# data[].attributes.body
Your claim here: (qualified, and nuanced)

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Your claim here: (qualified, and nuanced)

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Your claim here: (qualified, and nuanced)

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List 6 sources (minimum)

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List 8 sources (minimum)

Indicate which is a primary sources, and which is a peer reviewed source

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List 6 sources here

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I think that the government should have more limitations on when people are allowed to start the process of changing their gender or consuming puberty blockers.

Starting with I think makes it an opinion. Think of what you are arguing, and what is the opposing side.

Consider: what are your premises? What are you arguing? What conclusion do you want?

fixed: Although most people do not think that there should be an age limit on having the ability to change your gender, others would argue that an age limit is necessary because of the negative effects that it puts on the human body both psychologically and physically.

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Although some believe that compensating college athletes affects their motives to compete in their sport, others believe that collegiate athletes should be allowed to receive compensation for the use of their name, image, and likeness as well as benefits within their school; therefore, we are heading in the right direction.

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While many people claim artificial intelligence is beneficially advancing society, others argue it is becoming a threat to society and humanity as a whole.

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While some may say social media has advanced and connected our society, the detrimental impacts on many people within the newer generations mental health show that social media has deteriorated many people's self esteem, created an incredibly high standard for lifestyle, and damaged people's hormones.

# data[].attributes.body
On the one hand, several individuals believe transgender athletes have the right to compete in biological women's sports; on the other hand, many people advocate that transgender athletes in women's sports are unfair and infringe on female athletes' rights.

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While many believe that censorship in the media is protective of American people, others claim that censorship is a violation of the right to free speech, and can actually harm Americans, limiting their awareness and knowledge.

# data[].attributes.body
Although some argue that hate speech laws should continue to expand and there be more protection for those in defense, others feel that the Fifth Amendment is being trampled on by these laws, claim the crimes are already punishable without the hate laws, and that the motivation of the person in offense is not taken into account.

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Although many people claim that the anti-racist movement in America is vital to reducing racism and racial injustices, this movement has only brought about increased prejudice, encouraged false accusations, and furthered the racial divide.

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While some may argue that block scheduling has a greater benefit on high school students than your typical high school scheduling, others argue that block scheduling keeps students from being able to develop long term memory in relation to subjects they studied in rather limited time periods.

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Given that many people believe that AI is helpful to society through the use of optimizing work, others believe that AI is harmful society undermining academic learning and critical thinking; therefore, AI should be approached with caution.

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Although many believe that adult capital punishment is cruel and risky due to false accusations, some believe that capital punishment is good and should be required for specific crimes.

or

Although many believe that capital punishment is unconstitutional and inhumane, others believe that capital punishment is needed for punishing specific brutal crimes.

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Although many believe hunting should be illegal, research has shown why we need hunting to thrive in the world and why it should not be illegal.

# data[].attributes.body
While some people feel as though self-driving cars are an endangerment to lives, the apathy and lack of attentiveness behind the wheel is sufficient enough to support the creation and use of self-driving cars.

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Contrary to popular belief, violent video games do not have direct correlation to the kids having violent thoughts and tendencies.

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While some child psychiatrists see benefits in the use of antipsychotic drugs in children, many studies prove the dangers and uncertainty of using these potentially harmful and life-altering drugs on kids.

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Police are often given a bad rep and looked down upon because of things like police brutality that have happended, but really it has usually been in extreme cases only and not as out of control as mosty people think. There have only been a select few of officers that have taken it to far but people seem to think it is the whole force but that is not the case.

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Some people think that Government agencies have too much access to peoples DNA especially considering how much DNA is left everywhere, however having access to DNA helps solve crimes and protect the citizens.

# data[].attributes.body
Although some may believe the death penalty is unconstitutional and harsh, others say that people need to pay for their crimes and that the penalty is the best way to do it.

# data[].attributes.body
Despite the increasing cost of gas and diesel, fuel powered trucks for shipping are more efficient in both terms of economics and reliability in comparison to an electric powered fleet.

# data[].attributes.body
Although the majority of the US population believes that the United States should continue to support Israel throughout their time of war, there is growing support for Palestine; the US should not only continue to support Israel through their time of need, but they should be Israel's main support line.

# data[].attributes.body
Although prescription opioids are highly restricted, overdoses are still common. Therefore, restrictions on prescription drugs, specifically painkillers, should be raised and age limits should be added

# data[].attributes.body
While most people in society think that they need a College Degree to get a job, but it is important to emphasize the options for people that may not want to continue their education in a university, or may not want the debt from getting a degree.

# data[].attributes.body
although many people believe younger kids shouldn't be competing in contact sports, these sports teach kids many valuable life skills for on and off the field.

# data[].attributes.body
while some people believe that animal testing is necessary to ensure the safety of humans, we as a society should find other ways to do it because testing on animals is expensive and inhumane

# data[].attributes.body
While many Americans believe that Guns are the reason for the mass shootings and they should be taken from American Citizens, many other people believe that owning a gun is a constitutional right and the problem is not the gun but the person that is operating the gun.

# data[].attributes.body
Many people think electric cars are the future and are what's best for the reducing pollution, they negate all the other problems that come along with it, while they can cause some good, people negate a lot of difficult problems that come with switching to an entirely different fuel source for vehicles

# data[].attributes.body
While many animal conservationist groups believe that hunting should be outlawed in the United States because of animal cruelty, many American citizens believe that hunting is a necessity to maintain a balanced ecosystem and help control overpopulation and overgrazing.

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While lot's of people are against the uprising of electric cars, in the future it will be highly beneficial, and will save many lives.

# data[].attributes.body
Although many people claim that abstinence-only education is the best way to prevent teen pregnancy, others claim that having uneducated teens leads to more dangerous issues.

# data[].attributes.body
While some individuals would say that technology is a necessary part of a child’s life, exposure to technology before the age of three can be harmful to their development.

# data[].attributes.body
While it may seem advantageous and responsible for colleges to introduce athletes to marketing their NILs, it is irresponsible and does not follow the original intent.

# data[].attributes.body
While many Americans may subconsciously deem children unreliable sources and refuse to consider their testimonies relating to child abuse, others recognize the importance of making sure America is a safe place for all people.

