of women required repeat procedures. Risk of re-operation was increased with presence of endometriosis on ovary, adhesions in the pouch of Douglas, bowel, fallopian tubes or ovaries ( 6). Women who presented for surgery at an age less than 30 were significantly more likely to have a repeat procedure than woman > 30. Repeat procedures were lowest amongst women greater than 44. The discrepancy in age could be due to the fact that older patients are closer in age to menopause at time of procedure and experience a natural decline in estrogen production alleviating symptoms. This also lends to the idea that more pronounced disease is seen in younger reproductive aged women. In a conflicting study, 163 patients in a private practice setting, with histologically confirmed endometriosis on previous laparoscopy had a re-operation rate of 20% ( 41). Of those patients undergoing re-operation, biopsy confirmed diagnosis of endometriosis was only seen in 40.62 % of cases. This decrease in re-operation rate could be due to decreased numbers of advanced stage disease compared to studies done at tertiary care centers. The observance of continued pelvic pain with despite no histologic evidence of disease shows that CPP can be present without recurrence of disease.

Laparoscopic ablation or resection of endometrial implants must be done with caution and a careful understanding of the anatomical structures involved. Occurrence of associated adhesions often present with endometrial implants that can distort normal anatomy and make visualization challenging. When deciding whether to desiccate or ablate an implant in comparison to laparoscopic resection no good RCT trials have supported one technique over the other. Two small trials have been conducted showing no significant difference in post-operative pain scores at 6-12 months ( 23, 24). A five-year follow up study by Healey et al of ablative versus excisional technique did show significant reduction in deep dyspareunia with excision over ablation at multivariate analysis ( 25). All other parameters reviewed showed no significance in pain scale rating between the two modalities. Decision to use one technique over the other will come down to the individual surgeons preference and comfort level. Prior to implant removal or desiccation careful review of adjacent anatomic structures must be done. If the implant is overlying ureter or blood vessels concern must be had for depth of thermal spread if using ablation. If excision is used, careful dissection of healthy surrounding tissue must be done in order to excise all of the affected tissue. Endometriotic implants cause underlying fibrosis and distortion of adjacent anatomy.

Ovarian Endometriomas represent a distinct variation of disease presence and require a different approach then lesion/implant removal. Endometriomas consist of menstrual debris encapsulated in ovarian tissue creating a pseudocyst. This cyst like structure does not have a true epithelial lining that is seen in other ovarian true cysts. Multiple theories remain on the development of this pseudocyst formation. The original proposed by Hughesdon in 1957 included the invagination of ovarian cortex following the deposition of an endometriotic implant. Subsequent theories have involved metaplasia of coelomic ovarian epithelium and also deposition of an endometrial implant inside a functional ovarian cyst ( 19). Endometriomas are present in approximately 17-44% of patients with endometriosis ( 18). Ability to diagnose endometriomas when a patient presents with pelvic pain is much improved with ultrasound. Unlike endometrial implants that must be diagnose with direct visualization through laparoscopy, endometriomas can be visualized with transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound. Guerriero et al showed the sensitivity and specificity to differentiate endometriomas from other ovarian cysts at 83% and 89%, respectively ( 20). Based on patient symptom severity and size of endometrioma, the decision of surgical resection is made. Larger endometriomas greater than 5 cm have a higher risk of ovarian torsion. Surgical technique of laparoscopic removal of the endometrioma involves cyst drainage, excision (stripping technique), fulguration or ablation of cyst wall. Drainage alone is no longer a recommended treatment modality due to the high prevalence of recurrence. A study of 100 women undergoing laparoscopic cyst excision versus drainage by Marana et al showed a recurrence rate of 4% and 84%, respectively ( 21). Cyst wall excision is preferred to the fenestration and ablation technique due to decreased risk of re-operation with excision. A study has shown re-operation rates of 57.8% with ablation and 23.5% with excision ( 22). Excision also decreases post-operative dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and non-cyclic pelvic pain ( 12).