# data[].attributes.body
Although many people say that child participation in beauty pageants is cute and harmless, others claim that pageants are detrimental to young girls’ minds and can cause them to face many psychological effects.

# data[].attributes.body
Trade itself seems like a good idea between countries, but some argue due to unethical practices like China, Taiwan, and other countries, the United States shouldn't be trading with these countries. Others argue that due to the billion-dollar trade of money and goods, America couldn't function without trading with these countries unethical or not.

# data[].attributes.body
While the word now of days are dealing with mental issues, medicine may not be the best way to solve that problem but rather use other alternatives. That won't harm them in any way.

# data[].attributes.body
Numerous studies and expert opinions highlight the divers impacts of caffeine, with some emphasizing its role in enhancing alertness and cognitive function, while others support concerns about its potential for addiction and negative effects on sleep and anxiety. These different perspectives establish a debate on whether regularly consuming caffeine is a beneficial practice or a health risk that should be evaded.

# data[].attributes.body
While many argue that the cheap clothing fast fashion provides is a greater financial benefit than its potential harms, others argue that the threats fast fashion poses, from the acceleration of fashion trends leading to overconsumption to an environmental danger, outweigh the benefit of cheap clothing.

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Given that the American nuclear family is under attack for its traditional values and beliefs systems, we may conclude that many of the societal issues we see today can be traced back to the disruption of the main familial building block of society, including agendas based in popular culture such as BLM and LGBTQIA+.

# data[].attributes.body
School uniforms. (2020, July 24). Retrieved December 6, 2023, from https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY1MDY=?aid=208410

. https://nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/safety-security-school-environment-role-dress/docview/218176471/se-2

Constitution https://nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/at-issue-school-dress-codes-should-change-with/docview/1965755726/se-2

https://nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/disruptive-duds-enforcement-madisons-dress-code/docview/395361136/se-2

https://nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/school-dress-codes-vs-sea-bare-flesh/docview/431860624/se-2

# data[].attributes.body
Dress codes in schools limit personal expression and hinder critical thinking, as they are often arbitrary and based on outdated societal norms.

# data[].attributes.body
Social media and mental health. (2023, May 11). Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTYyNTU=?aid=208410

https://www.jmir.org/2017/6/e228/

By the numbers: Social media and mental health. (2023, May 11). Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY4Mzg=?aid=208410

Celebrity gossip. (2014, April 28). Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0MDg=?aid=208410

Chronology: Key events in the history of social media and mental health. (2023, May 11). Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTc0NDU=?aid=208410

primary source - American psychological association chief science officer testifies on state of youth mental health. (2023, February 14). Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6NDkyMzAwMA==?aid=208410

Bullying. (2019, October 11). Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0OTA=?aid=208410

Chronology: Key events in the history of eating disorders. (2020, September 29). Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTcyMTg=?aid=208410

By the numbers: Transgender minors. (2023, August 17). Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MjMzOTE=?aid=208410

# data[].attributes.body
While many argue that the government needs to require businesses to pay mothers for maternity leave, I would argue that it is unconstitutional for the government to do so, but should be something that businesses should strongly consider.

# data[].attributes.body
Many people believe Artificial Intelligence is an unnatural, destructive invention that will destroy humanity, others would disagree by proclaiming the uses and positive societal impacts that AI has brought in the short time it has been here.

# data[].attributes.body
In terms of legality, safety, and uncertainty, Cryptocurrency is not yet a stable form of currency.

# data[].attributes.body
While many people believe that abstinence-only education is the most effective way to prevent pregnancy, other argue that we need to educate them rather than keep them in the dark.

# data[].attributes.body
While many people think that cryptocurrency is the future, it is used untraceably for a multitude of illegal activities and there needs to be certain regulations to reduce the use of it for nefarious interests.

# data[].attributes.body
Some people and scientists support the idea of cloning because it could provide an easier way of getting livestock and organ transplants; however, many others deem cloning an unnatural and uncomfortable topic of study that should not be funded by the U.S. Government.

# data[].attributes.body
https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY1MzU=?q=Gun%20control

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTc0MzY=?q=Gun%20control

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY1MzQ=?q=Gun%20control

https://credosource.infobase.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NDgzNjM2MA==?q=Gun%20Control

https://credosource.infobase.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NDg1MzYwMw==?q=Gun%20Control

https://credosource.infobase.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NDg0MDQxNg==?q=Gun%20rights

# data[].attributes.body
1. Carmichael, L. (2013). Fuel cell vehicles. In Innovative Technologies: Hybrid and Electric Vehicles. ABDO. Retrieved December 4, 2023, from https://credosource.infobase.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MzUyNzM1MA==?aid=208410

2. United States Electricity Profile. (2022). Frequently asked questions (faqs) - U.S. energy information administration (EIA). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=77&t=11

3. Campbell, M. (2022, January 2). South America’s “lithium fields” reveal the dark side of Electric Cars. euronews. https://www.euronews.com/green/2022/02/01/south-america-s-lithium-fields-reveal-the-dark-side-of-our-electric-future

4. Cleave, K. (2023, June 13). As electric vehicles become more common, experts worry they could pose a safety risk for other drivers. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/electric-vehicle-safety-heavy-battery/

5. Moseman, A. (2022, October 22). Are Electric Vehicles definitely better for the climate than gas-powered cars?. MIT Climate Portal. https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/are-electric-vehicles-definitely-better-climate-gas-powered-cars\

6. Beard, R., Zalani, A., Quraish, A.-H., & Mercedes, D. (2023, August 15). Lithium-ion battery fires from electric cars, bikes and scooters are on the rise. are firefighters ready?. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lithium-ion-battery-fires-electric-cars-bikes-scooters-firefighters/

# data[].attributes.body
https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTYyMjA=?q=ai

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MjM3ODI=

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MjM3ODE=

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6NDkyMzA2Nw==

https://research.ebsco.com/c/snwcr3/viewer/html/bmsti2deo5

https://research.ebsco.com/c/snwcr3/search/details/idl6khk6ln?

# data[].attributes.body
New claim:

While some may view drug testing pregnant mothers as an infringement upon their natural rights, others recognize the horrific affects of drugs on our society and on family relationships; therefore, pregnant mothers and their babies should be subject to drug tests in order to reduce the amount of children raised in abusive or unhealthy homes.

# data[].attributes.body
https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0ODE=

# data[].attributes.body
https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTg2NjQ=?q=DNA%20evidence

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTg2NjI=?aid=208410

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTg2NjU=?aid=208410

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/09/when-governments-have-access-to-dna-databases-youre-right-to-be-scared

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2006906

# data[].attributes.body
J Street: The Political Home for Pro-Israel, Pro-Peace, Pro-Democracy Americans. (n.d.). J Street. https://jstreet.org/

Mackinnon, A. (2019, January 5). Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy; Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/

‌The Hill - covering Congress, Politics, Political Campaigns and Capitol Hill. (2000). TheHill. https://thehill.com/

The Wall Street Journal. (2019). The Wall Street Journal & Breaking News, Business, Financial and Economic News, World News and Video. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/

‌The Wall Street Journal. (2019). The Wall Street Journal & Breaking News, Business, Financial and Economic News, World News and Video. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/

‌U.S. Department of State. (2019). U.S. Department of State | Home Page. State.gov. https://www.state.gov/

# data[].attributes.body
1. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0Mzg=?q=hunting

2. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTYwMDY=?q=hunting

3. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0Nzg=?q=hunting

4. http://digital.outdoornebraska.gov/nebraskaland-magazine/why-hunting-is-so-important#:~:text=Hunting%20is%20a%20vital%20wildlife,human%20activity%20and%20land%20use.

5. https://www.lawrencebay.com/5-ways-hunting-benefits-society-and-the-environment/#:~:text=Out%20of%20control%20animal%20populations,species%2C%20making%20it%20more%20sustainable.

6. https://www.openbible.info/topics/hunting

7. https://www.nhes.org/animal-info-2/animal-welfare-information/sport-hunting/#:~:text=Hunting%20disrupts%20migration%20and%20hibernation,family%20units%2C%20and%20degrades%20habitats.&text=Hunting%20dogs%20are%20sometimes%20are,chains%20until%20hunting%20season%20begins.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.liberty.edu/champion/2021/03/opinion-christians-and-the-death-penalty/comment-page-1/#:~:text=The%20concept%20of%20capital%20punishment,bear%20the%20sword%20in%20vain.%E2%80%9D

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0ODE=

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTYzOTk=

https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/curriculum/high-school/about-the-death-penalty/arguments-for-and-against-the-death-penalty

https://www.aclu.org/documents/case-against-death-penalty#:~:text=The%20death%20penalty%20is%20a,ways%20to%20reduce%20violent%20crime.

https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/why-death-penalty-is-wrong/

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/securing-the-future-of-driverless-cars/

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/autonomous-drivings-future-convenient-and-connected

https://www.cbc.ca/radio/spark/robotaxis-future-driverless-cars-safety-1.6979889

https://www.shellecomarathon.com/stories/autonomous-vehicles.html

https://www.kia.com/nmc/en/discover-kia/ask/Are-self-driving-cars-the-future.html

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness#:~:text=Mental%20illnesses%20are%20common%20in,mild%20to%20moderate%20to%20severe.

https://transformed.org/podcast-2/

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/managing-mental-health-medications#:~:text=It%20is%20important%20to%20remember,your%20symptoms%20may%20come%20back.

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/mental-illness#:~:text=mood%20disorders%20(such%20as%20depression,psychotic%20disorders%20(such%20as%20schizophrenia)

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mood-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20365057

https://www.dbhutah.org/the-5-most-common-mental-disorders/#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20category%20of,and%20frequent%20fear%20and%20apprehension.

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

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Mental illnesses are common in the United States. It is estimated that more than one in five U.S. adults live with a mental illness (57.8 million in 2021). Mental illnesses include many different conditions that vary in degree of severity, ranging from mild to moderate to severe. Two broad categories can be used to describe these conditions: Any Mental Illness (AMI) and Serious Mental Illness (SMI). AMI encompasses all recognized mental illnesses. SMI is a smaller and more severe subset of AMI. Additional information on mental illnesses can be found on the NIMH Health Topics Pages.

Definitions

The data presented here are from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). For inclusion in NSDUH prevalence estimates, mental illnesses include those that are diagnosable currently or within the past year; of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria specified within the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV); and, exclude developmental and substance use disorders.

Any Mental Illness

Any mental illness (AMI) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder. AMI can vary in impact, ranging from no impairment to mild, moderate, and even severe impairment (e.g., individuals with serious mental illness as defined below).

Serious Mental Illness

Serious mental illness (SMI) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities. The burden of mental illnesses is particularly concentrated among those who experience disability due to SMI.

Prevalence of Any Mental Illness (AMI)

Figure 1 shows the past year prevalence of AMI among U.S. adults.

In 2021, there were an estimated 57.8 million adults aged 18 or older in the United States with AMI. This number represented 22.8% of all U.S. adults.

The prevalence of AMI was higher among females (27.2%) than males (18.1%).

Young adults aged 18-25 years had the highest prevalence of AMI (33.7%) compared to adults aged 26-49 years (28.1%) and aged 50 and older (15.0%).

The prevalence of AMI was highest among the adults reporting two or more races (34.9%), followed by American Indian / Alaskan Native (AI/AN) adults (26.6%). The prevalence of AMI was lowest among Asian adults (16.4%).

Figure 1

*Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic. NH/OPI = Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander | AI/AN = American Indian / Alaskan Native

Mental Health Services - AMI

Figure 2 presents data on mental health services (including virtual services) received within the past year by U.S. adults aged 18 or older with any mental illness (AMI). NSDUH defines mental health services as having received inpatient treatment/counseling or outpatient treatment/counseling, or having used prescription medication for problems with emotions, nerves, or mental health.

In 2021, among the 57.8 million adults with AMI, 26.5 million (47.2%) received mental health services in the past year.

More females with AMI (51.7%) received mental health services than males with AMI (40.0%).

The percentage of young adults aged 18-25 years with AMI who received mental health services (44.6%) was lower than adults with AMI aged 26-49 years (48.1%) and aged 50 and older (47.4%).

Figure 2

*Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic. Note: Estimates for Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander and, American Indian / Alaskan Native groups are not reported in the above figure due to low precision of data collection in 2021.

Prevalence of Serious Mental Illness (SMI)

Figure 3 shows the past year prevalence of SMI among U.S. adults.