Surgical management of DIE lesions can be more tedious and complex than treatment of peritoneal endometriosis. Most cases of DIE involve extensive adhesive disease and fibrosis of underlying tissue at implant sites creating pelvic nodules. This requires adhesiolysis in order to mobilize tubes and ovaries to gain access to nodules for attempt at resection or ablation. Most cases of DIE are posterior in nature and consist of lesions on the uterosacral ligaments, posterior vaginal wall and the anterior rectosigmoid colon ( 3). The uterosacral ligaments are the most frequent location of posterior involvement and are present in 83% of cases ( 3). Should pre-operative assessment uncover bowel involvement causing stenosis or ureteral stricture a multidisciplinary approach must be considered. Collaboration with colorectal surgery and urology for planning of possible bowel resection or ureteral re-implantation and re-anastomosis is prudent. Due to the possibility of these procedures becoming complicated and tedious there is an increased risk of visceral and neural lesions. These cases should be considered carefully before proceeding to surgery. Careful evaluation with transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) and rectal endoscopic sonography should be done if there is suspicion for bowel endometriosis. In one study TVUS had a sensitivity of 92.6%, specificity of 100% and a positive predictive value of 100% in the diagnosis of bowel lesions ( 26). If gastrointestinal complaints are present a colonoscopy with barium enema may be needed pre-operatively. In cases of severe isolated disease of the uterosacral ligaments, unilateral or bilateral excision can be completed, depending on nodule position. Landmarks of excision should include the ureters, uterine arteries, hypogastric nerves, and the rectosigmoid. Careful dissection must be done so as to not enter rectal mucosa or vaginal cavity. If nodules are present in the recto-vaginal space, the surgeon must be conscience of the middle rectal artery during dissection. Once the nodule is isolated dissection should be done so as to remove the least amount of rectal serosa as possible and leave the majority of the lesion on the posterior vaginal wall. Once the rectum is free the nodule can be dissected off the vaginal wall or in cases of deep infiltration the vaginal tissue can be completely resected and then closed with interrupted suture. Pain free improvement was shown at up to 24 months following surgical intervention compared to expectant management in regards to dysmenorrhea (38.9% vs 24.5%), dyspareunia (72.9% vs 48.2%) and dyschezia (78.1% vs 57.4%) in women with proven recto-vaginal disease ( 12).

When DIE is seen on rectal or colonic mucosa depth of invasion must be assessed. Patients that have multiple bowel implants, sigmoid involvement, lesions larger than 3cm and implants that involve greater than 50% of the circumference of the bowel wall will benefit greater from a resection with re-anastomosis ( 42). Also any cases involving bowel stenosis should be resected. Patients that have an isolated implant or rectal involvement may be a candidate for a shaving or discoid resection procedure. This more conservative approach allows for less nerve interruption, faster recovery and less risk of post-operative bowel dysfunction. The shaving technique allows for resection of superficial lesions involving the serosa or muscularis of the bowel. Careful removal of the implant is done in a skinning technique to the level of the muscularis and the bowel is then oversewn to repair the defect and protect against fistula formation. If the lesion is less than 3 cm but beyond the mucosa it can be removed trans anally via a discoid resection with a circular stapler. This avoids segmental bowel resection. When performing segmental resection care must be made to dissect close the bowel serosa to preserve vascular lymphatic vessels and nerve tissue. The staple line should be placed so as to give a margin of 1-2 cm of healthy tissue beyond the implant site to allow adequate resection of all gross disease.