In 2021, there were an estimated 14.1 million adults aged 18 or older in the United States with SMI. This number represented 5.5% of all U.S. adults.

The prevalence of SMI was higher among females (7.0%) than males (4.0%).

Young adults aged 18-25 years had the highest prevalence of SMI (11.4%) compared to adults aged 26-49 years (7.1%) and aged 50 and older (2.5%).

The prevalence of SMI was highest among AI/AN adults (9.3%), followed by adults reporting two or more races (8.2%). The prevalence of SMI was lowest among Asian adults (2.8%).

Figure 3

* Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic. NH/OPI = Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander | AI/AN = American Indian / Alaskan Native.

Mental Health Services - SMI

Figure 4 presents data on mental health services received within the past year by U.S. adults 18 or older with serious mental illness (SMI). The NSDUH defines mental health services as having received inpatient treatment/counseling or outpatient treatment/counseling or having used prescription medication for problems with emotions, nerves, or mental health.

In 2021, among the 14.1 million adults with SMI, 9.1 million (65.4%) received mental health treatment in the past year.

More females with SMI (67.6%) received mental health treatment than males with SMI (61.3%).

The percentage of young adults aged 18-25 years with SMI who received mental health treatment (57.9%) was lower than adults with SMI aged 26-49 years (67.0%) and aged 50 and older (71.0%).

Figure 4

*Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic. Note: Estimates for Asian, Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander, and American Indian / Alaskan Native groups are not reported in the above figure due to low precision.

Prevalence of Any Mental Disorder Among Adolescents

Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), Figure 5 shows lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder among U.S. adolescents aged 13-18.¹

An estimated 49.5% of adolescents had any mental disorder.

Of adolescents with any mental disorder, an estimated 22.2% had severe impairment and/or distress. DSM-IV based criteria were used to determine severity level.

Figure 5

Data Sources

1. Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L, Benjet C, Georgiades K, Swendsen J. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication--Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;49(10):980-9. PMID: 20855043

2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2022). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP22-07-01-005, NSDUH Series H-57). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2021-nsduh-annual-national-report .

Statistical Methods and Measurement Caveats

National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)

Diagnostic Assessment:

The NSDUH AMI and SMI estimates were generated from a prediction model created from clinical interview data collected on a subset of adult NSDUH respondents who completed an adapted (past 12 month) version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders (Research Version, Non-patient Edition) (SCID-I/NP; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002), and was differentiated by level of functional impairment based on the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF; Endicott, Spitzer, Fleiss, & Cohen, 1976).

The assessment included diagnostic modules assessing the following: mood, anxiety, eating, impulse control, substance use, adjustment disorders, and a psychotic symptoms screen.

The assessment did not contain diagnostic modules assessing the following: adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders (although the assessment included a psychotic symptom screen).

People who only have disorders that are not included in these diagnostic modules may not be adequately detected. However, there are known patterns of high comorbidities among mental disorders; these patterns increase the likelihood that people who meet AMI and/or SMI criteria were detected by the study, as they may also have one or more of the disorders assessed in the SCID-I/NP.

Population:

The entirety of NSDUH respondents for the AMI and SMI estimates were the civilian, non-institutionalized population aged 18 years old or older residing within the United States.

The survey covered residents of households (persons living in houses/townhouses, apartments, condominiums; civilians living in housing on military bases, etc.) and persons in non-institutional group quarters (e.g., shelters, rooming/boarding houses, college dormitories, migratory workers' camps, and halfway houses).

The survey did not cover persons who, for the entire year, had no fixed address (e.g., homeless and/or transient persons not in shelters); were on active military duty; or who resided in institutional group quarters (e.g., correctional facilities, nursing homes, mental institutions, long-term hospitals).

Some people in these excluded categories had AMI and/or SMI, but were not accounted for in the NSDUH AMI and/or SMI estimates.

Data regarding sex of the respondent was assessed using male and female categories only. Gender identity information was not collected in the survey.

Survey Non-response:

In 2021, 53.0% of the selected NSDUH sample of people 18 or older did not complete the interview. This rate of non-response is higher than in previous years. Please see the Background on the 2021 NSDUH and the COVID-19 Pandemic section below for more information.

Reasons for non-response to interviewing include the following: refusal to participate (30.1%); respondent unavailable or never at home (18.8%); and other reasons such as physical/mental incompetence or language barriers (4.2%).

People with mental illness may disproportionately fall into these non-response categories. While NSDUH weighting includes non-response adjustments to reduce bias, these adjustments may not fully account for differential non-response by mental illness status.

Data Suppression:

For some groups, data are not reported due to low precision. Data may be suppressed in the above charts if the data do not meet acceptable ranges for prevalence estimates, standard error estimates, and sample size.

Background on the 2021 NSDUH and the COVID-19 Pandemic:

Data collection methods for the 2021 NSDUH changed in several ways because of the COVID-19 pandemic: the 2021 NSDUH continued the use of multimode data collection procedures (both in-person and virtual data collection) that were first implemented in the fourth quarter of the 2020 NSDUH. Overall, 54.6% of interviews were completed via the web, and 45.4% were completed in person. In 2021, the weighted response rates for household screening and for interviewing were 22.2% and 46.2%, respectively, for an overall response rate of 10.3% for people aged 12 or older.

Given the use of multimode data collection procedures throughout the entirety of the collection year and the rate of non-response, comparison of estimates from the 2021 NSDUH with those from prior years must be made with caution.

Please see the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Methodological Summary and Definitions report for further information on how these data were collected and calculated.

National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)

Diagnostic Assessment and Population:

The NCS-A was carried out under a cooperative agreement sponsored by NIMH to meet a request from Congress to provide national data on the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders among U.S. youth. The NCS-A was a nationally representative, face-to-face survey of 10,123 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in the continental United States. The survey was based on a dual-frame design that included 904 adolescent residents of the households that participated in the adult U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication and 9,244 adolescent students selected from a nationally representative sample of 320 schools. The survey was fielded between February 2001 and January 2004. DSM-IV mental disorders were assessed using a modified version of the fully structured World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview.