Combined surgical and medical management of endometriosis implants have been shown to decrease implant recurrence rates and improve pain relief ( 28, 29). A Cochrane review showed a significant improvement in disease recurrence with decreased American Fertility Society (AFS) scores at second look laparoscopy ( 27). The highest cure rate, as defined by an Endoscopic Endometriosis Classification stage of zero, was noted to be by surgical resection or ablation followed by a 3 month course of GnRHa in a study of 450 women in comparison to surgery or medical management alone ( 29). Medical treatment in the form of continuous or cyclic OCP and GnRHa is designed to suppress estrogen levels and keep remaining endometriotic implants quiescent post operatively. This hormonal suppression does not allow accelerated re-growth of implants and decreases disease recurrence. Some studies have looked at the possibility of pre-operative hormonal suppression to aid in surgical resection of implants. Meta analysis has shown a reduction in implant size and AFS score noted at time of surgery with pre-operative medical therapy ( 27). No significant impact has been noted regarding extent of resection, time of surgery needed to clear disease or patient outcomes when using neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. Another option to hormonal suppression outside of GnRHa and OCP treatment is the use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG IUD). Studies have shown that in comparison to surgical management alone LNG IUD placement significantly decreased dysmenorrhea and noncyclic pelvic pain ( 13, 33).

Definitive management for endometriosis sequelae is removal of bilateral ovaries. This radical approach to surgical management allows for vastly decreased estrogen levels and reduction of implant size and number. The surgical menopause that ensues following bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) can greatly impact a patient's life. Negative side effects of decreased bone density and eliminating future fertility necessitates careful discussion between the patient and provider. Patients that are closer in age to the average onset of menopause, 51 years old, may be more inclined to have radical surgery as they are more likely to have completed child bearing and will have fewer years exposed to a hypo-estrogenic state. Patients that have had poor response to previous medical and surgical therapy may opt for radical procedures rather than a repeat excisional or ablative procedure. Some women may opt for ovarian conservation with radical surgery and undergo laparoscopic hysterectomy without BSO. This procedure can decrease dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain and dyspareunia but not to the extent of oophorectomy. Namnoum et al showed that women undergoing hysterectomy and BSO, 10% had recurrent pain and 3.7% required re-operation. While those women that underwent hysterectomy with ovarian preservation, 62% had recurrent pain and 31% required re-operation ( 30).

Post-menopausal hormone therapy should be considered in those women undergoing BSO. Treatment should be initiated directly following procedure. Estrogen support can be given in the form of 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogens to alleviate negative impacts of bone loss, vasomotor symptoms and mood changes. Low dose estrogen has minimal impact on disease recurrence and was shown to be as low as 3.5 % following estrogen therapy ( 31). It has been reported that in patients undergoing ovarian suppression with GnRHa and hormonal add back therapy, recurrence of pain does not begin until an E2 level of 40pg/mL ( 32). Low dose estrogen replacement will not elevate E2 levels beyond this threshold and minimize pain recurrence.

Surgical management of endometriosis has been used as part of the treatment protocol of infertile women with good results. It has been shown that 35-50% of infertile women have associated endometriosis ( 34). Surgical correction of tubal and ovarian disease due to adhesions restores normal anatomy and aids in restoring fertility. A multicenter Canadian study showed a significantly higher spontaneous pregnancy rate in women undergoing laparoscopic ablation of peritoneal implants compared to diagnostic laparoscopy only, 36.6% versus 21.9%, respectively ( 35). Centini et al showed that laparoscopic removal of DIE lesions produced an overall pregnancy rate of 60%; 38.5% spontaneously and 21.4% by assisted reproductive technology (ART)( 37). The reduction in implants is hypothesized to reduce pelvic inflammation and allow for natural conception. Peritoneal fluid becomes altered due to implant production of excess prostaglandins, proteases and cytokines (inflammatory, angiogenic, neurogenic) that disrupts activity of the tubal ampulla and normal spermatic function. Restoration of normal tubal anatomy via adhesiolysis allows for proper tubal patency and oocyte capture by fimbriae. Despite the increase in pregnancy rate from surgical intervention, diagnostic laparoscopies should not be performed on asymptomatic patients with infertility ( 36). Surgical intervention should only be attempted if the patient has severe symptoms and benefits of pain relief outweigh the risks of surgery. Consequences of expectant management must be considered such as ovarian torsion due to large endometrioma, cyst rupture, progression of implants, growth of endometrioma and advancement of recto-vaginal implants. Endometriomas in particular have been associated with a decline in fertility due to disruption of ovarian stroma. It has been suggested that stretching of the ovarian cortex can lead to a loss of primordial follicles. Also, increased inflammation causes elevated oxidative stress to the adjacent cortical tissue. There is an increase in reactive oxygen species and elevated amounts of free iron in chocolate cysts that can be absorbed by surrounding tissue causing a direct gonadotoxic effect. Inflamed cortical tissue increases oxidative stress causing microvascular injury and reduced vascularization which leads to a decrease in antral follicle count (AFC) ( 38). Barri et al showed that the pregnancy rate of infertile women with endometriomas status post cystectomy was 54.2%, women treated with expectant management had a pregnancy rate was 12% ( 43). Endometrioma resection increases pregnancy rates while decreasing pelvic pain, risk of ovarian torsion and allows for improved access of ovarian follicles should oocyte retrieval be required. Surgical excision of implants and endometriomas must be done with great care. Meta analysis has shown that surgical resection can have a deleterious effect on post-operative AMH ( 39). Surgery can remove healthy ovarian tissue and decrease follicle count. Electrocautery for hemostasis can cause ovarian cortical inflammation and fibrosis. A skilled surgeon must decide the appropriate means of resection or ablation of endometriotic implants and removal of endometriomas to best preserve the patients future fertility capacity and alleviate the patient's pain symptoms.