Survey Non-response:

The overall adolescent non-response rate was 24.4%. This is made up of non-response rates of 14.1% in the household sample, 18.2% in the un-blinded school sample, and 77.7% in the blinded school sample. Non-response was largely due to refusal (21.3%), which in the household and un-blinded school samples came largely from parents rather than adolescents (72.3% and 81.0%, respectively). The refusals in the blinded school sample, in comparison, came almost entirely (98.1%) from parents failing to return the signed consent postcard.

For more information, see PMID: 19507169 and the NIMH NCS-A study page.

Last Updated: March 2023

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An overview of statistics for mental illnesses. Mental illnesses are common in the United States. One in six U.S. adults lives with a mental illness (43.4 million in 2015). Mental illnesses include many different conditions that vary in degree of severity, ranging from mild to moderate to severe.

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1. https://credosource.infobase.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NDg0MDM3Ng==?q=Nuclear%20family

2. https://credosource.infobase.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NjU4MTc5?q=Nuclear%20family

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8204683/ - peer reviewed

4. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eFTZAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Family+bible&ots=WlUPGuo-Jb&sig=GekWWy8jr_7lsK-PBKG15syDTD4#v=onepage&q=Family%20bible&f=false

5. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/06/17/supreme-court-catholic-foster-care-agency-may-turn-away-gay-couples/4155263001/

6. https://www.fatherhood.org/father-absence-statistic

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771005/

8. https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/supreme-court-tackle-religious-freedom-vs-lgbtq-rights-foster-care-n1269623 - Primary source

9. https://www.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/2822157294/F2524C20700B439FPQ/1?accountid=28187&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses

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1. https://www.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/307857080/6C09857B5524D9CPQ/14?accountid=28187&sourcetype=Newspapers

2. Peer reviewed https://www.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/609292495/9F5FBE9E295E4D3CPQ/1?accountid=28187&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals

3. https://www.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/256359406/88A28AE0F1204D77PQ/1?accountid=28187&sourcetype=Newspapers

4. https://www.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/303273929/5AAFB42C0FCB4842PQ/12?accountid=28187&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses

5. https://www.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/1512827463/5AAFB42C0FCB4842PQ/15?accountid=28187&sourcetype=Newspapers

6. https://www.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/759963251/627F071EE6544F2CPQ/8?accountid=28187&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals

7. https://www.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/267222559/97BE33CA3E954522PQ/36?accountid=28187&sourcetype=Newspapers

8. https://www.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/409099680/EAF3F63FF61941B4PQ/13?accountid=28187&sourcetype=Newspapers

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Issues & Controversies - Animal Population Control (infobase.com)

Hunting | PETA

Scientists Warn American 'Promotion of Hunting' Is Ruining the Environment (msn.com)

Why Hunting Is So Important • Nebraskaland Magazine (outdoornebraska.gov)

Perceptions of Hunting and Hunters by U.S. Respondents - PMC (nih.gov)

What Are Your Thoughts About Hunting Animals? - The New York Times (nytimes.com)

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Does Learning About Birth Control in School Help Prevent Teen Pregnancy?

Are Abstinence-Only Sex Education Courses Effective?

Funding for Abstinence-Only Education and Adolescent

Pregnancy Prevention: Does State Ideology Affect Outcomes?

Abstinence-only Education Violating Students' Rights to Health Information.

Relationship between recall of sex education and college students' sexual attitudes and behavior.

Does abstinence education work?

Abstinence Only vs. Comprehensive Sex Education

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Are Child Beauty Pageants Beneficial for Children?

Childhood beauty pageant contestants: associations with adult disordered eating and mental health

Entertaining pageant or childhood exploitation?

Beauty Pageants

Princess by Proxy: When Child Beauty Pageants Aren’t About the Kids

France Moves To Ban Kids Under 16 From Beauty Pageants

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https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0ODE=

https://deathpenalty.procon.org/top-10-pro-con-arguments/

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MjI1NzI=

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MjI1NTU=

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MjE2NTQ=

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The death penalty has been part of the American legal system since before there was an American legal system - it was an accepted punishment in the Colonies. (The Massachusetts Bay Colony executed a prisoner in 1630, although it didn't actually write out its laws for capital punishment until later.) But it's come under scrutiny at various times - including being banned outright by the Supreme Court from 1972 to 1976 - due to concerns about its expense, racial disparities, and the risk of executing the innocent.

Support for the death penalty is rooted not in how well the policy works, but rather in Americans' belief that it's a moral necessity. Here's why so many people are concerned about the death penalty - and why others still support it.

1) States have executed 1,407 Americans since 1976

In 1972, the US Supreme Court banned the death penalty, saying the way it was then being practiced in the states constituted an "arbitrary punishment" that violated the Eighth and 14th Amendments. In 1976, the Court ruled that states had fixed their death penalty policies, and states began executing prisoners again.

States have executed 1,407 people since the death penalty was reinstated. This map shows all of them.

You can see from the map that the Midwest and South account for the overwhelming majority of executions. But it's a little hard to see just how far Texas is ahead of everyone else. Texas has executed 524 people since 1976 - nearly five times as many people as the second-place state, Oklahoma (which has executed 112).

2) But executions have slowed since the 1990s

American executions peaked in 1999, when 98 people were put to death. They've been on the decline since then, and 2014 represented a 15-year low:

Part of that is because fewer people are getting sentenced to death - and more are getting their death sentences revoked, either because they're fully exonerated or because the government has agreed to settle for a life sentence. In fact, every year since 2001, more people have been removed from death row (either by being executed, dying by other means, or getting their sentences changed) than put on it:

One reason for the decline is that death penalty cases are simply time-consuming and expensive - seenumber eight on this list. But it doesn't hurt that in recent years, the number of states that allow the death penalty has dwindled.

3) Nebraska is the seventh state to abolish the death penalty since 2007

Nineteen states have abolished the death penalty. Some of those bans stretch all the way back to before the Civil War. But seven states have banned it in the past nine years:

4) Lethal injection is the preferred execution method of the modern era

Since the Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty in 1976, states have overwhelmingly chosen to use lethal injection to execute prisoners:

Lethal injection simply feels more humane to people. A February 2015 YouGov survey asked Americans whether various methods of execution were "cruel and unusual punishment." Lethal injection was the only method where a majority of Americans agreed it wasn't.