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hEndometriosis is a complex disease involving dysregulation of hormone expression, hormone receptor activation and gene activation. Studies have shown that the basis of lesion occurrence involves increased prostaglandins, cytokines, endogenous estradiol and lack of response to progesterone ( 9). Regardless of how the endometrial deposits were initiated the penetrance of disease in the population is extremely diverse.

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Political Factors:

Healthcare Policies: Governments are increasingly focusing on women's health issues, which can drive support and funding for initiatives related to conditions like endometriosis. For instance, the new Labour Government vows to improve women's health facilities and cut NHS waiting list times. This may result in positive public opinion and potential subsidies or support for related products.

Data Protection: Governments worldwide are increasingly concerned about user data privacy, leading to stricter regulations like GDPR in Europe. Next must ensure they have suitable forms of protection and comply with these rules.

Tariffs and trade restrictions between major markets could affect Next's operational costs.

Economic Factors:

Consumer Spending Power: Economic conditions, including inflation and employment rates, affect disposable income. During economic downturns, consumers may prioritize essential over specialized clothing.

Cost of Raw Materials: Fluctuations in the price of textiles and other materials used in loungewear can impact pricing strategies and profit margins.

Healthcare Costs: High healthcare costs can reduce disposable income, potentially limiting spending on specialized loungewear.

Social Factors

Awareness of Endometriosis: Increasing awareness and understanding of endometriosis can drive demand for products tailored to post-surgery recovery.

Lifestyle Changes: A growing trend towards comfort and wellness, especially during and after the pandemic, has increased demand for loungewear.

Demographic Trends: An aging population and higher rates of diagnosis in younger women can expand the target market for this specialized product.

Technological Factors

Advancements in Fabric Technology: Innovations in breathable, hypoallergenic fabrics.

E-commerce Growth: The rise of online shopping allows for wider reach and accessibility. Leveraging digital marketing and online retail platforms can boost sales.

Legal Factors

Health and Safety Legislation: Compliance with health and safety laws.

Advertising Standards: Adherence to advertising regulations, especially concerning health-related claims, ensures truthful representation and not misleading.

Environmental Factors

Sustainable Materials: Growing consumer preference for sustainable and eco-friendly products means incorporating organic materials can enhance brand reputation.

Environmental Regulations: Compliance with environmental laws related to manufacturing processes and waste management is necessary. Stricter regulations could increase costs.

Climate Change: Changes in climate can affect the availability and cost of natural fibres used in loungewear. Additionally, extreme weather events can disrupt supply chains.

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Environmental risks continue to dominate

The top risk most likely to present a material crisis on a global scale in 2024 is extreme weather.

However, GRPS respondents disagree about the urgency of environmental risks, in particular they believe Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse and Critical change to Earth systems. Younger respondents tend to rank these risks far more highly over the two-year period compared to older age groups,

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Last year's Global Risks Report warned of a world that would not easily rebound from continued shocks. As 2024 begins, the 19th edition of the report is set against a backdrop of rapidly accelerating technological change and economic uncertainty, as the world is plagued by a duo of dangerous crises: climate and conflict.

Underlying geopolitical tensions combined with the eruption of active hostilities in multiple regions is contributing to an unstable global order characterized by polarizing narratives, eroding trust and insecurity. At the same time, countries are grappling with the impacts of record-breaking extreme weather, as climate-change adaptation efforts and resources fall short of the type, scale and intensity of climate-related events already taking place. Cost-of-living pressures continue to bite, amidst persistently elevated inflation and interest rates and continued economic uncertainty in much of the world. Despondent headlines are borderless, shared regularly and widely, and a sense of frustration at the status quo is increasingly palpable. Together, this leaves ample room for accelerating risks - like misinformation and disinformation - to propagate in societies that have already been politically and economically weakened in recent years.

Just as natural ecosystems can be pushed to the limit and become something fundamentally new; such systemic shifts are also taking place across other spheres: geostrategic, demographic and technological. This year, we explore the rise of global risks against the backdrop of these "structural forces" as well as the tectonic clashes between them. The next set of global conditions may not necessarily be better or worse than the last, but the transition will not be an easy one.

The report explores the global risk landscape in this phase of transition and governance systems being stretched beyond their limit. It analyses the most severe perceived risks to economies and societies over two and 10 years, in the context of these influential forces. Could we catapult to a 3 ◦ C world as the impacts of climate change intrinsically rewrite the planet? Have we reached the peak of human development for large parts of the global population, given deteriorating debt and geo-economic conditions? Could we face an explosion of criminality and corruption that feeds on more fragile states and more vulnerable populations? Will an "arms race" in experimental technologies present existential threats to humanity?

These transnational risks will become harder to handle as global cooperation erodes. In this year's Global Risks Perception Survey, two-thirds of respondents predict that a multipolar order will dominate in the next 10 years, as middle and great powers set and enforce - but also contest - current rules and norms. The report considers the implications of this fragmented world, where preparedness for global risks is ever more critical but is hindered by lack of consensus and cooperation. It also presents a conceptual framework for addressing global risks, identifying the scope for "minimum viable effort" for action, depending on the nature of the risk.

The insights in this report are underpinned by nearly two decades of original data on global risk perception. The report highlights the findings from our annual Global Risks Perception Survey, which brings together the collective intelligence of nearly 1,500 global leaders across academia, business, government, the international community and civil society. It also leverages insights from over 200 thematic experts, including the risk specialists that form the Global Risks Report Advisory Board, Global Future Council on Complex Risks, and the Chief Risk Officers Community. We are also deeply grateful to our long-standing partners, Marsh McLennan and Zurich Insurance Group, for their invaluable contributions in shaping the themes and narrative of the report. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the core team that developed this report - Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart, Sophie Heading and Kevin Kohler - and to Ricky Li and Attilio Di Battista for their support.

The future is not fixed. A multiplicity of different futures is conceivable over the next decade. Although this drives uncertainty in the short term, it also allows room for hope. Alongside global risks and the era-defining changes underway lie unique opportunities to rebuild trust, optimism and resilience in our institutions and societies. It is our hope that the report serves as a vital call to action for open and constructive dialogue among leaders of government, business and civil society to take action to minimize global risks and build upon long-term opportunities and solutions.

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Global Risks Report 2024 | World Economic Forum

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The Global Risks Report 2024 from the World Economic Forum explores some of the most severe risks we may face over the next decade. Read the report to learn more.

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The Future of Sustainability by Tyler Little

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The Future of Sustainability by Tyler Little

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It explored sustainability, technology, and consumer behaviour as their is a more conscious and responsible consumer who wants more ethical and sustainable practices

This shows why there is hope for the fashion industry as this conscious consumer is demand change in the fashion industry.