5) But lethal injection is actually the riskiest method available

For as long as America has been executing people, those executions have gotten botched - leaving the victims to suffer a prolonged death instead of the quick and relatively painless one they're intended to get. But while botched executions aren't new, they're getting more common. Austin Sarat, in his book Gruesome Spectacles, found that 8.53 percent of executions between 1980 and 2010 were botched in some way - the highest error rate over the period he studied, which started in 1890.

This is partly due to the fact that while lethal injection is popular because it doesn't seem cruel, it's actually the riskiest method out there:

6) A recent drug shortage is making lethal injection even riskier

The key chemical in lethal injections is sodium thiopental, originally invented as an anesthetic. But US manufacturers of the drug have increasingly refused to sell it, either out of opposition to the death penalty or due to concern about association with executions. The last US supplier stopped making it in 2011. Then the European Union banned members from exporting sodium thiopental, as a way to make it harder for other countries to execute people. Because the drug only has a four-year shelf life, any sodium thiopental states have held on to is about to expire.

This has led states to use executions to experiment with other combinations of drugs - often causing gruesome, prolonged spectacles, like the 43-minute execution of Clayton Lovett in Oklahoma last year. The Supreme Court is looking at whether experimental executions are constitutional - although supporters of the death penalty, like Justice Samuel Alito, claim it's unfair to try to indirectly ban the death penalty by banning particular methods. (For more about the drug shortage and the Supreme Court case, see this explainer by German Lopez.)

Meanwhile, a few states are responding to the wave of high-profile botched executions by passing laws to make executions more secretive.

7) The average death penalty victim spends more than 15 years on death row

During the modern era of the death penalty, court fights have gotten more and more prolonged - and as a result, people are spending years of their lives on death row before they're finally executed. In 2012, the average wait from sentencing to execution was nearly 16 years:

Death penalty cases often go through a level of court review and scrutiny that's way beyond what an average criminal case gets. Both prosecutors and defense attorneys agree it's important to be as careful as possible before executing someone. But over the past couple of decades, that caution has turned into an arms race, as each side races to get more and more experts involved in every stage of the process - from psychological evaluations to jury selection - and spends more and more time preparing for trials and appeals. A 2010 report found that the average defense attorney spent about 1,900 hours on a death penalty case in the early 1990s; by the early 2000s, it was about 3,500 hours.

That also makes death penalty cases a lot more expensive. The 2010 report found that by the early 2000s, the average case cost over $600,000 - more than twice what it had cost a decade earlier.

8) Researchers estimate at least 4 percent of people sentenced to death are innocent

The prolonged trial process can result in the defendant getting totally exonerated - and there's been a slow but steady trickle of death row exonerations over the past few decades.

In a 2014 paper, two researchers tried to project how many of all death sentences are given to innocent people. They were able to do this because they assumed that because of the prolonged scrutiny given in death penalty cases, the majority of innocent people on death row were getting discovered and exonerated - if they didn't give up their cases or die first. The researchers' conclusion: if everyone who got a death sentence got the benefit of 21.4 more years of scrutiny and court battles, at least 4.1 percent of them would end up exonerated by the end of that time.

9) The death penalty is still pretty popular - at least among whites

The death penalty isn't quite as popular now as it was 20 years ago, but an October 2014 Gallup poll found it's still supported by 63 percent of Americans:

But there's a big gap in support by race. A Pew Research Center study from March 2014 found that white support for the death penalty was 8 percentage points higher than the average for all Americans (which they measured at 55 percent) - and black support was 8 points lower. That poll found that a minority of African Americans supported the death penalty.

This matters because if you believe the death penalty is never appropriate, you can't be seated on a jury in a case where someone might be sentenced to death. That's one of many factors that make it extremely hard for African Americans to get onto juries in capital cases, even though African Americans are often the ones on trial.

10) Like everything else in the criminal justice system, the death penalty disproportionately affects African Americans

African Americans make up 13 percent of the adult population of the US. They account for more than 40 percent of people on death row:

And 35 percent of all executions since 1976:

African-American defendants in cases where a death sentence is on the table are more likely to get sentenced to death than white ones - especially if the jury is all white. And at least one study indicates that might be the product of implicit bias that subconsciously associates blackness with criminality. The study, conducted by psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt (who won a MacArthur "genius grant" in 2014), looked at the facial features of death penalty defendants, and found that "the more stereotypically black a person's physical features are perceived to be, the more that person is perceived as a criminal... Even in death penalty cases, the perceived blackness of a defendant is related to sentencing: the more black, the more deathworthy."

Conversely, only 15 percent of victims of crimes that result in a death sentence are black. One Government Accountability Office study from 1990 found that in 82 percent of the cases it reviewed, "race of the victim was found to influence the likelihood of being charged with capital murder or receiving the death penalty, i.e., those who murdered whites were found more likely to be sentenced to death than those who murdered blacks."

A fifth of the people executed since 1976 have been African Americans who killed white victims.

Unfortunately, one study has found that telling supporters of the death penalty about its racial disparities doesn't change their minds. In fact, it makes whites likely to support it.

11) At the end of the day, many Americans think justice demands an eye for an eye

In addition to implicit bias, arguments about the death penalty's racial skew don't work because support for the death penalty is largely rooted in a moral demand for punishment - not in the facts about how well it works and what it costs. In fact, a majority of people who support the death penalty support it even though they agree there's a risk of innocent people being executed:

As Vox's German Lopez wrote:

In 2014, 35 percent of those in favor of the death penalty for convicted murderers said a variation of "it fits the crime," "eye for an eye," or "they took a life," while 14 percent said "they deserve it." Another 14 percent said the death penalty saves money - even though lengthy court appeals make it more expensive than life in prison. Just 6 percent said it deters crime.

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The death penalty in America: expensive, racially skewed, and still popular

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How it works - and doesn't work - explained in charts.