The necessary shift in the way our society consumes fashion has driven advanced technology in order to cultivate better practices.

Tyler demonstrates how the fashion industry is contributing towards the sustainability crisis but also paints a positive picture as companies are now using innovative technology which can contribute to a wider cause and how the consumer can help as well.

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The Future of Fashion: Understanding Sustainability in …

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Read 11 reviews from the world’s largest community for readers. Not many people understand how the current fashion industry is damaging our environment. Th…

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" black and navy blue look ultra-sophisticated"

"It balances its origins in naval utility with a modern appeal of sophistication, making it a versatile color that has withstood the test of time. Navy blue continues to be revered for its depth and versatility, bridging the gap between tradition and contemporary design."

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Recently I have been asked a lot by clients and friends for inspiration on how to style navy. What other colours can it be worn with and the ultimate style question is can you wear navy and black together? The answer is YES! It has long been considered a winning colour formula, dark navy and black and both from the same colour category (Winter), so sit tonal well together. But if you are still hesitant at this coupling of colours, then read on and take note.

If you've ever found yourself staring in the mirror asking, "Can I wear this navy blazer with these black trousers?" or "What colour shoes and tights go with this navy dress?" You're not alone.

However, the old sartorial rule that cautioned against wearing black and navy together, has no real merit. The truth is, most neutrals look great together, like white and beige, black and white, white and navy ... You get the idea. These colours usually make up the foundation of our wardrobe, so it's only natural that we'd wear them together.

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Style rule breakers: how to wear navy and black together - Edits Styling

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Recently I have been asked a lot by clients and friends for inspiration on how to style navy. What other colours can it be worn with and the ultimate style question is can you wear navy and black together? The answer is YES!

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"grey is extremely versatile and can be styled alongside other colours"

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One of the trendiest home interior colours, grey is extremely versatile and can be styled alongside other colours to suit any style of home. Like white, it is a neutral hue that offers balance. This means that a wide range of colours pair well with it, making it the ideal choice for walls, home accessories, furniture and curtains. Whether you're decorating your living room or bedroom, styling a colour with grey allows you to easily create a new and exciting look. And as it seems like grey is set to stay, we've put together our guide on what other colours look fabulous and stylish with it.

From darker greys that appear almost black to lighter tones that resemble white, its range of shades span the entire colour spectrum. But look underneath and you will find a set of colours that transforms its appearance completely.

Blue and green undertones generally make for a cooler, more contemporary greys whilst warmer beige or purples offer a more traditional tone. But even this breakdown is not so clear cut as the character of the room and how much natural light it gets can also be huge influencers on how your colours appear. Complimentary under-tones will ensure a harmonious relationship between the two and sampling your colours thoroughly will help you to find the perfect match. Take a look through our most popular colour partnerships to find the perfect combination for your space.

1. Red and Grey

If you are looking to create a dramatic scheme that evokes an energy and a hint of drama, then red and grey is a passionate colour combination. The mixture of patterns and plains causes your eyes to be drawn around the room as the appearance of the fabrics change from space to space. The impact of the red is intensified by the consistent use of a singular tone and the room is balanced by the introduction of both dark and light greys. Choosing a light grey wallpaper accentuates the rooms large proportions and the full-length curtains and light grey carpet extends the wallpapers reach. Dark grey upholstery and dark wood furnishings boldly define the functional spaces and introduces an extra shade that stops the room from feeling two tonal.

2. Mustard and Grey

Mustard yellow and grey is an influential colour scheme if you are looking to decorate a small room that doesn't receive a lot of light. Moody and atmospheric, the marrying of these darker shades creates a space that feels expensive and opulent. The richness of the yellow adds a brightness and energy to the space that doesn't feel too intense. When paired with a dark grey or taupe with brown undertones, the contrast between the two is striking. Layering patterns and plains will add depth to the room and choosing a busy wallpaper will also help the space feel bigger. Fabrics such as velvets and silks will also reflect much needed light around the room whilst also enhancing the feeling of luxury.

3. Green and Grey

Green and grey brings the colours of nature into the home and makes it feel fresh and funky. A powerful duo that enhance one another, the colour combination works best in a space with lots of natural light. The jewel tones of the dark green absorb the light so opting for fabrics with reflective qualities and choosing large scale patterns with plenty of white space will help to keep the room feeling bright and airy. The light grey textured wallpaper and glossy rug creates a calming foundation and is the perfect neutral tone for the bright green to pop against.

4. Teal Blue and Grey

A hansom shade of blue, teal is a sensual colour that feels calm and relaxing. Available as both punchy and strong or muted and sedate, it is important to style it alongside a grey that matches its illumination.

A bright teal and pale grey will create a room that feels modern and clean whereas a darker duo will evoke a richer and emotional reaction. Whichever you choose teal and grey is an attractive pairing when used in your home.

5. Blush Pink and Grey

Romantic and soothing, pink and grey is a lovable colour palette that is commonly featured in bedroom schemes. A match made in heaven, this pretty pairing of soft blush pink and dusky grey is especially popular.

Popular colours for home accessories, both pink and grey also look great on the walls. Mixing a patterned feature wallpaper with simple paintwork is a quick and easy way to instantly add designer style to your room.

6. Blue and Grey

Graceful and uplifting, combining blue and grey feels like a natural move as both exist together in the sky and across our coastlines. As blue is a colour that can sometimes feel overpowering, balancing it with light grey and white will create a comfortable scheme that feels light and airy. Choose a light grey for larger areas of the room such as the walls and bigger items of upholstery to create a neutral base on which you can build your scheme. By concentrating blue across smaller items such as cushions, home accessories and artwork, you will encourage admirers' eyes to be drawn to these objects and the contrast between the two colours will be more powerful. Finish it off with glass furnishings and stylish lighting to broaden that weightless elegence.

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A true classic home interior colour, blue is extremely versatile and lends itself to styling with an array of other colours to suit different styles of home. Whatever room you are decorating, pairing a colour with blue allows you to easily create a timeless new look.

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Grey Colour Schemes | Colours that Go with Grey

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Grey Colour Schemes for the most popular colours that go with grey. Read on for tips on what colour combinations to use with grey in your home interiors.

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Colour Choice: Azure blue and coral orange

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Colour Choice: Azure blue and coral orange

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Blue- vibrant and energetic, evoking a sense of freshness, vitality, and renewal. This bright, spirited color is often associated with innovation and clarity.

Coral orange- As a color, coral symbolizes acceptance, warmth, positivity, and individuality. The color is known to seek to uplift others with its comfort, yet organic and natural essence.

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Coral is visually seen as a unique hue of pink and orange shade of color. As a jewel, it is vibrant, yet elegant; bold, yet welcoming. The gemstone, dates back to ancient Egypt and was a symbol of wisdom and happiness; reducing stress, fear, anxiety, depression, panic, and traumatic memories. As a color, coral symbolizes acceptance, warmth, positivity, and individuality. The color is known to seek to uplift others with its comfort, yet organic and natural essence. Because of these aspects, 'Coral' was combined with 'Heart' to exemplify and characterize how much compassion, insight, truth, and warmth our therapists have at Coral Heart Counseling.

At Coral Heart Counseling, we work from the heart, providing a relational approach that is filled with acceptance and warmth of others. We manifest positivity into our clients, believing in them becoming their best selves. However, we recognize that our clients already have those characteristics deep within them; and we work alongside them to help bring out those strengths. Just like the gemstone and color Coral, we seek to create a positive impact and new experience for our clients so that they can have a reduction in their symptoms and stressors. These stressors may include daily worries that are carried around; the feeling of sadness and loneliness, imposter syndrome in school or the workplace, physical and emotional injuries, and traumatic experiences to name a few.