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Eaton, T., & Caller-Times. (2011, Aug 01). 127 teacher spots to be cut by CCISD Block scheduling ended; $4.4M savings expected: Corpus Christi schools will end block scheduling at middle and high schools to save millions of dollars and cut dozens of teaching jobs, district officials said Friday afternoon. Corpus Christi Caller -Times https://nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/127-teacher-spots-be-cut-ccisd-block-scheduling/docview/2571315291/se-2

Mattox, K., Hancock, D. R., & J, A. Q. (2005). The Effect of Block Scheduling on Middle School Students' Mathematics Achievement. National Association of Secondary School Principals.NASSP Bulletin, 89(642), 3-13. https://nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-block-scheduling-on-middle-school-students/docview/216029614/se-2

Daily, R. s. (2003, Nov 11). The block: Harmful or helpful? Teens sound off on block scheduling in their schools(INCLUDES Block scheduling defined). York Daily Record https://nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/block-harmful-helpful-teens-sound-off-on/docview/274188622/se-2

Rohlfs, A. (2017, Oct 24). Freshmen will receive partially blocked schedules to improve graduation rates. University Wire https://nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/wire-feeds/freshmen-will-receive-partially-blocked-schedules/docview/1954322400/se-2

Gauthier, K. (2009, Sep 15). Block scheduling may go on school chopping block: [1]. Chattanooga Times Free Press https://nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/block-scheduling-may-go-on-school-chopping/docview/371458305/se-2

Rettig, M., & Canady, R. L. (1999, March 1). The Effects of Block Scheduling. The School Superintendents Association.

https://www.aasa.org/resources/resource/the-effects-of-block-scheduling.

Gruber, C. D., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2001). Effects of Block Scheduling on Academic Achievement Among High School Students. High School Journal, 84(4), 32. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2001.0010.

Morris, R. C. (2022). Block Scheduling and its Gift of Time: a Comprehensive Review. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1356890.pdf.

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1. Should NCAA Athletes Be Paid?

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY1NDA=?aid=208410

2. Chronology

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTc1MDg=?aid=208410

3. Paying College Athletes (guy with phd)

https://research.ebsco.com/c/snwcr3/viewer/html/ze4wofplab

4. Harvard Article on NIL

https://husrhe.fas.harvard.edu/files/undergraduate-research-into-higher-education/files/the_pay-for-play_debate-2.pdf

5. Wall Street Journal Article

https://www.wsj.com/articles/ncaa-paying-college-athletes-11652099564

6. NY Times

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/06/learning/college-athletes-can-now-be-paid-but-not-all-of-them-are-seeing-money-is-that-fair.html

7. Sports Illustrated Article about Supreme Court ruling

https://www.si.com/nfl/2021/06/29/business-of-football-supreme-court-unanimous-ruling

8. O'Bannon vs. NCAA (supreme court case)

https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTg1OTM=?q=paying%20college%20athletes

9. NCAA vs. Alston (supreme court case)

https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20-512_gfbh.pdf

10. Nebraska NVest Program

https://huskers.com/news/2022/4/9/husker-athletics-to-introduce-n-vest-nebraska-program

11. ESPN article on NIL

https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/34161311/why-nil-good-college-sports-hurdles-remain

12. How much the NCAA makes

https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/33201991/ncaa-earns-115-billion-2021-revenue-returns-normal

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For caffeine

Reduced Risks of Certain Diseases

https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/caffeine/

Cardioprotection and Longevity

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/coffee-and-health/faq-20058339

Mental Health Benefits

https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/is-coffee-good-or-bad-for-your-health/

Against caffeine consumptions

Risks During Pregnancy

https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/caffeine/

Impact on Children and Adolescents

https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much

Negative Health Effects for Sensitive Individuals

https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/is-coffee-good-or-bad-for-your-health/

Potential reliable article about apporach to coffee?

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/06/coffee-as-a-health-drink/

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https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/isp/documents/weaver_death_of_cryptocurrency_final.pdf

https://fortune.com/2022/12/24/crypto-like-world-of-warcraft-economy-regulations-would-legitimize-warns-stephen-cecchetti/

https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2023/html/ecb.sp230623_1~80751450e6.en.html

https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-brutal-truth-about-bitcoin/

https://www.sec.gov/spotlight/cybersecurity-enforcement-actions

https://www.fidelity.com/learning-center/trading-investing/investing-in-bitcoin#:~:text=Critics%20say%20bitcoin%20doesn't,fixing%20many%20of%20those%20concerns.

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1. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTYxNzI=?q=China%20trading

2. https://www.ap.org/en/

3. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0NTY=?q=China%20trading

4. https://www.cato.org/trade-policy

5. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTc4MDk=?q=China%20working%20conditions

6. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0NDQ=?q=fast%20fashion%20problems

7. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTYwNTY=?q=china

8. https://www.fluoramics.com/the-importance-of-buying-made-in-america-products/22/#:~:text=American%2Dmade%20products%20come%20with,environmentally%20friendly%20option%20for%20consumers.

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1. https://www.ap.org/en/

2. Peer reviewed https://www.cato.org/trade-policy

3. https://www.fluoramics.com/the-importance-of-buying-made-in-america-products/22/#:~:text=American%2Dmade%20products%20come%20with,environmentally%20friendly%20option%20for%20consumers.

4. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTc4MDk=?q=China%20working%20conditions

5. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0NTY=?q=China%20trading

6. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0NDQ=?q=fast%20fashion%20problems

7. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTYxNzI=?q=China

8. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTgyMDE=?q=China

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1. https://www.ap.org/en/

2. Peer reviewed https://www.cato.org/trade-policy

3. https://www.fluoramics.com/the-importance-of-buying-made-in-america-products/22/#:~:text=American%2Dmade%20products%20come%20with,environmentally%20friendly%20option%20for%20consumers.

4. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTc4MDk=?q=China%20working%20conditions

5. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0NTY=?q=China%20trading

6. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY0NDQ=?q=fast%20fashion%20problems

7. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTYxNzI=?q=China

8. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTgyMDE=?q=China

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1. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVRleHQ6MTY1MjE%3D

2. https://research.ebsco.com/c/4s7olj/viewer/html/4djgr2xlon -PR

3. https://research.ebsco.com/c/4s7olj/viewer/pdf/qokf7ighpb  -PR

4. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZVZpZGVvOjQ5NDQ1ODA=

5. https://research.ebsco.com/c/4s7olj/viewer/html/fhqfhwiz2f

6. https://research.ebsco.com/c/4s7olj/viewer/html/ekommmqgwv  -PR

7. https://icof.infobase.com/articles/QXJ0aWNsZUVkaXRvcmlhbDo1NzAzNzU4fHxtM19YRFNhREstbWEyalRnZXpJQjhUS0M2YWMwT08zRzNxM3RCcnFwTDNYTnYxZGFVREg2T0hmV3BvVTJpVTRSOFI4ejlSdzJpZmhxN3FCcmM2dEdKTnVReXR4OVFlWEpzR1Z4dndfXzZwOFFmUnlMTXBFN3A3UGotbktMYWQ3aQ==

8. https://web-s-ebscohost-com.nwulibrary.idm.oclc.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=cd8d5c95-0fc8-460f-b5ee-77429d5b5447%40redis

9. https://www.merriam-webster.com/

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1) Censorship and Freedom of Information: Overview (info base)

2) FREEDOM OF THE PRESS (info base)

3) Social Media, from Encyclopedia of emerging Industries (info base)

4) Social Media and Free Speech: Should Social Media Companies Do More to Combat Disinformation and Extremism on Their Platforms? (Info base)

5)11 Social Media’s Censorship Is a Disaster with Free Speech _ National Review.pdf

6)7 Free Speech Is Killing Us.pdf

7)Constitution (First Amendment)- PRIMARY SOURCE

8)1 STUDENT OPINION_Why Is Freedom of Speech an Important Right_ When, if Ever, Can it be Limited_

9)8 How fighting political disinformation could collide with the First Amendment

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https://www.unc.edu/posts/2023/01/03/study-shows-habitual-checking-of-social-media-may-impact-young-adolescents-brain-development/

https://www.internetmatters.org/resources/social-media-advice-hub/social-media-benefits/#:~:text=Children%20can%20learn%20and%20appreciate,platforms%20in%20an%20educational%20capacity.

https://medicine.wvu.edu/News/Story?headline=social-media-can-impact-youth-mental-health-self-image

https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2023/02/harms-benefits-social-media-kids

https://raisingchildren.net.au/teens/entertainment-technology/digital-life/social-media

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Screen time is often considered the enemy when it comes to teaching kids to be active and well-behaved. But should all forms of media be considered equal?

Research being presented Tuesday finds that for 9- and 10-year-old children taking part in a study of brain development, greater social media use, such as scrolling through Instagram and texting, was associated with some positive effects, including increased physical activity, less family conflict and fewer sleep problems.

The children who had a higher use of general media, like Internet, TV and video games, were more prone to have worse sleep and more family conflict.

Kids who used social media still participated in more traditional forms of screen time. But the time they spend interacting with others through social media, texting or video chatting outweighed TV, video games and Internet time.

The findings come from an analysis of data from about 4,500 young people and their parents collected by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, a project of the National Institutes of Health. The study, launched in 2015, is gathering information about how young people's brains develop and how they navigate adolescence and become adults. The analysis of screen time is one of the first to emerge from the data collected so far, and it's being discussed in a symposium about the ABCD study.

"The most important thing is that not all screen media is bad, if you want to put it in a nutshell," says author Dr. Martin Paulus, the scientific director and president at Laureate Institute for Brain Research in Tulsa, Okla. "There's a lot of pre-existing biases that if we expose kids to media, something terrible is going to happen. What we show is that's not the case."

Paulus says he went into this research looking for potential indicators of future depression, anxiety, drug use and other trouble. Kids spend half of their free time in front of a screen, he says, so it's something worth investigating.

In the study, children self-reported activities like watching TV, texting or visiting social media sites - and the time spent on each. They were also asked about whether they play mature video games and watch R-rated movies. They rated their time spent on these controversial activities as never, once in a while, regularly and all the time.

Parents reported the screen time of their children on a typical weekend day and weekday.

Kids also reported on their involvement in sports and other physical activities and had a neurocognitive assessment. Kids and parents report on family conflict. Parents also kept track of how well the kids slept and filled out a checklist that assessed their children's behavior, such as noting attention problems and aggressive behavior.

Paulus and his colleagues found that kids with greater general media activity, such as watching TV or playing video games, reported more sleep problems and higher family conflict.

The results haven't been published yet, but are being presented Tuesday at the Research Society on Alcoholism in San Diego. Paulus said he has submitted the findings for scientific publication.

Previous social media and screen media research has been done largely in older kids or teenagers, Paulus says, with less focus on these younger kids.

Paulus says that around 10 to 20 percent of kids this age are on social media. The users tend to be from slightly more affluent places, have more educated parents and be girls.

The social media users also engage in other online consumption. They just report more screen time being social than their peers who spend more time online playing games or watching videos.

"What we've just seen is these kids at this age, they're already using social media as a communication tool," he says. "They are networked with their friends, they engage in more diverse activities, and in the prepuberty stage when you don't have all the teenager stuff going on, it truly is building a network community."

Communities and social networks can have beneficial effects, Paulus says, so kids who are using social media to build connections then may see positive outcomes.

Do these findings mean that parents should ban TVs and sign their kids up for Twitter? Probably not. For one thing, the researchers couldn't prove causation; they identified associations.

Psychologist Chris Ferguson of Stetson University says that both the negative and positive differences identified in the research are small. "My takeaway from this is for the most part, it looks like screen use, in general, and social media use have relatively little impact on most of the outcomes the authors are looking at, with maybe the exception of sleep," he says.

Still, Ferguson says, the finding could help allay some parental concerns. He notes that social media had some apparent positive effects.

The findings also suggest that the way parents and kids view the interplay between online media and family conflict vary. Ferguson says kids seem to be saying they often turn to media as a stress reliever when there are issues in the family. Parents don't necessarily see it that way, because there was no association between media and family conflict when they reported it.

"It's hard to say if screen use is making those issues worse, or [children] are they simply using it as a coping mechanism because they have some of these issues," he says.

In his research, Ferguson has bumped into a similar situation with kids who read tons of books and have mental health issues. It doesn't mean that books caused the problem, he says, it just could mean that kids turned to books as a coping skill.

He says that the work by Paulus "challenges the narrative that we have about screens having direct detrimental impacts, particularly social media, on kids," Ferguson says. "Obviously things are a lot more complicated than that."

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A Look At Social Media Finds Some Possible Benefits For Kids

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Researchers analyzing data from a study looking at adolescent cognition found greater social media use was associated with increased physical activity and less family conflict.