In our work with clients, we also seek to provide a challenging, yet gentle atmosphere; boldness derived from Coral. It is the Coral's nature to encourage others to notice the reality and see its color. By doing so, we assist those who might be experiencing deep depression and anxiety to get out of their minds and into their lives. Using CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), an effective evidence-based therapeutic practice, we guide clients out of thought distortions that might lead to symptoms of anxiety or depression. We help to outline other parts of their realities that they may not have already noticed. Usually, that will include assisting clients in noticing the neutral and positive parts of life, as opposed to the unfortunate part of life that they've already been aware of.

Nevertheless, our therapists challenge in a way that still enables others to choose what is best for themselves, despite what popular belief says. This is because our mission supports and uplifts historically marginalized, Black, Brown, and Diverse people. While problematic patterns can be verbally recognized to clients, it wouldn't make sense for us to force individuals and communities to make decisions that others or ourselves may make when those communities we support have historically been controlled and harmed by systemic racism, sexism, otherism, ageism, etc. We would rather plant seeds of encouragement, insight, and different perspectives to allow individuals to choose what will work for them, than put pressure on someone to shift in that moment. We know that pressure and change that is inorganic does not last long, especially if the individual did not feel as though they had a choice in shifting.

A large portion of our work included in looking at and dissecting reality is not discounting or minimizing the reality, no matter how unfortunate. We recognize that for many, there is no explaining away or rationalizing that they went through a tough childhood or experienced traumatic and life altering moments in their life. We know that individuals are pushed out of or prevented from positions of opportunity, or told to stay in their lane. We see that many are made to feel and be less than because of their race, nationality, ethnicity, gender, or other diverse characteristics. Sometimes, recognizing the unfortunate realities can assist others in coming up with strategies to overcome various unfortunate events that have happened. We work alongside our clients to develop these strategies and tools to use in real life.

Just like the gemstone, Coral, which encompasses historic insight, we work with clients to notice past occurrences and carefully analyze them. This, of course, is dependent on a client's goals in therapy or when receiving services. Working on past experiences might include uncovering and working through past emotional injuries through the use of EFIT (Emotionally Focused Individual Therapy) or EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). The goal would not be to re-ignite the past, but to reprocess the felt experiences of the past so that the current moments in a person's life makes sense to them. The overall goal would be to shift future choices and felt experiences because of the recognition of the past. Through these techniques, as well as other techniques that take a look into the past, such as Psychodynamic Therapy that we also use with clients, people are left with more understanding about their lives, more questions answered, and more motivation to overcome whatever might challenge them in the future.

At Coral Heart Counseling, we hope that our clientele are seen, heard, understood, and made to feel as unique as the color and gemstone Coral. We hope that compassion is a felt experience by our clients, along with our gentle encouragement to make different choices. We hope that the beauty of diversity and inclusion is recognized by those whom we encounter and work with through the services we provide when counseling, consulting, clinically supervising, or leading workshops. We know that with the use of heart-centered work, we are able to provide others with the opportunity to experience and use their own hearts in different ways that they or others might not have seen as possible before.

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The Meaning of Coral in Coral Heart Counseling - Coral Heart Counseling

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Coral is visually seen as a unique hue of pink and orange shade of color. As a jewel, it is vibrant, yet elegant; bold, yet welcoming. The gemstone, dates

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A zipper underlay is a single or double layered fabric panel that provides a protective barrier between the skin and the zipper during wear.

​A zipper underlay is a separate add-on that not only increases comfort but also provides a cleaner look on the inside of the garment which is perfect for post-surgery.

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Two Types Of Zipper Underlays And To Sew Them

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How to sew two types of zipper underlays: a self-finished, folded underlay and faced underlay. Using underlays with zipper applications and how to attach them to the zipper’s underside seam.

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Strengths: Brand reputation Loyal Customer Base Innovation in Design Inclusivity

Weaknesses: Niche Market Awareness and education Sustainability

Opportunities: Growing Awareness Health and Wellness Trends Technology advancements Extending the range

Threats: Consumer Preferences Supply Chain Disruptions Economic Downturns Competition

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